{{Short description|October 2021 labor strikes in the U.S.}} [[File:20211020-OSEC-LSC-1981 (51614259438).jpg|300px|thumb|United States Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack meeting with John Deere workers on strike]] {{Labor|sp=us}}
'''Striketober''' was a labor strike wave in October 2021 by workers in the United States in the context of strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the month, approximately 25,000 workers participated in strikes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=U.S. workers have been striking in startling numbers. Will that continue? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/11/11/us-workers-have-been-striking-startling-numbers-will-that-continue/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
The labor movement began with workers who were made to work long hours for low wages observing businesses making increasing profits while income inequality in the United States intensified. Due to the labor shortage of the Great Resignation – which some economists described as a general strike – workers held more leverage over companies who required additional labor.
== Background == {{Further|Labor history of the United States}} The American middle class was created due to organized labor according to American historian Michael Beschloss.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=15 October 2021|title=Transcript: The Beat with Ari Melber, 10/15/21|url=https://www.msnbc.com/transcripts/transcript-beat-ari-melber-10-15-21-n1281736|access-date=2021-10-22|website=MSNBC|language=en}}</ref> In the early 20th century, American workers would strike during times of economic change or crisis to earn rights and higher wages.<ref name=":1" /> In the 40 years preceding Striketober, organized labor had been decreasing in the United States as governmental policies and companies combatted against labor movements.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2021-10-14|title=100,000 workers take action as 'Striketober' hits the US|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-58916266|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|title=The pandemic could be leading to a golden age for unions|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/17/1046850192/the-pandemic-could-be-leading-to-a-golden-age-for-unions|access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref> Beschloss stated that since the Republican administration of President Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, organized labor had lost its bargaining power at workplaces.<ref name=":1" /> President Reagan's firing of 12,000 air traffic controllers who participated in the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) strike was "the beginning of the war on organized labor in this country" according to Beschloss.<ref name=":1" /> Into the 1990s, the Democratic Party also began to distance itself from organized labor as it sought campaign funding from corporations.<ref name=":1" />
Over the period of time when participation in organized labor decreased, the wages of the average worker have remained stagnant while bosses and CEOs received larger shares of company profits; all while the profit of companies greatly increased.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title='Striketober': American workers battle for power amid labor crunch|url=https://news.yahoo.com/striketober-american-workers-battle-for-power-amid-labor-crunch-202634154.html|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Yahoo News|date=18 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-23|title='Striketober' is showing workers' rising power – but will it lead to lasting change?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/oct/23/striketober-unions-strikes-workers-lasting-change|access-date=2021-10-24|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
=== Causes === Striketober began amidst the Great Resignation, a labor shortage that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic due to the existing low wages, which some economists described as a general strike.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Sarah|date=2021-10-14|title=Welcome to Striketober|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/john-deere-kelloggs-iatse-welcome-to-striketober.html|access-date=2021-10-16|website=New York|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhenzhong|first=Wu|date=2021-10-24|title=「十月大罷工」：工資追不上通脹 寧願不上班？|url=https://www.hk01.com/世界專題/691849/十月大罷工-工資追不上通脹-寧願不上班|access-date=2021-10-24|website=HK01|language=zh-HK}}</ref> ''New York'' wrote that the cause for the crisis was clear; "American workers are exploited, and they’ve had enough".<ref name=":2" /> As time progressed during the pandemic, companies continued to restrict higher wages from their workers like they had done for decades.<ref name=":11" /> Workers began to organize and participate in strikes as business profits rose and income inequality in the United States increased.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=What's behind #Striketober?|url=https://fortune.com/2021/10/14/whats-behind-striketober-unions-representing-more-than-100000-workers-are-on-strike/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref>
American workers – many paid low wages and described as "essential" during the COVID-19 pandemic – were forced into working overtime in short-staffed and underpaid conditions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=García-Hodges|first=Ahiza|date=14 October 2021|title=As 'striketober' momentum builds, what's behind the recent spate of worker strikes?|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/striketober-signals-tremendous-sacrifice-workers-say-it-has-been-long-n1281615|access-date=2021-10-16|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> Kate Bronfenbrenner, head of labor education research at the Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations (ILR) explained, "Covid was a wake-up call, because it wasn't just you could get injured on the job, but going to work could kill you. ... Workers are feeling like they're working harder than ever and they put themselves out there during Covid and risked their lives for what?"<ref name=":4" /> Professor at University of California, Berkeley, Catherine Fisk, agreed with Bronfenbrenner's statement, saying "On the low-wage side, these workers were essential. They faced high death rates but couldn't afford housing or health care," Fisk said. "Now there's this activism borne of desperation".<ref name=":4" />
