{{Short description|American lobbyist and commentator}} {{Essay-like|date=July 2023}} '''Steven J. Milloy''' is an American lawyer, [[lobbyist]], author, and former [[Fox News]] commentator. Milloy is the founder and editor of the blog JunkScience.com, where he publishes articles that oppose and attack environmental and public health science.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waldman |first=Scott |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Steve Milloy doesn't like 'climate bedwetters' |url=https://www.eenews.net/articles/steve-milloy-doesnt-like-climate-bedwetters/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |work=[[E&E News]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122155738/https://www.eenews.net/articles/steve-milloy-doesnt-like-climate-bedwetters/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His close financial and organizational ties to [[tobacco industry|tobacco]] and [[petroleum industry|oil companies]] have been the subject of criticism, as Milloy consistently disputes the [[Scientific opinion on climate change|scientific consensus on climate change]] and the health risks of [[Passive smoking|second-hand smoke]].<ref name="mojo">{{cite news|last=Mooney |first=Chris |publisher=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |url=https://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2005/05/some_like_it_hot.html |title=Some Like It Hot |date=May 2005 |access-date=2013-01-22}}</ref><ref name="tnr">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.freepress.net/news/print.php?id=13581 |title=Smoked Out: Pundit For Hire|last=Thacker|first=Paul D.|date=January 27, 2006|magazine=The New Republic|publisher=The New Republic|page=1|access-date= July 23, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060719211120/http://www.freepress.net/news/print.php?id=13581 |archive-date = July 19, 2006 |url-status=dead}} Reprinted at freepress.net.</ref>
Milloy has been employed at many [[Think tank|think tanks]]. In the 1990s, he worked at [[Advancement of Sound Science Center|The Advancement of Sound Science Center]] (TASSC), which was established by [[Altria|Philip Morris Companies Inc.]] to counter legislation against second-hand smoke, eventually becoming its director in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Thacker |first=Paul D. |date=February 6, 2006 |title=Smoked Out |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/104858/smoked-out |access-date=April 4, 2025 |magazine=[[The New Republic]]}}</ref> He was an adjunct scholar at the [[Libertarianism|libertarian]] [[Cato Institute]] from the 1990s until the end of 2005 and an adjunct scholar at the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] from 2005 to 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steven J. Milloy |url=https://cei.org/experts/steven-j-milloy/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Competitive Enterprise Institute |date=16 October 2018 |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120213626/https://cei.org/experts/steven-j-milloy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He began contributing to Fox News in 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Since 2020, Milloy has served on the board of the [[Heartland Institute]].<ref name="HeartlandBio">{{Cite web |title=Steven Milloy: publisher, junkscience.com |url=https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/steven-milloy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122155737/https://heartland.org/about-us/who-we-are/steven-milloy/ |archive-date=2023-01-22 |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=heartland.org}}</ref> {{asof|2023}} Milloy is a senior policy fellow with the Energy and Environment Legal Institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellows & Advisors |url=https://eelegal.org/fellows-advisors-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301133931/https://eelegal.org/fellows-advisors-2/ |archive-date=2023-03-01 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=E&E Legal |language=en-US}}</ref>
==Education== Milloy holds a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in natural sciences from [[Johns Hopkins University]], a Master of Health Sciences in biostatistics from the [[Johns Hopkins University]] School of Hygiene and Public Health,<ref name="edu-skeptics">{{cite web|url=https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/a/39424/7100|title=Does Steven Milloy hold the degrees he claims?|first=Nate|last=Eldridge|publisher=Stack Exchange|date=12 September 2017|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232822/https://skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/39423/does-steven-milloy-hold-the-degrees-he-claims/39424|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[Juris Doctor]] from the [[University of Baltimore]], and a Master of Laws from the [[Georgetown University Law Center]].<ref name="junkcv">[https://junkscience.com/about/ Milloy's history and C.V., from his website junkscience.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917080049/https://junkscience.com/about/ |date=2017-09-17 }}, accessed 16 Sept 2017. Section "Education".</ref>
==Career== By 1994, according to his website, Milloy was project leader of the Regulatory Impact Analysis Project, Inc. for the [[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]]. The Cato Institute, where he was listed as an adjunct scholar, published his work from 1995 to 2005.
