{{Short description|British colonial official (1858-1937)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}} {{Use British English|date=January 2018}} {{Infobox officeholder |name = Sir James Stewart Lockhart |image = Tcitp d782 j h stewart lockhart commissioner at weihaiwei.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = |office = [[Registrar-General of Hong Kong]] |term_start = 1887 |term_end = 1901 |predecessor = [[Frederick Stewart (colonial administrator)|Frederick Stewart]] |successor = [[Arthur Winbolt Brewin]] |office2 = [[Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong]] |term_start2 = 1895 |term_end2 = 1902 |predecessor2 = [[George Thomas Michael O'Brien|George O'Brien]] |successor2 = [[Francis Henry May]] |office3 = [[Commissioner of Weihaiwei]] |term_start3 = 1902 |term_end3 = 1921 |predecessor3 = John Dodson Daintree |successor3 = Arthur Powlett Blunt |birth_date = 25 May 1858 |birth_place = [[Ardsheal]], [[Argyllshire]], Scotland |death_date = {{Death date and age|1937|02|26|1858|04|26|df=yes}} |death_place = [[London]], England |spouse = |profession = Civil administrator, Sinologist }} '''Sir James Haldane Stewart Lockhart''',{{efn|Born '''James Haldane Lockhart''', he added the name of his mother's family, Stewart of Lorne, as a double surname when he married in 1889.<ref>Tsang, Steve (2007). ''Governing Hong Kong''. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 199; {{ISBN|9781845115258}}.</ref> His preferred name was '''James Stewart Lockhart''' for most of his working life.<ref>Airlie, Shiona (2010) [1989]. ''Thistle and Bamboo: The Life and Times of Sir James Stewart Lockhart''. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. p. 210; {{ISBN|9789888028924}}.</ref>}} {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG}} (25 May 1858 – 26 February 1937) was a British colonial official in [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] and [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]] for more than 40 years. He also served as Commissioner of [[Weihaiwei under British rule|British Weihaiwei]] from 1902 to 1921. Additionally, he was a [[Sinologist]] who made pioneering translations.
==Early life== Born as James Haldane Lockhart in [[Ardsheal]], [[Argyllshire]], Scotland, his parents were Anna Rebecca Charlotte (Stewart) and Miles Lockhart of [[Lismore, Argyll]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.google.com/site/joerocksresearchpages/home/historical-timelines/ardsheal-house-appin|title = Ardsheal House, Appin - Joe Rock's Research Pages}}</ref> His grandfather was banker [[James Lockhart (banker)|James Lockhart]]. He attended [[King William's College]] (1868–72), [[George Watson's College]], and the [[University of Edinburgh]], and attempted to enter the civil service in [[British India|India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401231.pdf|title=Hong Kong Journals Online}}</ref> Failing to do that, Lockhart took a [[Colonial Service]] cadetship in [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] in 1878.<ref>R. F. Johnston, "James H. Stewart Lockhart, (Obituary Notice)," ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 391-393 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/25201540].</ref>
==Colonial service in Hong Kong== After joining the Hong Kong Government in 1882, Lockhart rose through the ranks of Hong Kong's civil service. He was [[Registrar General]] and [[Chief Secretary for Administration|Colonial Secretary]] of Hong Kong, and later became [[Commissioner of Weihaiwei]] (1902<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27403 |date=4 February 1902 |page=709 }}</ref>–1927), the British coastal [[enclave]] returned to [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]] in 1930. He had a more positive relationship with Hong Kong Chinese due to this knowledge of [[Cantonese]] and was friends with [[Ho Kai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401231.pdf|title=Hong Kong Journals Online}}</ref> Lockhart was made a member of the Hong Kong [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative]] and [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive Councils]].
