Strumaria

{{Short description|Genus of plants}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Strumaria watermeyeri01.jpg |image_caption = ''Strumaria watermeyeri'', in habitat near Nieuwoudtville, South Africa |taxon = Strumaria |authority=Jacq. |synonyms_ref = <ref name=WCSP_288060>{{Citation |title=''Strumaria''|work=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=288060|accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref> |synonyms= * ''Carpolyza'' Salisb. * ''Hessea'' P.J.Bergius ex Schltdl. 1826, rejected homononym not Herb. 1837 * ''Nesynstylis'' Raf. * ''Eudolon'' Salisb. * ''Gemmaria'' Salisb. * ''Hymenetron'' Salisb. * ''Pugionella'' Salisb. * ''Stylago'' Salisb. * ''Bokkeveldia'' D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies * ''Tedingea'' D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies |type_species = ''Strumaria truncata'' Jacq.<ref name = "Tropicos" /> }}

[[File:Hessea gemmata1.jpg|thumb|''Strumaria gemmata'' in cultivation]] '''''Strumaria''''' is a genus of African plants in Amaryllis family, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.<ref>{{citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae |url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#AllAma }}</ref> The genus is known in nature only from South Africa, Lesotho and Namibia.<ref>{{citation |last1=Germishuizen |first1=G. |last2=Meyer |first2=N.L. |date=2003 |title=Plants of Southern Africa: an annotated checklist |journal=Strelitzia |volume=14 |issue=i-vi |pages=1–1231 |publisher=National Botanical Institute, Pretoria}}</ref> Almost all species flower in the autumn and are cultivated as ornamental bulbous plants.

==Description== Species of ''Strumaria'' are deciduous bulbous plants. Their bulbs are generally small, around {{cvt|7|–|35|mm|in|1}} in diameter with a fibrous bulb tunic. Usually two leaves are produced, although there may be up to six. The flowers generally appear in the autumn with the arrival of the rains; the leaves may appear before, with, or after the flowers. The inflorescence is {{cvt|20|–|40|cm|in|0}} tall, with an umbel of two to 30 flowers, generally carried on long pedicels. Most species have white flowers, although they may also be pink or yellow. The six stamens are joined to the style, at least at the base. ''Strumaria'' is distinguished from other genera in the family Amaryllidaceae by the presence of a thickening at the base of the style, except in ''Strumaria spiralis'', previously placed in its own genus ''Carpolyza''. The seeds are reddish-green when ripe, with a diameter of {{cvt|2|–|5|mm|in|1}}. When dry, the fruiting heads detach from the scape and are rolled away by the wind, thus dispersing the seeds.<ref name=Gros14/>

==Taxonomy== It was published by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1797.<ref name = "Tropicos" /><ref name = "POWO">''Strumaria'' Jacq. (n.d.). Plants of the World Online. Retrieved January 21, 2025, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1646-1</ref> The lectotype species is ''Strumaria truncata'' {{small|Jacq.}}<ref name = "Tropicos">Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-i). ''Strumaria'' Jacq. Tropicos. Retrieved January 21, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/100262858</ref> ===Species=== Accepted ({{As of|2022|April|lc=yes}}):<ref name=WCSP_Strumaria>{{Citation |contribution=Search for ''Strumaria''|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |contribution-url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Strumaria |accessdate=2022-04-02 }}</ref><ref>[http://redlist.sanbi.org/search.php?sppsearch=Strumaria+ South African National Biodiversity Institute, Red List of South African Plants, genus ''Strumaria'']</ref> {{Div col}} * ''Strumaria aestivalis'' Snijman – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria argillicola'' G.D.Duncan – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria barbarae'' Oberm. – Namibia, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria bidentata'' Schinz – Namibia, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria chaplinii'' (W.F.Barker) Snijman – Western Cape Province * ''Strumaria discifera'' Marloth ex Snijman – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria gemmata'' Ker Gawl. – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province, Eastern Cape Province, Free State * ''Strumaria hardyana'' D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies – Namibia * ''Strumaria karooica'' (W.F.Barker) Snijman – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria karoopoortensis'' (D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies) Snijman – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria leipoldtii'' (L.Bolus) Snijman – Western Cape Province * ''Strumaria luteoloba'' Snijman – Namibia, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria massoniella'' (D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies) Snijman – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria merxmuelleriana'' (D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies) Snijman – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria perryae'' Snijman – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria phonolithica'' Dinter – Namibia * ''Strumaria picta'' W.F.Barker – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria prolifera'' Snijman – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria pubescens'' W.F.Barker – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria pygmaea'' Snijman – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria salteri'' W.F.Barker – Western Cape Province * ''Strumaria speciosa'' Snijman – Namibia * ''Strumaria spiralis'' (L'Hér.) W.T.Aiton – Western Cape Province * ''Strumaria tenella'' (L.f.) Snijman – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province, Lesotho * ''Strumaria truncata'' Jacq. – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province, Namibia * ''Strumaria unguiculata'' (W.F.Barker) Snijman – Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria villosa'' Snijman – Northern Cape Province * ''Strumaria watermeyeri'' L.Bolus – Northern Cape Province {{Div col end}}

;Formerly included<ref name=WCSP_Strumaria/> A few names have been coined using the name ''Strumaria,'' applied to species now considered better suited to other genera (''Hessea'' and ''Libertia''). * ''Strumaria chilensis'' - ''Libertia chilensis'' * ''Strumaria crispa'' - ''Hessea cinnamomea'' * ''Strumaria stellaris'' - ''Hessea stellaris''

==Distribution and habitat== Species of ''Strumaria'' are native to South Africa (the Cape Provinces and the Free State), Lesotho and Namibia.<ref name=WCSP_288060/> All but one species are found in the winter rainfall area of Southern Africa, to the west and southwest, with the highest concentration in the highlands of Namaqualand. The exception is ''Strumaria tenella'' subsp. ''orientalis'', found to the east in the Free State and Lesotho.<ref name=Gros14/>

==Cultivation== Some ''Strumaria'' species are cultivated as ornamental bulbous plants, particularly for their autumn flowering period. Although they will survive a minimum temperature of {{cvt|0|C|F|0}}, a higher minimum of {{cvt|8|C|F|0}} is recommended, for example in a cool greenhouse. The medium in which they are grown needs to be free-draining. They can be propagated from seeds, which lack dormancy and so need to be sown as soon as possible after being shed.<ref name=Gros14/>

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=Gros14>{{citation |mode=cs2 |last=Grossi |first=Alberto |date=2014 |title=''Strumaria'' in cultivation |journal=The Plantsman |series=(New Series) |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=222–225 }}</ref> }}

==External links== * [http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Strumaria Strumaria] at the [http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/ Pacific Bulb Society]

Category:Strumaria Category:Amaryllidaceae genera Category:Flora of Southern Africa Category:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot