Suberites

{{Short description|Genus of sponges}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Suberites_domuncula.jpg | image_caption = ''Suberites domuncula'' | taxon = Suberites | authority = [[Giovanni Domenico Nardo|Nardo]], 1833 | subdivision = See text | synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} * ''Carnleia'' Burton, 1930 * ''Choanites'' Mantell, 1822 sensu De Laubenfels, 1936 * ''Ficulina'' Gray, 1867 * ''Laxosuberella'' Burton, 1930 * ''Litamena'' Nardo, 1833 * ''Lithumena'' Renier, 1828 * ''Raspailia'' (''Syringella'') sensu Schmidt, 1868 * ''Suberanthus'' Lendenfeld, 1898 * ''Suberella'' Thiele, 1905 * ''Suberella'' Burton, 1929 * ''Syringella'' Schmidt, 1868 {{hidden end}} }}

'''''Suberites''''' is a [[genus]] of [[sea sponge]]s in the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Suberitidae]].<ref name="WoRMS">{{cite web |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=132072 |title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Suberites Nardo, 1833 |website=www.marinespecies.org |access-date=15 November 2010}}</ref> Sponges, known scientifically as ''Porifera'', are the oldest [[metazoan]]s and are used to elucidate the basics of [[multicellular evolution]].<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Werner E.G |title=Review: How was metazoan threshold crossed? The hypothetical Urmetazoa |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology |date=June 2001 |volume=129 |issue=2–3 |pages=433–460 |doi=10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00360-3|pmid=11423315 }}</ref> These living fossils are ideal for studying the principal features of metazoans, such as extracellular matrix interactions, signal-receptor systems, nervous or sensory systems, and primitive immune systems. Thus, sponges are useful tools with which to study early animal evolution. They appeared approximately 580 million years ago, in the [[Ediacaran]].<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/>

==Evolutionary significance== As members of the oldest phylum of metazoans, ''Suberites'' serve as [[model organism]]s to elucidate features of the [[Animal#Phylogeny|earliest animals]].<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiens |first1=Matthias |last2=Mangoni |first2=Alfonso |last3=D’Esposito |first3=Monica |last4=Fattorusso |first4=Ernesto |last5=Korchagina |first5=Natalia |last6=Schröder |first6=Heinz C. |last7=Grebenjuk |first7=Vladislav A. |last8=Krasko |first8=Anatoli |last9=Batel |first9=Renato |last10=Müller |first10=Isabel M. |last11=Müller |first11=Werner E. G. |title=The Molecular Basis for the Evolution of the Metazoan Bodyplan: Extracellular Matrix-Mediated Morphogenesis in Marine Demosponges |journal=[[Journal of Molecular Evolution]] |date=August 2003 |volume=57 |issue=S1 |pages=S60–S75 |doi=10.1007/s00239-003-0008-1|pmid=15008404 |bibcode=2003JMolE..57S..60W |s2cid=1140020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Werner E. G. |last2=Müller |first2=Isabel M. |last3=Schröder |first3=Heinz C. |title=Evolutionary relationship of Porifera within the eukaryotes |journal=[[Hydrobiologia]] |date=September 2006 |volume=568 |issue=S1 |pages=167–176 |doi=10.1007/s10750-006-0318-6|s2cid=34176417 }}</ref> ''Suberites'' and their relatives are used to determine the structure of the first metazoans <ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> and have been studied to determine how [[totipotency]] has replaced by [[pluripotency]] in most higher animals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Werner E.G |last2=Korzhev |first2=Michael |last3=Le Pennec |first3=Gaël |last4=Müller |first4=Isabel M |last5=Schröder |first5=Heinz C |title=Origin of metazoan stem cell system in sponges: first approach to establish the model (''Suberites domuncula'') |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6269909|journal=Biomolecular Engineering |date=July 2003 |volume=20 |issue=4–6 |pages=369–379 |doi=10.1016/S1389-0344(03)00055-8|pmid=12919822 }}</ref> Among other things, ''Suberites'' show that [[tyrosine-phosphorylation]] machinery evolved in animals independently from other eukaryotes.