Lockhart drafted the first English-language report on the [[New Territories]] after London's acquisition in 1898. He argued that the prevalent Chinese communal culture and organization would serve as a stabilizing force in the colony.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hayes|first1=J. W.|date=1962|title=The Pattern of Life in the New Territories in 1898|journal=[[Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society]]|language=en|volume=2|pages=75|issn=0085-5774}}</ref> Lockhart's preference for indirect and indigenized rule was a main factor leading to the official recognition of Chinese community organizations like [[Tung Wah Group of Hospitals|Tung Wah Hospital]] and [[Po Leung Kuk]].<ref>{{Cite journal| last1=Lethbridge | first1=H. J. | date=1971 | title=The District Watch Committee: 'The Chinese Executive Council of Hong Kong' | journal=[[Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society]] |language=en|volume=11|pages=129|issn=0085-5774}}</ref>
He founded the [[Hong Kong Football Club]] in 1886, situated within the [[Happy Valley Racecourse]]. The club now plays host to the Hong Kong 10s rugby tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/hkrugby/history.htm|title = HKFC}}</ref>
In his many years in [[Hong Kong]] he became a sinophile and a convinced [[Confucianism|Confucianist]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stevenson |first=Sara |date=2011-04-26 |title=The Empire Looks Back: Subverting the Imperial Gaze |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03087298.2011.560454 |journal=History of Photography |language=en |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=142–156 |doi=10.1080/03087298.2011.560454 |issn=0308-7298|url-access=subscription }}</ref> His resulting contention that only a hard-line Chinese-style Confucian administration would be understood or respected, and his hard-line response to local resistance in the 1899 takeover of the new territories, has been proposed as one of the main causes of the [[Six-Day War (1899)|Six-Day War]] that lead to the deaths of over 500 [[punti]] clansmen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hase |first=Patrick H. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xwbjg |title=The Six-Day War of 1899: Hong Kong in the Age of Imperialism |date=2008 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-962-209-899-2}}</ref>
==Sinological service== While they were both training in Hong Kong, Lockhart became friends with [[Reginald Johnston]], who made his reputation while serving in [[Weihaiwei]]. Both men devoted great energy to their studies of Chinese language and classical literature, and both published scholarly works. Johnston was also a great emotional support to Lockhart and his family. {{sfnb|Airlie|1989| pp = [https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOmAAAAQBAJ&q=Johnston+Weihaiwei 128-129]}}
Johnston later wrote that, as Lockhart had had a sound training in Greek and Latin at [[University of Edinburgh|Edinburgh University]], he took easily to the study of Chinese, another classical language. ''[[The China Review]]'', a journal for scholarly work by China coast foreigners, published Lockhart's early work, which mainly concerned linguistic questions. Lockhart was fluent in Cantonese, Johnston reported, and acquired a working knowledge of Mandarin when he was posted to Weihaiwei.{{sfnb|Lethbridge|1978|p=146}}
==Numismatics and art collecting== Lockhart was particularly interested in collecting and studying Chinese coins, and he produced several publications on [[numismatics]].{{sfnb|Airlie|1989| p= [https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOmAAAAQBAJ&q=numismatics 72]}}{{sfnb|White|1976|}} He also made a thorough study of Chinese art and literature, and formed a large collection of paintings, ink rubbings and decorative arts, some of which was displayed in 1928.<ref>R. F. Johnston, "James H. Stewart Lockhart, (Obituary Notice)," ''The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''No. 2 (Apr., 1937), pp. 391-393 [https://www.jstor.org/pss/25201540].</ref>
The collection was donated by his daughter, [[Betty Joel]], to his ''alma mater'', [[George Watson's College]], and is currently on a long-term loan to the [[National Museum of Scotland]]. Lockhart's Chinese books were purchased by [[Cambridge University Library]]; his photographs are on loan to the [[Scottish National Portrait Gallery]].
==Later life== After retiring from the Colonial Service, Lockhart returned to Britain. He became an honorary member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]] and member of the [[School of Oriental Studies]] at the [[University of London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401231.pdf|title=Hong Kong Journals Online}}</ref>
==Honours and legacy== His appointment of CMG was signed by Queen Victoria on 21 May 1898, while his appointment of KCMG was signed by King Edward VII on 9 November 1908.<ref>{{cite web |author=National Library of Scotland |url=http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc4138.pdf |title=Inventory Acc.4138 Papers of Sir James Haldane Stewart Lockhart, K.C.M.G. (1858–1947) |publisher=nls.uk |access-date=21 March 2010 |archive-date=5 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605050308/http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc4138.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He received an honorary LLD degree from the [[University of Hong Kong]] in 1918.
