Stenobrimus

{{Short description|Genus of stick insects}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Stenobrimus bolivari Redt. 1906.jpg | image_caption = ''Stenobrimus bolivari'', Drawing of a female from the original description by Redtenbacher 1906 | taxon = Stenobrimus | authority = Redtenbacher, 1906 | display_parents = 4 | type_species = ''Stenobrimus bolivari'' | type_species_authority = Redtenbacher, 1906 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = * ''Stenobrimus bolivari'' * ''Stenobrimus lumad'' * ''Stenobrimus pilipinus'' * ''Stenobrimus tagalog'' }}

thumb|upright|Eggs of ''Stenobrimus bolivari'' '''''Stenobrimus''''' is a genus of medium-sized stick insects native to the Philippines.<ref name = "Phasmida Species File Online" />

== Characteristics == The representatives of this genus are much slimmer and longer-legged than all other representatives of the Obriminae and correspond more to the typical habitus of stick insects. Depending on the species, spines are distributed at more or less regular intervals over the entire body and femurs. On the thorax and abdomen they are arranged in pairs or rings of four. The {{convert|4.5|to|5.8|cm|in}} long males are relatively simply colored. The females are {{convert|5.5|to|6.0|cm|in}} in size. They are downright colorful compared to males, depending on the species, and may have triangle or diamond patterns of green, light and dark brown colors on the thorax and anterior abdomen. The legs can also be banded with green and brown.<ref name="Phoenix 6" /><ref name="Stenobrimus lumad" />

== Distribution area == The species of this genus are native to various Philippine islands. ''Stenobrimus bolivari'' occurs in Luzon, for example, in the provinces of Quezon and Laguna.<ref name="Phoenix 6" /><ref name="Redtenbacher 1906" /> ''Stenobrimus tagalog'' comes from Polillo, a few kilometers off the southeast coast of Luzon.<ref name="Proceedings" /> ''Stenobrimus lumad'' is native to Mindanao.<ref name = "Phasmida Species File Online" /><ref name="Stenobrimus lumad" />

== Taxonomy == The genus ''Stenobrimus'' was established by Joseph Redtenbacher in 1906 as a monotypic genus for the simultaneously described ''Stenobrimus bolivari'' within the Obrimini. Redtenbacher described the species using a female that the Spanish naturalist and entomologist Ignacio Bolívar had collected in Luzon in the area around Tayabas. The species name was chosen in his honor.<ref name="Redtenbacher 1906" /> James Abram Garfield Rehn and his son John W. H. Rehn described ''Stenobrimus tagalog'' in 1939 as the second species of the genus based on a male. The species name is dedicated to the Filipino ethnic group of the Tagalog.<ref name="Proceedings" /> Oliver Zompro elevated the Obrimini to a subfamily in 2004 and divided them into three tribes. He assigned ''Stenobrimus'' to the Eubulidini together with ''Eubulides'', ''Tisamenus'', ''Ilocano'' (today synonymous with ''Tisamenus''), ''Hoploclonia'', ''Heterocopus'', ''Pterobrimus'' and ''Theramenes''.<ref name="zompro 2004" /> A publication by Frank H. Hennemann et al. in 2016 moved back this tribe in and is now considered a synonym for the Obrimini, into which the genus ''Stenobrimus'' was transferred back. Within the obrimini three generic groups were established. The one put forward for ''Stenobrimus'' is the only monotypic one because of the unique characters of the genus.<ref name="Heteropteryginae Revision" /> Even if the genus groups do not exist according to a work based on genetic analyzes and published in 2021, the special position of ''Stenobrimus'' could be confirmed in principle.<ref name = "Bank et al. 2021" /> In 2010, ''Stenobrimus lumad'', whose species name is dedicated to the Lumad indigenous people of Mindanao, was described. In 2023 ''Stenobrimus pilipinus'' was described from Cavinti.<ref name="Stenobrimus lumad" />

The species described so far are:<ref name = "Phasmida Species File Online" /> * ''Stenobrimus bolivari'' Redtenbacher, 1906 * ''Stenobrimus lumad'' Lit & Eusebio, 2010 * ''Stenobrimus pilipinus'' Eusebio, Lit & Lucañas, 2023 * ''Stenobrimus tagalog'' Rehn & Rehn, 1939