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> ''Suberites'' are also used as models to elucidate the evolution of [[transmembrane receptor]]s and [[cell-junction]] proteins.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adell |first1=Teresa |last2=Gamulin |first2=Vera |last3=Perović-Ottstadt |first3=Sanja |last4=Wiens |first4=Matthias |last5=Korzhev |first5=Michael |last6=Müller |first6=Isabel M. |last7=Müller |first7=Werner E. G. |title=Evolution of Metazoan Cell Junction Proteins: The Scaffold Protein MAGI and the Transmembrane Receptor Tetraspanin in the Demosponge ''Suberites domuncula'' |journal=Journal of Molecular Evolution |date=July 2004 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1007/s00239-004-2602-2|pmid=15383906 |bibcode=2004JMolE..59...41A |s2cid=21124954 }}</ref> A combination of [[stem cell]] and [[apoptosis]] factors studies is used as a model for studies of development in higher animals.<ref name="B. Luthringer 2011">{{cite journal |last1=Luthringer |first1=B |last2=Isbert |first2=S |last3=Müller |first3=W E G |last4=Zilberberg |first4=C |last5=Thakur |first5=N L |last6=Wörheide |first6=G |last7=Stauber |first7=R H |last8=Kelve |first8=M |last9=Wiens |first9=M |title=Poriferan survivin exhibits a conserved regulatory role in the interconnected pathways of cell cycle and apoptosis |journal=Cell Death & Differentiation |date=February 2011 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=201–213|pmid= 20651742 |doi=10.1038/cdd.2010.87|pmc=3131884 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Ecology== ''Suberites'' are a global genus. One species, ''Suberites zeteki'', is found in Hawaii. ''S. zeteki'' associates with many fungi.<ref name="G. Zheng, L. Binglin 2008">G. Zheng, L. Binglin, Z. Chengchao, W. Guangyi, Molecular Detection of Fungal Communities in the Hawaiian Marine Sponges ''Suberites zeteki'' and ''Mycale armata''. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 74, 6091 (2008).</ref> Another, ''S. japonicas'', is native to the waters around Japan.<ref name="C. Tanaka, J. Tanaka 2006">C. Tanaka, J. Tanaka, R. F. Bolland, G. Marriott, T. Higa, Seragamides A–F, new actin-targeting depsipeptides from the sponge ''Suberites japonicus'' Thiele. Tetrahedron 62, 3536 (2006).</ref> ''S. aurantiacus'' is found in the Caribbean sea.<ref name="P. Ponomarenko, O. A 2010">L. P. Ponomarenko, O. A. Vanteeva, S. A. Rod'kina, V. B. Krasokhin, S. S. Afiyatullov, Metabolites of the marine sponge Suberites cf. aurantiacus. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 46, 335 (2010).</ref> ''S. carnosus'' lives in the Indian Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea and can also be found in Irish waters.<ref name="P. Ponomarenko, O. A 2010"/><ref name="B. Flemer 2012">B. Flemer et al., Diversity and antimicrobial activities of microbes from two Irish marine sponges, ''Suberites carnosus'' and ''Leucosolenia'' sp. Journal of Applied Microbiology 112, 289 (2012).</ref> ''S. diversicolor'' can be found in Indonesia.<ref>D. F. R. Cleary et al., Habitat- and host-related variation in sponge bacterial symbiont communities in Indonesian waters. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 85, 465 (2013).