{{Short description|Species of cactus}} {{Speciesbox |image = Stetsonia coryne - Desert Botanical Garden.jpg |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Oakley, L. |author2=Pin, A. |date=2017 |title=''Stetsonia coryne'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T152044A121576661 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T152044A121576661.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> |display_parents = 3 |genus = Stetsonia |parent_authority = [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]] |species = coryne |authority = ([[Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck|Salm-Dyck]]) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]] }}
'''''Stetsonia coryne''''', the '''toothpick cactus''', is the sole species in the [[cactus]] genus '''''Stetsonia'''''. ''Stetsonia coryne'' is native to arid regions of South America, where it grows to a height of {{convert|15|to|25|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall. It contains [[mescaline]] and other alkaloids.<ref>AGURELL, S., BRUHN, J. G., LUNDSTROM, J., and SVENSSON, U., 1971, Cactaceae alkaloids. X.
Alkaloids of Trichocereus species and some other cactii, Lloydia 34: 183-187.</ref>
==Description== The plant is large, with tree-like growth, and can reach a height of 5 to 8 m up to 12 m. The trunk is thick and short, measuring about 40 cm in diameter, with numerous erect or somewhat bent branches. The blue-green shoots turn greenish-gray with age, are usually not jointed, and have a diameter of 9 to 10 cm. There are eight to nine blunt-edged, somewhat notched ribs that are 1 to 1.5 cm high. The spines are straight and stiff. The central spine grows 2–8 cm long and is thickened at the base, while the seven to nine spreading marginal spines grow to 3 cm long. Spines are black or yellowish-brown, although they eventually turn white with a dark tip.
The plant flowers from October to April with white, funnel-shaped flowers that grow up to 15 cm in diameter. They open at night and often remain open until the next day. The [[Fruit (plant structure)|pericarp]] is covered with numerous roof-tile-like structures. The long corolla tube has scattered scales.
The plant fruits from January to May. The fruit is a fleshy berry 4 cm in diameter, ovoid, and scaled. Edible fruits are green to reddish and have a drooping floral remnant. The broadly oval, shiny blackish-brown seeds are 1.7 mm long and 1 mm wide. They are humped with a fine wrinkled pattern.<ref name="Eggli Newton 2004 p.55 ">{{cite book | last1=Eggli | first1=Urs | last2=Newton | first2=Leonard E. | title=Etymological Dictionary of Succulent Plant Names | publisher=Springer Science & Business Media | date=2004-03-11 | isbn=3-540-00489-0 | page=55}}</ref><ref name="Anderson Eggli 2005 p. 607">{{cite book | last1=Anderson | first1=Edward F. | last2=Eggli | first2=Urs | title=Das grosse Kakteen-Lexikon | date=2005 | isbn=3-8001-4573-1 | language=de | page=607| publisher=Ulmer }}</ref> <gallery> File:Pájara La Lajita - Oasis Park - Stetsonia coryne 02 ies.jpg|Large plant growing in Oasis Park in La Lajita, Pájara, Fuerteventura, Canary Islands File:Stetsonia coryne pm.jpg|Branch File:仙人掌-近衛柱 Stetsonia coryne -紐西蘭 Christchurch Botanic Garden, New Zealand- (46460471222).jpg|Flower File:Stetsonia coryne 2019-12-13 6725.jpg|Spines </gallery>
==Taxonomy== The first description, as '''''Cereus coryne''''', was made in 1850 by [[Joseph zu Salm-Reifferscheidt-Dyck]].<ref name="Salm-Reifferscheidt Georgi 1850 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Salm-Reifferscheidt | first1=Joseph | last2=Georgi | first2=Carl | title=Cacteae in horto Dyckensi cultae anno 1849, secundum tribus et genera digestae: additis adnotationibus botanicis characteribusque specierum in enumeratione diagnostica cactearum Doct. Pfeifferi non descriptarum / | publisher=Apud Henry & Cohen, typis C. Georgii | publication-place=Bonnae | year=1850 | doi=10.5962/bhl.title.120333 | page=| url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/120333 }}</ref> [[Nathaniel Lord Britton]] and [[Joseph Nelson Rose]] placed the species in their newly established monotypic genus ''Stetsonia'' in 1920. The genus was named to honor [[Francis Lynde Stetson]], a New York attorney and plant lover.<ref name="Everett1982">{{cite book|author=Everett|title=Encyclopedia of Horticulture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3235|access-date=31 August 2012|date=1 July 1982|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-7240-7|page=3235}}</ref> The genus was formerly placed in the subtribe [[Rebutiinae]], but a 2023 [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study found that it belonged to subtribe [[Cereinae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Romeiro-Brito |first1=Monique |last2=Taylor |first2=Nigel P. |last3=Zappi |first3=Daniela C. |last4=Telhe |first4=Milena C. |last5=Franco |first5=Fernando F. |last6=Moraes |first6=Evandro M. |date=2023 |title=Unravelling phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Cereeae using target enrichment sequencing |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=132 |issue=5 |pages=989–1006 |doi=10.1093/aob/mcad153 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=10808018 }} </ref>
==Distribution and habitat== ''Stetsonia coryne'' is distributed in high-altitude arid regions, such as the deserts and [[dry forest]] ([[Gran Chaco]]) of northwestern [[Argentina]], as well as in [[Bolivia]], [[Paraguay]], and the [[Brazil]]ian state of [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. <gallery mode=packed heights=250px> File:Stetsonia coryne, Serezuela.jpg|Large plant growing in habitat in Serezuela, Argentina </gallery>
==Conservation== In the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]], the species is listed as "Least Concern (LC)".<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021"/>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Stetsonia coryne|''Stetsonia coryne''}} *{{Wikispecies-inline|Stetsonia coryne|''Stetsonia coryne''}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q138297|from2=Q8184783}}
[[Category:Cereeae]] [[Category:Cactoideae genera]] [[Category:Cacti of South America]] [[Category:Flora of Argentina]] [[Category:Flora of Brazil]] [[Category:Flora of Bolivia]] [[Category:Flora of Paraguay]]