== Terraristic == In March 2008, Joachim Bresseel, Mark Bushell and Ellen Caluwe found specimens of ''Stenobrimus bolivari'' in Quezon National Park. Thierry Heitzmann also found some specimens of this species in south-east Luzon in 2008. Heitzmann bred the species in the Philippines. In Europe, Tim Bollens and Rob Krijns initially bred them succeeded in the Netherlands. Various species of ferns were eaten. Breeding has not been successful in the long term and no species of the genus has been in breeding since about 2012.<ref name="Phoenix 6" /><ref name="Stenobrimus bolivari" />

== References == <references> <ref name="Phasmida Species File Online">Brock, P. D.; Büscher, T. H. & Baker, E. W. [http://phasmida.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1200340 Phasmida Species File Online]. Version 5.0/5.0 (accessdate 12 Juni 2023)</ref>

<ref name="Redtenbacher 1906">Redtenbacher, J. (1906). ''[http://archive.org/details/DieInsektenfamilieDerPhasmidenVol.1 Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden. Vol. 1. Phasmidae Areolatae]''. Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 36–37 & plate I, fig. 1 & 1a</ref>

<ref name="Proceedings">Rehn, J. A. G. & Rehn, J. W. H. (1939). ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064256?seq=1 Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences (Vol. 90, 1938)]'', Philadelphia, pp. 415–419</ref>

<ref name="zompro 2004">Zompro, O.: ''Revision of the genera of the Areolatae, including the status of Timema and Agathemera (Insecta, Phasmatodea)''. Goecke & Evers Verlag, Keltern 2004, ISBN 3-931374-39-4, pp. 191–240.</ref>

<ref name="Phoenix 6">Dräger, H (2012) ''Gespenstschrecken der Familie Heteropterygidae Kirby, 1896 (Phasmatodea) – ein Überblick über bisher gehaltene Arten, Teil 3: Die Unterfamilie Obriminae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, Triben Miroceramiini und Eubulidini Zompro, 2004'', ZAG Phoenix, Nr. 6. Juni 2012 Jahrgang 3(2), pp. 2–21, {{ISSN|2190-3476}}</ref>

<ref name="Heteropteryginae Revision">Hennemann, F. H.; Conle, O. V.; Brock, P. D. & Seow-Choen, F. (2016). ''Revision of the Oriental subfamiliy Heteropteryginae Kirby, 1896, with a re-arrangement of the family Heteropterygidae and the descriptions of five new species of Haaniella Kirby, 1904. (Phasmatodea: Areolatae: Heteropterygidae)'', Zootaxa 4159 (1), Magnolia Press, Auckland, New Zealand, {{ISSN|1175-5326}}</ref>

<ref name="Bank et al. 2021">Bank, S.; Buckley, T. R.; Büscher, T. H.; Bresseel, J.; Constant, J.; de Haan, M.; Dittmar, D.; Dräger, H.; Kahar, R. S.; Kang, A.; Kneubühler, B.; Langton-Myers, S. & Bradler, S. (2021). ''[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/syen.12472 Reconstructing the nonadaptive radiation of an ancient lineage of ground-dwelling stick insects (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae)]'', Systematic Entomology, DOI: 10.1111/syen.12472</ref>

<ref name="Stenobrimus lumad">Lit jr., I. L. (2010) ''The new spiny stick insect Stenobrimus lumad LIT & EUSEBIO, sp. nov. (Phasmatodea: Heteropterygidae: Eubulidini) – the first record of the genus from Mindanao Island, The Philippines, and some insights in the conservation of forest arthropods''. ARTHROPODA Generalis 1, pp. 1-12, figs. 1-7, {{ISSN|2191-4427}}</ref>

<ref name="Stenobrimus bolivari">Tim Bollens & Rob Krijns: ''Stenobrimus bolivari''; 2010. Phasma 20 (77). p. 10</ref> </references>

== External links == * {{Commons category-inline|Stenobrimus|''Stenobrimus''}}

Category:Phasmatodea Category:Phasmatodea genera Category:Phasmatodea of Asia