</ref> Due to ''Suberites’'' ability to efficiently filter water, many microbes, especially fungal species, are filtered through. If these microbes escape digestion, they can deposit on the sponge and reside there indefinitely.<ref name="G. Zheng, L. Binglin 2008"/> [[Symbiotic bacteria]] produce toxins, such as [[okadaic acid]], which defend them from colonization by parasitic [[annelid]]s.<ref name="C. Schröder 2006">H. C. Schröder et al., Okadaic Acid, an Apoptogenic Toxin for Symbiotic/Parasitic Annelids in the Demosponge Suberites domuncula. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 72, 4907 (2006).</ref><ref name="G. Müller 2004">W. E. G. Müller et al., Oxygen-Controlled Bacterial Growth in the Sponge Suberites domuncula: toward a Molecular Understanding of the Symbiotic Relationships between Sponge and Bacteria. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 70, 2332 (2004).</ref> Expression of various enzymes by ''Suberites'' influences the growth of their symbiotic bacteria.<ref name="G. Müller 2004"/> ''Suberites'' often live on the shells on the mollusk ''[[Hexaplex trunculus]]''.<ref name="C. Schröder 2006"/> ''Suberites'' have mechanisms of defense against predation, such as the toxic chemicals found below.<ref>W. E. G. Müller et al., Molecular/chemical ecology in sponges: evidence for an adaptive antibacterial response in Suberites domuncula. Marine Biology 144, 19 (2004).</ref>

==Physiology== ''Suberites'' display [[neuronal communication]]s, but [[neuronal network]]s are mysteriously missing.<ref>W. E. G. Müller et al., Matrix-mediated canal formation in primmorphs from the sponge Suberites domuncula involves the expression of a CD36 receptor-ligand system. Journal of Cell Science 117, 2579 (2004).</ref> However, they do have many of the same [[sensory receptor]]s and signals found in higher animals.<ref name="X. Wang, X. Fan 2012">X. Wang, X. Fan, H. Schröder, W. Müller, Flashing light in sponges through their siliceous fiber network: A new strategy of 'neuronal transmission' in animals. Chinese Science Bulletin 57, 3300 (2012).</ref> Researchers in China and Germany have found that sponge spicules contribute to their neural communication.<ref name="G. Müller 2009">W. E. G. Müller et al., Luciferase a light source for the silica-based optical waveguides (spicules) in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 66, 537 (2009).</ref> In effect, the silicaceous structures act as fiber optic cables to convey light signals generated from the protein luciferase.<ref name="X. Wang, X. Fan 2012"/><ref name="G. Müller 2009"/> The sponges generate light from luciferin, after it is acted upon by luciferase.<ref name="X. Wang, X. Fan 2012"/><ref name="G. Müller 2010">W. E. G. Müller et al., A cryptochrome-based photosensory system in the siliceous sponge Suberites domuncula (Demospongiae). FEBS Journal 277, 1182 (2010).</ref> ''Suberites'' have also been shown to produce light in response to tactile stimulation.<ref name="G. Müller 2010"/> ''Suberites'' consist mostly of cells, in contrast with other ''Porifera'' (such as the class [[Hexactinellida]]) which are [[syncytial]].<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> As a result, ''Suberites'' have slower reaction times in their neural communication. ''Suberites'' utilized many Ras-like [[GTPase]]s which are used for signaling and affect development.<ref>H. Cetkovic, A. Mikoc, W. E. G. Müller, V. Gamulin, Ras-like Small GTPases Form a Large Family of Proteins in the Marine Sponge Suberites domuncula. Journal of Molecular Evolution 64, 332 (2007).</ref> According to comparative studies, ''Suberites'' have some of the most simple indicator proteins, such as [[collagen]], of known animals.