Milloy's employment by the EOP Group Inc. dates back to before 1995, and it includes a record of lobbying on behalf of the Fort Howard Corporation, the International Food Additives Council, Monsanto Co. and Edison Electrics. The [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] also proposed to Philip Morris that Milloy and his partners Michael Gough and [[Michael Fumento]] should be used to attack the FDA through reports to the House and Senate on risk Management reform.<ref>[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/qfw87d00/pdf Industry Documents Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232757/https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/ |date=2023-07-24 }}, legacy.library.ucsf.edu. Accessed September 7, 2022.</ref><ref>[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/ofw87d00/pdf Industry Documents Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724232825/https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docs/ |date=2023-07-24 }}, legacy.library.ucsf.edu. Accessed September 7, 2022.</ref>
In March 1997, Milloy moved from the backroom to become the director of The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition (TASSC), which later became The Advancement of Sound Science Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/may/business/pt_junkscience.html |title=The junkman climbs to the top |access-date=2017-08-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050620082118/http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/may/business/pt_junkscience.html |archive-date=2005-06-20 }}</ref>
The [[United States Senate]] Lobby Filing Disclosure Program lists Milloy as a registered [[lobbyist]] for the EOP Group for the years 1998–2000.<ref name="sopr">[http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/m_opr_viewer.exe?DoFn=3&LOB=MILLOY,%20STEVE&LOBQUAL== United States Senate Lobby Filing Disclosure Program, listing Milloy as a lobbyist for the EOP Group from 1998–2000], accessed 28 June 2006. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050123004011/http://sopr.senate.gov/cgi-win/m_opr_viewer.exe?DoFn=3&LOB=MILLOY,%20STEVE&LOBQUAL==|date=January 23, 2005}}</ref> The guidebook ''Washington Representatives'' also listed him as a lobbyist for the EOP Group in 1996.<ref>''Washington Lobbyists'', 1996, Columbia Books, Washington DC.</ref>
He has links through Philip Morris and Fox News to [[Rupert Murdoch]] and News Corporation. He was a correspondent for Fox News between 2002 and 2009, and he became a policy director at Murray Energy and a member of [[Donald Trump]]'s first presidential [[First presidential transition of Donald Trump|transition team]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/climate/scott-pruitt-epa-endangerment-finding.html?_r=0|title=Scott Pruitt Faces Anger from Right over E.P.A. Finding He Won't Fight|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 12, 2017|last1=Davenport|first1=Coral|access-date=April 12, 2017|archive-date=April 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415080258/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/12/climate/scott-pruitt-epa-endangerment-finding.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
==JunkScience Blog== Milloy is the founder and editor of the blog JunkScience.com, where he publishes articles attacking what he calls "[[junk science]]" in public policy, which he defines as "faulty scientific data and analysis used to advance special and, often, hidden agendas."<ref name="PRWatch2000no3">{{cite magazine |first1=Sheldon |last1=Rampton |first2=John |last2=Stauber |title=How Big Tobacco Helped Create "the Junkman" |url=http://www.prwatch.org/files/pdfs/prwatch/prwv7n3.pdf |magazine=PR Watch |publisher=[[Center for Media and Democracy]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |year=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725215754/http://www.prwatch.org/files/pdfs/prwatch/prwv7n3.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-25 |url-status=dead |author-link1=Sheldon Rampton |author-link2=John Stauber}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is Steve Milloy? |url=https://junkscience.com/who-is-steve-milloy/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=junkscience.com |archive-date=2023-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122120506/https://junkscience.com/who-is-steve-milloy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[David Michaels (epidemiologist)|David Michaels]] has argued the term junk science is used, by Milloy and others, to "denigrate scientists and studies whose findings do not serve the corporate cause".<ref name="Michaels">{{cite book |last=Michaels |first=David |title=Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health |title-link=Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-530067-3 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/doubtistheirprod00mich_340/page/n69 57]}}</ref>