[[Lockhart Road]] in [[Wan Chai]], [[Hong Kong Island]], is named after him.
==Family== In 1889, Lockhart married Edith Louise Rider Hancock. They had one son and two daughters: Charles, Mary (known by her married and professional name [[Betty Joel]]), and Margaret.{{sfnb|Airlie|1989|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOmAAAAQBAJ&q=Edith+louise 59]}} He returned with his family to England in 1927 and died in London in 1937.<ref>Johnston, "Obituary."</ref>
== Notes == ;Footnotes {{notelist}}
;Citations {{reflist|30em}}
==Selected publications== * Lockhart, James H. Stewart (1893). ''[https://archive.org/details/manualofchineseq00qiuj A Manual of Chinese Quotations, Being a Translation of the Ch'êng Yü K'ao]''. Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh. * {{cite book |last = Lockhart |first =James H. Stewart|year = 1915 |title = The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins |publisher = Kelly & Walsh, limited| location = Shanghai etc. |ref = none}} * {{cite book |last = Fraser |first =Everard Duncan Home, Ming Tso-ch*°u and James H. Stewart Lockhart |year = 1930 |title = Index to the Tso Chuan |publisher = Oxford university press H. Milford| location = London, New York |ref = none}} * {{cite book |last = Lockhart |first = James H. Stewart |year = 1975 |title = The Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins |publisher = Quarterman Publications| location = Lawrence, Mass. |isbn = 0880000562|ref = none}} * {{cite book |last = White |first =R. Byron, James H. Stewart Lockhart and Marjorie White|year = 1976 |title = A Comprehensive Finding List of Chinese Cash: T'ang to Republic K'ai Yuan to Min Kuo, 618 Ad to 1912 Ad, Together with Lockhart's Listing of the Chinese Dynasties |publisher = White| location = Sheldonville, MA |isbn = 0917114019}}
==References== {{Commons category|James Stewart Lockhart}} *Edinburgh City Art Centre (1982). ''An Ardent Collector: An Exhibition of the Stewart Lockhart Collection''. {{ISBN|9780950843605}}. * {{cite book |last = Airlie|first = Shiona |year = 1989 |title = Thistle and Bamboo: The Life and Times of Sir James Stewart Lockhart |publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Hong Kong; New York |isbn = 0195842111}} * Sonia Lightfoot (2008). ''The Chinese painting collection and correspondence of Sir James Stewart Lockhart (1858–1937)''. E. Mellen Press. {{ISBN|9780773450790}}. * "Sir James Haldane Stewart Lockhart: Colonial Civil Servant and Scholar", {{cite book |last = Lethbridge|first = Henry J. |year = 1978 |title = Hong Kong, Stability and Change: A Collection of Essays |publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Hong Kong |isbn = 0195804023 }}.
{{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{s-bef|before=[[Frederick Stewart (colonial administrator)|Frederick Stewart]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Secretary for Home Affairs|Registrar-General of Hong Kong]]|years=1887–1901}} {{s-aft|after=[[Arthur Winbolt Brewin]]}} {{s-bef|before= [[George Thomas Michael O'Brien]] }} {{s-ttl|title= [[Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong]] |years=1895–1902}} {{s-aft|after= Sir [[Francis Henry May]]}} {{s-bef|before= [[John Dodson Daintree]] }} {{s-ttl|title= [[Commissioner of Weihaiwei]] |years=1902–1921}} {{s-aft|after= [[Arthur Powlett Blunt]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before= Samuel Brown}} {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Sanitary Board]]|years=1891–1895}} {{s-aft|after= [[Francis Alfred Cooper]]}} {{end}} {{Chief Secretary for Administration}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lockhart, James Stewart}} [[Category:1858 births]] [[Category:1937 deaths]] [[Category:British Weihaiwei people]] [[Category:Chief secretaries of Hong Kong|Stewart-Lockhart, James Haldane]] [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:People educated at George Watson's College]] [[Category:People educated at King William's College]] [[Category:People from Argyll and Bute]] [[Category:British expatriates in British Hong Kong]] [[Category:British sinologists]] [[Category:British numismatists]] [[Category:Chinese numismatics]]