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> Like all sponges, ''Suberites'' are [[filter-feeder]]s. They are extremely efficient and can process thousands of liters of water per day.<ref name="G. Zheng, L. Binglin 2008"/><ref name="M. Wiens 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Wiens |first1=Matthias |last2=Korzhev |first2=Michael |last3=Krasko |first3=Anatoli |last4=Thakur |first4=Narsinh L. |last5=Perović-Ottstadt |first5=Sanja |last6=Breter |first6=Hans J. |last7=Ushijima |first7=Hiroshi |last8=Diehl-Seifert |first8=Bärbel |last9=Müller |first9=Isabel M. |last10=Müller |first10=Werner E.G. |title=Innate Immune Defense of the Sponge Suberites domuncula against Bacteria Involves a MyD88-dependent Signaling Pathway |journal=[[Journal of Biological Chemistry]] |date=July 2005 |volume=280 |issue=30 |pages=27949–27959 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M504049200|pmid=15923643 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''S. domuncula'' has been used for study of graft rejection. Researchers have discovered that apoptotic factors are induced in the tissue that is rejected.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wiens |first1=Matthias |last2=Perović-Ottstadt |first2=Sanja |last3=Müller |first3=Isabel M. |last4=Müller |first4=Werner E. G. |title=Allograft rejection in the mixed cell reaction system of the demosponge Suberites domuncula is controlled by differential expression of apoptotic genes |journal=Immunogenetics |date=November 2004 |volume=56 |issue=8 |pages=597–610 |pmid= 15517243|doi=10.1007/s00251-004-0718-6|s2cid=26031700 }}</ref>

==Development== ''Suberites'' consist of many [[telomerase]]-positive cells, which means the cells are essentially immortal, barring [[cell death]] signal.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> In most cases, the signal is a lack of connection either to the [[extracellular matrix]] or other cells.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/><ref name="B. Luthringer 2011"/> Their apoptotic cells are similar to homologous to mammalian. However, maintenance of long-lived cells involves proteins such as [[SDLAGL]] that are highly similar to yeast and human homologs.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> Certain inorganic materials, such as iron and selenium, influence the growth of ''Suberites'', including the primmorph growth and spicule formation.<ref>L. Valisano, G. Bavestrello, M. Giovine, A. Arillo, C. Cerrano, Effect of iron and dissolved silica on primmorphs of Petrosia ficiformis (Poiret, 1789). Chemistry & Ecology 23, 233 (2007).</ref><ref>A. Krasko et al., Iron Induces Proliferation and Morphogenesis in Primmorphs from the Marine Sponge Suberites domuncula. DNA & Cell Biology 21, 67 (2002).</ref><ref>W. E. G. Müller et al., Selenium affects biosilica formation in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. FEBS Journal 272, 3838 (2005).</ref> ''Suberites'' undergo cell differentiation through a variety of mechanisms based on cell-cell communication.<ref>H. C. Schröder et al., Differentiation capacity of epithelial cells in the sponge Suberites domuncula. Cell & Tissue Research 316, 271 (2004).</ref>