In an editorial in ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'', editor-in-chief Rudy Baum called Milloy's junkscience.com website "the best known" example of "a right-wing effort in the U.S. to discredit widely accepted science, technology and medical information."<ref name="C&EN">{{cite journal |last=Baum |first=Rudy |date=June 9, 2008 |title=Defending Science |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/editor/86/8623editor.html |url-status=live |journal=Chemical and Engineering News |volume=86 |issue=37 |page=5 |doi=10.1021/cen-v086n023.p005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609005432/http://pubs.acs.org/cen/editor/86/8623editor.html |archive-date=June 9, 2008 |access-date=June 11, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An editorial in the ''[[American Journal of Public Health]]'' noted that "... attacking the science underlying difficult public policy decisions with the label of 'junk' has become a common ploy for those opposed to regulation ... One need only peruse JunkScience.com to get a sense of the long list of public health issues for which research has been so labeled."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Samet JM, Burke TA |year=2001 |title=Turning science into junk: the tobacco industry and passive smoking |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1742–4 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1742 |pmc=1446866 |pmid=11684591}}</ref>
===Second-hand smoke=== Milloy has opposed legitimate research linking [[passive smoking|second-hand tobacco smoke]] to cancer, falsely claiming that "the vast majority of studies reported no statistical association."<ref name="pmid11684593">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ong EK, Glantz SA |title=Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms |journal=Am J Public Health |volume=91 |issue=11 |pages=1749–57 |year=2001 |pmid=11684593 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749 |pmc=1446868 }}</ref><ref name="secondhandsmoke">[http://www.junkscience.com/foxnews/fn030901.html ''Secondhand Smokescreen,''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184936/http://www.junkscience.com/foxnews/fn030901.html |date=2007-09-30 }} By Steven Milloy, March 9, 2001</ref><ref name=IARC2004>{{harvnb|IARC|2004}} [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php "There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607085206/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php |date=2018-06-07 }}</ref>
In 1993, Milloy dismissed an [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] report linking second-hand tobacco smoke to cancer as "a joke." Five years later, Milloy claimed vindication after a federal court contradicted the E.P.A.'s conclusions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schwartz |first=John |date=1998-07-19 |title=Judge Faults EPA Findings on Secondhand Smoke Impact |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jul-19-mn-5265-story.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415050252/http://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jul-19-mn-5265-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the court's finding against the EPA was [[Passive smoking#EPA lawsuit|overturned on appeal]]. When the ''[[British Medical Journal]]'' published a [[meta-analysis]] confirming a link in 1997, Milloy misrepresenting {{citation needed|date=September 2022}} the study wrote, "Of the 37 studies, only 7—less than 19 percent—reported statistically significant increases in lung cancer incidence... Meta-analysis of the secondhand smoke studies was a joke when EPA did it in 1993. And it remains a joke today."<ref name="bmjsmoke">{{Cite web|url=http://www.junkscience.com/news/bmjsmoke.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106043720/http://www.junkscience.com/news/bmjsmoke.html |url-status=dead |title=Secondhand Joking, by Steven Milloy |archivedate=November 6, 2006}}</ref><ref name=Circ07>{{cite journal |last1=Tong |first1=Elisa K. |last2=Glantz |first2=Stanton A. |title=Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease |journal=Circulation |date=16 October 2007 |volume=116 |issue=16 |pages=1845–1854 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888 |pmid=17938301 |s2cid=4021497|doi-access=free }}</ref> When another researcher published a study linking second-hand smoke to cancer, Milloy wrote that she "... must have pictures of journal editors in compromising positions with farm animals. How else can you explain her studies seeing the light of day?"<ref name="urlwww.junkscience.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.junkscience.com/decem98.html |title=www.junkscience.com |first=Steven |last=Milloy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125080948/http://junkscience.com/decem98.html |archive-date=2010-11-25 }}</ref><ref> {{Cite news | last1 = Stauber | first1 = John | last2 = Rampton | first2 = Sheldon | title = The Junkyard Dogs of Science | newspaper = [[New Internationalist]] | location = Oxford, England | publisher = New Internationalist Publications |date=July 1999}} </ref>