Director of policy and government affairs Celine McNicholas of the Economic Policy Institute said that the workers have realized that the COVID pandemic exposed poor working conditions in the United States and that "workers are really in a system that is very much rigged against them" since companies can violate the rights of employees under current governmental regulations.<ref name=":8" />
Dean of the Cornell's ILR Alex Colvin said that because of the labor shortage facing companies, workers had the potential to hold more influence over businesses by striking since the employees would be more difficult to replace.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 October 2021|title=What to know about 'Striketober': Workers seize new power as pandemic wanes|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/striketober-workers-seize-power-pandemic-wanes/story?id=80640190|access-date=2021-10-22|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref>
== Timeline ==
During the Striketober period, workers from various backgrounds, including manufacturing, filmmaking, health care and others, began to organize and participate in labor strikes.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 October 2021|title='Striketober' is here, with workers increasingly vocal about what they want|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/14/1046140341/striketober-is-here-with-workers-increasingly-vocal-about-what-they-want|access-date=2021-10-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sy|first1=Stephanie|last2=Norris|first2=Courtney|last3=Mufson|first3=Claire|last4=Woodruff|first4=Judy|last5=Givan|first5=Rebecca|date=Oct 18, 2021|title='Striketober': Growing number of U.S. workers are pushing back against employers|work=PBS NewsHour|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/striketober-growing-number-of-u-s-workers-are-pushing-back-against-employers|access-date=October 21, 2021}}</ref> Communications director of the AFL-CIO, Tim Schlittner, said that strikes would continue into 2022 through the United States mid-term elections.<ref name=":4" />
As of October 15, over 100,000 workers were either on strike or preparing to strike.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Quinn|first=Bryan|date=October 15, 2021|title='Striketober' in US as organised labour makes a post-pandemic comeback|work=France 24|url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/business-daily/20211015-striketober-in-us-as-organised-labour-makes-a-post-pandemic-comeback|access-date=October 21, 2021}}</ref> ABC News reported on October 22 that 43 of 255 strikes, or about {{Percentage|43|255|0}} of strikes in 2021, occurred in October.<ref name=":10" /> This is compared to 54 strikes being reported in the entirety of 2020.<ref name=":10" />
=== Hollywood === {{Main|2021 IATSE strike}} Approximately 60,000 workers from the entertainment industry were about to strike on October 18. However, the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) managed to reach a tentative agreement with Hollywood producers for better working conditions and pay, averting the strike.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-10-17|title=Hollywood strike averted after union and producers reach last-minute deal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/oct/17/hollywood-strike-averted-after-union-and-producers-reach-last-minute-deal|access-date=2021-11-01|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
=== Nabisco strike === The first major strike that occurred shortly before Striketober was the Nabisco strike, when the Bakery, Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers' International Union (BCTGM) disagreed with an existing labor agreement with Nabisco.<ref name=":4" /> The strike resulted with workers higher pay, a $5,000 bonus, increased 401(k) contributions from Nabisco and the blocking of a proposed tiered-pay system opposed by workers.<ref name=":31">{{Cite news|last=Vigdor|first=Neil|date=September 19, 2021|title=Nabisco Workers End Weekslong Strike After Reaching New Contract|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/business/nabisco-union-strike.html|access-date=September 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919211600/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/19/business/nabisco-union-strike.html|archive-date=September 19, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-10-18|title=What's 'Striketober' and why are American workers fed up?|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3152702/whats-striketober-and-why-are-american-workers-fed|access-date=2021-10-21|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>
=== First strikes === On October 1, the 2021 Mercy Hospital strike in Buffalo, New York began when hundreds of nurses belonging to the Communications Workers of America did not reach agreements with Catholic Health.<ref name=":11" /> The same day, 450 workers of Special Metals Corporation began a strike in Huntington, West Virginia.<ref name=":11" />
=== Kellogg's strike === The first large-scale strike to occur during Striketober was the 2021 Kellogg's strike, with about 1,400 beginning their strike on October 4.<ref name=":2" /> BCTGM workers employed by Kellogg's disagreed with the employee benefits presented in a new labor contract.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|last=Gregg|first=Aaron|date=October 6, 2021|title=Workers on strike at all of Kellogg's U.S. cereal plants|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/06/kelloggs-strike-cereal-plants/|access-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006125118/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/06/kelloggs-strike-cereal-plants/|archive-date=October 6, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Workers demand an end to the two-tiered system of "legacy" and "transitional" workers, which leaves the latter with a big wage gap, long workweeks, required overtime and poor holiday pay.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shumway|first=Emilie|date=November 1, 2021|title=What can HR pros learn from #Striketober?|url=https://www.hrdive.com/news/what-can-hr-pros-learn-from-striketober/609244/|access-date=2021-11-01|website=HR Dive|language=en-US}}</ref>
=== John Deere strike === On October 14, 2021, the John Deere strike began when workers belonging to the United Auto Workers did not reach an agreement with John Deere regarding increased wages, pensions and removing a tiered employee structure. A total of about 10,000 John Deere workers participated in the strike.<ref name=":2" />