==Morphology== ''Suberites'' are key examples of the importance of the extracellular matrix in animals. In sponges, it is mediated by [[proteoglycan]]s.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> [[Sponge spicule|Spicule]] formation is also important for ''Suberites''. Spicules are structural support of sponges, similar to skeletons in higher animals. They are normally hollow structures that are formed by lamellar growth.<ref name="C. Schröder 2005">H. C. Schröder et al., Biosilica formation in spicules of the sponge Suberites domuncula: Synchronous expression of a gene cluster. Genomics 85, 666 (2005).</ref><ref name="C. Schröder 2007">H. C. Schröder et al., Apposition of silica lamellae during growth of spicules in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: Biological/biochemical studies and chemical/biomimetical confirmation. Journal of Structural Biology 159, 325 (2007).</ref><ref>F. Natalio et al., Silicatein-mediated incorporation of titanium into spicules from the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Cell & Tissue Research 339, 429 (2010).</ref> Whereas higher animal skeletons are largely calcium-based, sponge spicules consist mostly of [[silica]], a silicon dioxide polymer.<ref name="W. Xiaohong 2011">W. Xiaohong et al., Evagination of Cells Controls Bio-Silica Formation and Maturation during Spicule Formation in Sponges. PLoS ONE 6, 1 (2011).</ref> These inorganic structures provide support for the animals.<ref name="X. Wang, X. Fan 2012"/><ref name="X. Wang 2012">X. Wang et al., Silicateins, silicatein interactors and cellular interplay in sponge skeletogenesis: formation of glass fiber-like spicules. FEBS Journal 279, 1721 (2012).</ref> The spicules are biologically-formed silica structures, also known as [[biosilica]].<ref name="W. Xiaohong 2011"/><ref name="X. Wang 2012"/><ref>W. E. G. Müller et al., Hardening of bio-silica in sponge spicules involves an aging process after its enzymatic polycondensation: Evidence for an aquaporin-mediated water absorption. BBA − General Subjects 1810, 713 (2011).</ref><ref>W. E. G. Müller et al., Silicateins, the major biosilica forming enzymes present in demosponges: Protein analysis and phylogenetic relationship. Gene 395, 62 (2007).</ref> Silica deposition begins intracellularly and is carried out by the enzyme [[silicatein]].<ref name="C. Schröder 2005"/><ref name="C. Schröder 2007"/><ref name="W. Xiaohong 2011"/><ref name="X. Wang 2012"/><ref>W. E. G. Müller et al., Identification of a silicatein(-related) protease in the giant spicules of the deep-sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis chuni. Journal of Experimental Biology 211, 300 (2008)</ref> Silicateins are modulated by a group of proteins called [[silintaphins]].<ref>W. E. G. Müller et al., The silicatein propeptide acts as inhibitor/modulator of self-organization during spicule axial filament formation. FEBS Journal 280, 1693 (2013).</ref> The process occurs in specialized cells known as [[sclerocyte]]s.<ref name="C. Schröder 2005"/><ref name="C. Schröder 2007"/><ref name="X. Wang 2012"/> Biosilica formation in ''Suberites'' differs from other species that utilize biosilica in this regard. Most other species, such as certain plants and [[diatoms]], simply deposit a supersaturated biosilica solution.<ref name="X. Wang, X. Fan 2012"/> The network of silica found in sponges mediates much of the sponges’ neural communications.

==Immunity and defense== ''Suberites'' show the [[cytokine]]-like molecule allograft inflammatory factor one (AIF-1), which is similar to vertebrate [[Allograft inflammatory factor 1|AIF-1]].<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/><ref name="C. Schröder 2004">H. C. Schröder et al., Functional Molecular Biodiversity: Assessing the Immune Status of Two Sponge Populations ( Suberites domuncula) on the Molecular Level. Marine Ecology 25, 93 (2004).</ref> Immune response relies on phosphorylation cascades involving the p38 kinase.<ref name="C. Schröder 2004"/> ''S. domuncula'' was the first demonstrated immune response of invertebrate species (1). These sponges also have similar graft-response inflammation to vertebrates.