===Climate change=== {{see also|climate change denial}} Milloy claims that [[anthropogenic climate change|human activity]] has little impact on [[climate change]], [[climate change denial|denying]] the [[scientific consensus on climate change]], and that regulations to limit [[greenhouse gas emissions]] are unwarranted and harmful to business interests. He offered a prize of $500,000 to anyone who can "prove, in a scientific manner, that humans are causing harmful global warming", stating that "JunkScience.com, in its sole discretion, will determine the winner, if any."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/ |title=Ultimate Global Warming Challenge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145717/https://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/ |archive-date=2021-04-21 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 25, 2008}} A Steven Milloy website.</ref>
In 2004, when the [[Arctic Climate Impact Assessment]] was released by the [[Arctic Council]] and the [[International Arctic Science Committee]], Milloy wrote that the report "pretty much debunks itself."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.junkscience.com/fox/milloy111204.html |title=Polar Bear Scare on Thin Ice |first=Steven |last=Milloy |date=November 12, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185012/http://www.junkscience.com/fox/milloy111204.html |archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref> Milloy based his assertions that the variation was natural on his interpretation of just one graph from the overview of the large study. One of the lead authors of the study, oceanographer [[James J. McCarthy]], commented that those taking Milloy's position would "have to refute what are hundreds of scientific papers that reconstruct various pieces of this climate puzzle." Milloy's assertion was repeated by lobbyists including the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]]<ref name="mojo" />
A Competitive Enterprise Institute press release says Milloy coordinated a climate change denial action at the 2007 [[Live Earth]] concert in New York, where activists campaigned among the attendees, and a plane circled the event pulling a banner reading, "DON’T BELIEVE AL GORE — DEMAND DEBATE.COM."<ref>{{cite press release |date=July 9, 2007 |url=http://www.cei.org/gencon/003,06028.cfm |title=Bureaucrash and the "Demand Debate" Campaign Crash Live Earth New York |publisher=[[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009042731/http://www.cei.org/gencon/003,06028.cfm |archive-date=2007-10-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
After [[NOAA]] published its 2022 update to annual average temperature data,<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual 2022 Climate Report |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202213 |publisher=[[National Centers for Environmental Information]] |access-date=2023-01-18 |archive-date=2023-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118015631/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202213 |url-status=live }}</ref> Milloy tweeted 8 years of data and claimed "CO2 warming is a hoax."<ref>{{cite tweet |user=JunkScience |number=1613724250011242497 |title=NOAA makes it official}}</ref> An Associated Press fact-checking article said the conclusion was false, saying "Social media users are misrepresenting a small portion of a graph from NOAA to support the erroneous claim that global temperatures are falling rather than rising, meaning global warming is not real."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tulp |first=Sophia |date=January 19, 2023 |title=Temperature graph misrepresented to deny climate change |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-misleading-climate-change-graph-418146648172 |access-date=2023-01-20 |work=[[AP NEWS]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120004410/https://apnews.com/article/fact-check-misleading-climate-change-graph-418146648172 |url-status=live }}</ref>
===DDT=== In 2006, following a press release by the [[World Health Organization]] recommending more extensive use of indoor residual spraying with DDT and other pesticides, Milloy wrote, "It's a relief that the WHO has finally come to its senses."<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215084,00.html Day of Reckoning for DDT Foes?, by Steven Milloy, FoxNews.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623050255/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,215084,00.html |date=2007-06-23 }}, Thursday, September 21, 2006</ref> In 2007, the WHO clarified its position, saying it is "very much concerned with health consequences from use of DDT" and reaffirmed its commitment to phasing out the use of DDT.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/ipcs/capacity_building/COP3_update.pdf |title=Update for COP3 on WHO activities relevant to country implementation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants |website=[[World Health Organization]] |date=April 2007 |access-date=2020-10-05 |archive-date=2021-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208211708/https://www.who.int/ipcs/capacity_building/COP3_update.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Asbestos and the World Trade Center=== On September 14, 2001, three days after [[September 11, 2001 attacks|terrorist attacks]] destroyed the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], Milloy wrote that the World Trade Center towers might have stood longer, preventing many casualties, had the use of [[asbestos]] fire-resistant lagging not been discontinued during the Towers' construction.<ref name="junksciwtc">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070529211039/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,34342,00.html Article: Asbestos Could Have Saved WTC Lives], FoxNews.com. Published September 14, 2001.</ref>