=== Healthcare strikes === In the United States, dangerous working conditions, occupational burnout and overall dissatisfaction among healthcare workers has resulted in hospital staff shortages.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Perrett|first=Connor|title=Thousands of California hospital workers strike over 'critical staffing shortages' at nearly a third of hospitals in the state|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/california-hospital-workers-strike-over-critical-staffing-shortages-2021-10|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> Shortages of staff were reported before the COVID pandemic and grew worse amid the pandemic.<ref name=":7" />
In California, thousands of healthcare workers began to or planned to strike as staffing shortages occurred in about one in three hospitals throughout the state.<ref name=":7" /> The staffing shortages were compounded by higher demand due to the COVID pandemic.<ref name=":7" /> Unions representing healthcare workers reported that healthcare facilities hired traveling staff, such as travel nurses, to fill understaffed positions and paid the traveling staff higher wages.<ref name=":7" />
=== McDonald's strikes === Workers of McDonald's in ten cities across the United States announced a strike to begin on October 26 in protest against sexual harassment incidents that allegedly occurred in multiple locations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agustin|first=Francis|title=McDonald's workers are staging another one-day strike to protest the alleged sexual harassment of employees at the chain's restaurants|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mcdonalds-to-strike-against-sexual-harassment-of-employees-2021-10|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> Fight for $15 supporters and others encouraged McDonald's workers to start unions while participating in the strike.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Colton|first=Emma|date=2021-10-24|title=McDonald's workers strike to protest alleged sexual harassment with goal of unionizing|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/economy/mcdonalds-workers-stage-strike-sexual-harassment-union|access-date=2021-10-25|website=Fox Business|language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Higher education strikes === {{See also|2021–2022 Columbia University strike}} Graduate student workers at Columbia University and Harvard University, both members of the United Auto Workers, voted to begin striking in October 2021 in response to stagnation at the bargaining table.<ref name="columbiaspectator.com">{{Cite web|title=Protestors interrupt President Bollinger's class in support of student workers' strike - Columbia Spectator|url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2021/10/27/protestors-interrupt-president-bollingers-class-in-support-of-student-workers-strike/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Appalled and outraged': Harvard graduate students plan to strike during parents weekend - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/10/27/metro/appalled-outraged-harvard-graduate-students-plan-strike-during-parents-weekend/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Workers belonging to the Student Workers of Columbia cited the university's inability to reach a first contract after two years of collective bargaining, including provisions such as a living wage, protection from harassment, and dental insurance, as necessitating the strike.<ref name="columbiaspectator.com"/> At Harvard, workers began a three-day strike on October 27 as part of a push to negotiate a stronger contract. The Harvard Graduate Students Union had previously signed a one-year contract with the university, which many members felt was inadequate.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Harvard University grad students get first union contract after two-year battle|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2020/06/16/harvard-university-grad-students-get-first-union-contract-after-two-year-battle/|access-date=2021-10-28|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
=== Other actions === In Staten Island, New York, workers at Amazon warehouses organized the Amazon Labor Union (ALU) and began their registration process with the National Labor Relations Board to achieve recognition.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last=Bogage|first=Jacob|date=21 October 2021|title=Amazon warehouse workers on Staten Island seek union vote.|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/10/21/amazon-union-vote-staten-island/}}</ref> ALU organized themselves to achieve higher wages, safer work conditions and more vacation time.<ref name=":9" /> Kelly Nantel, a spokesperson for Amazon, shared opposition to a potential unionization saying the business "made great progress in recent years and months in important areas like pay and safety".<ref name=":9" />
== Effects == Striketober has brought more attention to the proposed Protecting the Right to Organize Act (PRO Act).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title=More than 10,000 John Deere workers are on strike|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/john-deere-strike-union-contract-b1938464.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/john-deere-strike-union-contract-b1938464.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-21|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Bronfenbrenner said that the passing of the PRO Act would help protect workers on strike from being fired by businesses.<ref name=":4" />
== Public opinion == At the time of Striketober, Yahoo! News noted that the support for unions was at its highest level since 1965, citing a Gallup poll from September 2021 that showed 68 percent of American respondents supported worker unions.<ref name=":5" />
== Reactions == President Joe Biden has said that he supports the worker's right to strike, but that he is "not going to get into the negotiation." White House officials have also said that Biden wanted to leave workers and their employers to resolve both of their own labor disputes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PettyPiece|first=Shannon|date=October 24, 2021|title=Biden on the sidelines of 'Striketober,' with economy in the balance|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-sidelines-striketober-economy-balance-n1282094|access-date=2021-10-27|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref>
== References == {{Reflist}}
Category:2021 labor disputes and strikes * Labor history Category:October 2021 in the United States Category:Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States