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> Their immune systems are much simpler than vertebrates; they consist of only innate immunity.<ref name="W. Muller, Review 2001"/> Because they filter thousands of liters of water per day, and their environment contains a high concentration of bacteria and viruses, ''Suberites'' have developed a highly potent system of immunity.<ref name="M. Wiens 2005"/> Despite the efficiency of their immune systems, ''Suberites'' can be susceptible to infection which often stimulates cell death through apoptotic pathways.<ref name="M. Wiens 2005"/>

''Suberites'', namely ''S. domuncula'', defend themselves from macroscopic threats with a [[neurotoxin]] known as [[suberitine]].<ref name="L. Cariello, L. Zanetti 1979">L. Cariello, L. Zanetti, Suberitine, the toxic protein from the marine sponge suberites domuncula. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 64C, 15 (1979).</ref> It was the first known protein discovered in a sponge.<ref name="L. Cariello, L. Zanetti 1979"/> The neurotoxic properties of suberitine arise from its ability to block action potentials.<ref name="L. Cariello, E. Tosti 1981">L. Cariello, E. Tosti, L. Zanetti, The hemolytic activity of suberitine. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 73C, 91 (1981).</ref> It additionally has hemolytic properties, which do not originate from phospholipase A activity.<ref name="L. Cariello, E. Tosti 1981"/> It has some antibacterial activity; however, the extent of the activity due solely to suberitine is not currently defined.<ref>N. L. Thakur et al., Antibacterial activity of the sponge suberites domuncula and its primmorphs: potential basis for epibacterial chemical defense. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 31, 77 (2003).</ref> The sponge itself neutralizes the toxin through a pathway that is not fully understood, but involves [[retinal]], a β-carotene metabolite.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=Werner E. G. |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaohong |last3=Binder |first3=Michael |last4=Lintig |first4=Johannes von |last5=Wiens |first5=Matthias |last6=Schröder |first6=Heinz C. |title=Differential Expression of the Demosponge (Suberites domuncula) Carotenoid Oxygenases in Response to Light: Protection Mechanism Against the Self-Produced Toxic Protein (Suberitine) |journal=Marine Drugs |date=18 January 2012 |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=177–199 |doi=10.3390/md10010177|pmid=22363229 |pmc=3280542 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''S. japonicas'' also produces several cytotoxic compounds, [[seragamides]] A-F. The seragamides act by interfering with cytoskeleton activity, specifically the [[actin]] microfilaments.<ref name="C. Tanaka, J. Tanaka 2006"/> The activity of the seragamides is a possible route for [[anti-cancer drugs]], similar to existing drugs which target [[microtubule]]s.<ref name="C. Tanaka, J. Tanaka 2006"/> ''Suberites'' also produce cytotoxic compounds known as [[nakijinamines]], which resemble other toxins found in ''Suberites'', but the role of the nakijinamines has not yet been found.<ref>Y. Takahashi et al., Heteroaromatic alkaloids, nakijinamines, from a sponge Suberites sp. Tetrahedron 68, 8545 (2012).</ref> Many of the bioactive compounds found on ''Suberites'' are microbial in nature.<ref name="B. Flemer 2012"/>