Advocates for banning asbestos were highly critical of the article,<ref name="junksciwtc" /> questioning his motives and disputing his conclusions. The International Ban Asbestos Secretariat charged him with "insensitivity that is hard to fathom."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~ibas/lka_science_not_as_we_know.htm#3 |title=Criticism of Milloy's comments by the International Ban Asbestos Secretariat. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630225104/http://www.btinternet.com/~ibas/lka_science_not_as_we_know.htm#3 |archive-date=2012-06-30 |url-status=dead }} Accessed 11 October 2006.{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>
===Food safety=== Responding to criticism of the [[food safety|safety]] of the food product [[Quorn]] by the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] (CSPI), Milloy accused CSPI of having an undisclosed relationship with Quorn's main competitor, [[Gardenburger]]. Writing for FoxNews.com, Milloy said that "CSPI appears to have an unsavory relationship with Quorn competitor, Gardenburger" and called the CSPI's complaints "unscrupulous shrieking", noting comments in CSPI newsletters like "Remember the [[saturated fat]] and the E. coli bacteria that could be hiding inside [a hamburger]? You can keep the taste but forget the worries with Gardenburger."<ref name="undue">{{cite web| url=http://www.undueinfluence.com/milloy.htm| title=Quorn & CSPI: The Other Fake Meat| publisher=[[Fox News]]| date=2002-08-30| author=Steven Milloy| access-date=2006-05-20| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511210047/http://www.undueinfluence.com/milloy.htm| archive-date=2006-05-11}}</ref>
===Rall controversy=== In 1999, [[David Platt Rall]], a prominent [[environmental scientist]], died in a car accident. Steven Milloy, at the time a Cato adjunct scholar, commented: "Scratch one junk scientist....". Cato Institute President Edward Crane called Milloy's comments an "inexcusable lapse in judgment and civility," but Milloy refused to apologize.<ref>Richard Morin and Claudia Deane, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/feed/a46952-1999oct12.htm "The Ideas Industry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102091626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/feed/a46952-1999oct12.htm |date=2018-11-02 }}, ''Washington Post'', October 12, 1999, p. A17</ref>
==Industry ties== In 2005, it was reported that [[non-profit organization]]s operating out of Milloy's home, and in some cases employing no staff, have received large payments from [[ExxonMobil]] during his tenure with Fox News.<ref name="mojo" /><ref name="tnr" /><ref>$40,000 to the Advancement of Sound Science Center and $50,000 to the Free Enterprise Action Institute. Both organizations were registered to Milloy's home address. source: [http://motherjones.com/environment/2005/05/some-it-hot Some Like It Hot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825153033/http://motherjones.com/environment/2005/05/some-it-hot|date=2011-08-25}}, motherjones.com . May/June 2005</ref> A Fox News spokesperson stated that Milloy is "... affiliated with several not-for-profit groups that possibly may receive funding from Exxon, but he certainly does not receive funding directly from Exxon."<ref name="mojo" />
=== Links to the tobacco industry === While at FoxNews.com, Milloy continued to attack the scientific consensus<ref name="kessler">{{harvnb|Kessler|2006}}</ref><ref name="IARC2004" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Environmental Tobacco Smoke |url=https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/roc/content/profiles/tobaccorelatedexposures.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080716173310/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s176toba.pdf |archive-date=2008-07-16 |access-date=2007-08-27 |website=11th Report on Carcinogens |publisher=U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-02-21 |title=Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821220759/https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/general_facts/index.htm |archive-date=2021-08-21 |access-date=2021-07-30 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke |url=http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905172350/http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html |archive-date=2007-09-05 |access-date=2007-08-22 |publisher=U.S. [[National Cancer Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secondhand Smoke |url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Secondhand_Smoke-Clean_Indoor_Air.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914162226/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_10_2X_Secondhand_Smoke-Clean_Indoor_Air.asp |archive-date=2007-09-14 |access-date=2007-08-27 |publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]}}</ref> that second-hand tobacco smoke causes cancer.<ref name="tnr" /> However, with the release of confidential tobacco industry documents as part of the [[Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement]], the objectivity of Milloy's stance on second-hand smoke has been questioned. Based on this documentation, journalists [[Paul D. Thacker]] and [[George Monbiot]], as well as the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]] and others, have contended that Milloy is a paid advocate for the tobacco industry.<ref name="tnr" />