==Species== The following species are recognised in the genus ''Suberites'':<ref name="WoRMS" /> {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * ''[[Suberites affinis]]'' Brøndsted, 1923 * ''[[Suberites anastomosus]]'' Brøndsted, 1924 * ''[[Suberites aurantiacus]]'' (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) * ''[[Suberites australiensis]]'' Bergquist, 1968 * ''[[Suberites axiatus]]'' Ridley & Dendy, 1886 * ''[[Suberites axinelloides]]'' Brøndsted, 1924 * ''[[Suberites baffini]]'' Brøndsted, 1933 * ''[[Suberites bengalensis]]'' Lévi, 1964 * ''[[Suberites caminatus]]'' Ridley & Dendy, 1886 * ''[[Suberites carnosus]]'' (Johnston, 1842) * ''[[Suberites cebriones]]'' Morozov, Sabirov & Zimina, 2019 * ''[[Suberites clavatus]]'' Keller, 1891 * ''[[Suberites concinnus]]'' Lambe, 1895 * ''[[Suberites cranium]]'' Hajdu et al, 2013 * ''[[Suberites crelloides]]'' Marenzeller, 1886 * ''[[Suberites crispolobatus]]'' Lambe, 1895 * ''[[Suberites cupuloides]]'' Bergquist, 1961 * ''[[Suberites dandelenae]]'' Samaai & Maduray, 2017 * ''[[Suberites difficilis]]'' Dendy, 1897 * ''[[Suberites distortus]]'' Schmidt, 1870 * ''[[Suberites diversicolor]]'' Becking & Lim 2009 * ''[[Suberites domuncula]]'' (Olivi, 1792) * ''[[Suberites excellens]]'' (Thiele, 1898) * ''[[Suberites ficus]]'' (Johnston, 1842) * ''[[Suberites flabellatus]]'' Carter, 1886 * ''[[Suberites gibbosiceps]]'' Topsent, 1904 * ''[[Suberites glaber]]'' Hansen, 1885 * ''[[Suberites glasenapii]]'' Merejkowski, 1879 * ''[[Suberites globosus]]'' Carter, 1886 * ''[[Suberites heros]]'' Schmidt, 1870 * ''[[Suberites hirsutus]]'' Topsent, 1927 * ''[[Suberites holgeri]]'' Van Soest & Hooper, 2020 * ''[[Suberites hystrix]]'' Schmidt, 1868 * ''[[Suberites insignis]]'' Carter, 1886 * ''[[Suberites japonicus]]'' Thiele, 1898 * ''[[Suberites kelleri]]'' Burton, 1930 * ''[[Suberites lambei]]'' Austin et al., 2014 * ''[[Suberites laticeps]]'' Topsent, 1904 * ''[[Suberites latus]]'' Lambe, 1893 * ''[[Suberites lobatus]]'' (Wilson, 1902) * ''[[Suberites luna]]'' Giraldes & Goodwin, 2020 * ''[[Suberites luridus]]'' Solé-Cava & Thorpe, 1986 * ''[[Suberites lutea]]'' Sole-Cava & Thorpe, 1986 * ''[[Suberites mammilaris]]'' Sim & Kim, 1994 * ''[[Suberites massa]]'' Nardo, 1847 * ''[[Suberites microstomus]]'' Ridley & Dendy, 1887 * ''[[Suberites mineri]]'' (de Laubenfels, 1935) * ''[[Suberites mollis]]'' Ridley & Dendy, 1886 * ''[[Suberites montalbidus]]'' Carter, 1880 * ''[[Suberites pagurorum]]'' Solé-Cava & Thorpe, 1986 * ''[[Suberites paradoxus]]'' Wilson, 1931 * ''[[Suberites perfectus]]'' Ridley & Dendy, 1886 * ''[[Suberites pisiformis]]'' Lévi, 1993 * ''[[Suberites placenta]]'' Thiele, 1898 * ''[[Suberites prototypus]]'' Czerniavsky, 1880 * ''[[Suberites puncturatus]]'' Thiele, 1905 * ''[[Suberites purpura]]'' Fortunato, Pérez & Lôbo-Hajdu, 2020 * ''[[Suberites radiatus]]'' Kieschnick, 1896 * ''[[Suberites ramosus]]'' Brøndsted, 1924 * ''[[Suberites rhaphidiophorus]]'' (Brøndsted, 1924) * ''[[Suberites ruber]]'' Thiele, 1905 * ''[[Suberites rubrus]]'' Sole-Cava & Thorpe, 1986 * ''[[Suberites senilis]]'' Ridley & Dendy, 1886 * ''[[Suberites sericeus]]'' Thiele, 1898 * ''[[Suberites spermatozoon]]'' (Schmidt, 1875) * ''[[Suberites spirastrelloides]]'' Dendy, 1897 * ''[[Suberites spongiosus]]'' Schmidt, 1868 * ''[[Suberites stilensis]]'' Burton, 1933 * ''[[Suberites strongylatus]]'' Sarà, 1978 * ''[[Suberites suberia]]'' (Montagu, 1818) * ''[[Suberites syringella]]'' (Schmidt, 1868) * ''[[Suberites topsenti]]'' (Burton, 1929) * ''[[Suberites tortuosus]]'' Lévi, 1959 * ''[[Suberites tylobtusus]]'' Lévi, 1958 * ''[[Suberites verrilli]]'' Van Soest & Hooper, 2020 * ''[[Suberites virgultosus]]'' (Johnston, 1842) {{div col end}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suberitidae]] [[Category:Sponge genera]] [[Category:Taxa named by Giovanni Domenico Nardo]]