Milloy's junkscience.com website was reviewed and revised by a [[public relations]] firm hired by the [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company]].<ref name="rjrmemo">[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/syq70d00 Activity Report, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., December 1996, describing input from R.J.R. Tobacco's P.R. firm into Milloy's junkscience website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113025048/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/syq70d00|date=2015-01-13}}. From the [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ Legacy Tobacco Documents Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623173240/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/|date=2015-06-23}} at the [[University of California, San Francisco]]. Accessed October 5, 2006.</ref><ref name="lancetreview">{{cite journal |author=Ong EK, Glantz SA |year=2000 |title=Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study |journal=Lancet |volume=355 |issue=9211 |pages=1253–9 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02098-5 |pmid=10770318 |s2cid=25145666}}</ref> A 1994 Philip Morris memo listed TASSC among its "Tools to Affect Legislative Decisions".<ref>[http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2046847121_7137_0.PDF Philip Morris Corporate Affairs Budget Presentation, 1994] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704050040/http://www.pmdocs.com/PDF/2046847121_7137_0.PDF|date=2007-07-04}}, from the [http://www.pmdocs.com Philip Morris Document Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031534/http://www.pmdocs.com/|date=2020-11-12}}. Accessed October 5, 2006.</ref> According to its 1997 annual report, TASSC "sponsored" junkscience.com.<ref>[http://ltdlimages.library.ucsf.edu/imagesa/a/n/y/any77d00/Sany77d00.pdf#search=%22edwards%20j%20gordon%22 ''Annual Report – 1997''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080618091113/http://ltdlimages.library.ucsf.edu/imagesa/a/n/y/any77d00/Sany77d00.pdf|date=2008-06-18}}, Steven Milloy, January 7th, 1998. Document accessed at [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ Legacy Tobacco Documents Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623173240/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/|date=2015-06-23}} on July 7, 2007.</ref>
''[[The New Republic]]'' reported that Milloy, who is presented by [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] as an independent journalist, was under contract to provide consulting services to Philip Morris through the end of 2005.<ref name="tnr" /> In 2000 and 2001, for example, Milloy received a total of $180,000 in payments from Philip Morris for consulting services.<ref name="pmbudget">[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kwk84a00 Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility", detailing $180,000 in payments to Steven Milloy (pp. 13 & 66)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901155806/http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/kwk84a00|date=2013-09-01}}. Accessed October 5, 2006.</ref> A spokesperson for Fox News stated, "Fox News was unaware of Milloy's connection with Philip Morris. Any affiliation he had should have been disclosed."<ref name="tnr" />Corporate activism
Milloy and former tobacco executive Tom Borelli ran a [[mutual fund]] called the [[Free Enterprise Action Fund]] (FEAF). The fund criticized companies that voluntarily adopt higher environmental standards. Through the platform of the FEAF, Milloy has criticized many other corporations for adopting environmental initiatives: * The FEAF criticized [[Microsoft]] for abandoning the use of [[polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] in its packing materials.<ref>[http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release121305.htm Free Enterprise Action Fund press release, criticizing Microsoft for abandoning the use of PVC in its packing materials.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024175438/http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release121305.htm |date=2006-10-24 }} Accessed 11 October 2006.</ref> * Milloy accused the [[Business Roundtable]], a pro-business organization of [[chief executive officer|CEOs]], of being "silent about current threats to business", adding, "Last September, we warned 18 member company CEOs participating in the BRT’s 'sustainable growth' initiative to stop wasting corporate resources."<ref>[http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release111005.htm Free Enterprise Action Fund press release chastising the Business Roundtable for insufficient vigilance in the defense of capitalism.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024175430/http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release111005.htm |date=2006-10-24 }} Accessed 11 October 2006.</ref> * Milloy and Borelli argued that [[General Electric]] is harming its shareholders by launching a program to curtail [[greenhouse gas emissions]]. They also accused G.E. of ignoring the input of [[global warming denial]]ist groups such as the [[Cato Institute]] and the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] in forming their environmental policy.<ref>[http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release050206.htm Free Enterprise Action Fund press release criticizing General Electric's environmental policy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017182107/http://www.freeenterpriseactionfund.com/release050206.htm |date=2006-10-17 }}, FreeEnterpriseActionFund.com. Accessed October 11, 2006.</ref>
FEAF was criticized by investment analyst Chuck Jaffe as being "an advocacy group in search of assets." Jaffe concludes, "Strip away the rhetoric, and you're getting a very expensive, underperforming [[index fund]], while Milloy and his partner Thomas Borelli get a platform for raising their pet issues."<ref>[http://business.bostonherald.com/businessNews/view.bg?articleid=122681 "Strange Bedfellows: Politics and Investment Fund"], BostonHerald.com. January 24, 2006. Accessed October 11, 2006. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308231250/http://business.bostonherald.com/businessNews/view.bg?articleid=122681 |date=March 8, 2006 }}</ref>
Similarly, [[Daniel Gross (journalist)|Daniel Gross]], in a ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine article, wrote that FEAF "seems to be a [[lobbying|lobbying enterprise]] masquerading as a [[mutual fund]]." He noted that Milloy and Tom Borelli, the former head of corporate scientific affairs for Philip Morris, lack any [[money management]] experience, also noting FEAF had badly underperformed the [[S&P 500]] during its first 10 months of existence. Gross concluded that, "... in the short term, it looks like Borelli and Milloy are essentially paying the fund for the privilege of using it as a platform to broadcast their views on corporate governance, global warming, and a host of other issues."<ref name="slate">[http://www.slate.com/id/2140997/ "Thank You for Investing: A very curious right-wing mutual fund"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127082432/http://www.slate.com/id/2140997/ |date=2006-11-27 }}, Slate.com. May 4, 2006. Accessed October 11, 2006.</ref>
==Books== * {{cite book |last=Milloy |first=Steven J. |title=Scare Pollution: Why and How to Fix the EPA |year=2016 |publisher=Bench Press |isbn=978-0998259710}} * ''Green Hell: How Environmentalists Plan to Control Your Life and What You Can Do to Stop Them'', [[Regnery Publishing]], 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-59698-585-8}} * ''Junk Science Judo: Self-defense Against Health Scares and Scams'', [[Cato Institute]], 2001, {{ISBN|1-930865-12-0}} * ''Silencing Science'', [[Cato Institute]], 1999, {{ISBN|1-882577-72-8}} (with Michael Gough) * ''Science Without Sense: The Risky Business of Public Health Research'', [[Cato Institute]], 1996, {{ISBN|1-882577-34-5}} * {{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Gough |first2=Steven J. |last2=Milloy |title=EPA's cancer risk guidelines : guidance to nowhere |year=1996 |publisher=[[Cato Institute]] |oclc=36235006}} * ''Science-Based Risk Assessment: A Piece of the Superfund Puzzle'', National Environmental Policy Institute, 1995, {{ISBN|0-9647463-0-1}}
==See also== *[[Global Climate Coalition]] *[[American Petroleum Institute]] *[[Heartland Institute]] *[[Thank You for Smoking]]
==Notes== {{Reflist|2}}
==External links== * {{C-SPAN|1004560}}
===Milloy's websites=== *[http://www.junkscience.com Junkscience.com] *{{cite web |url=http://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/ |title=The Ultimate Global Warming Challenge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421145717/https://ultimateglobalwarmingchallenge.com/ |archive-date=2021-04-21}}
===Tobacco document archives=== *[http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/ The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library] at the [[University of California, San Francisco]]. *[http://www.pmdocs.com/ The Philip Morris USA Document Site] {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Milloy, Steven}} [[Category:American columnists]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:Johns Hopkins University alumni]] [[Category:University of Baltimore alumni]] [[Category:University of Baltimore School of Law alumni]] [[Category:Georgetown University Law Center alumni]] [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:20th-century births]] [[Category:American lobbyists]]