Stechkin automatic pistol

{{Short description|Type of Soviet machine pistol}} {{About|the machine pistol|the revolver|OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox weapon | name = Stechkin | image = Stechkin APS.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = Stechkin machine pistol with a removable stock attached | origin = Soviet Union | type = Machine pistol | is_ranged = Yes | service = 1951–present | used_by = See ''Users'' | wars = Vietnam War Shaba II<ref name="Congo">{{cite magazine|title=Les armes de Kolwezi|first=Jacques|last=Sicard|pages=25–30|magazine=La Gazette des armes|language=fr|url=http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-111-novembre-1982/page-28-29-texte-integral|issue=111|date=November 1982|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019075744/http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-111-novembre-1982/page-28-29-texte-integral|archive-date=19 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Rhodesian Bush War Soviet–Afghan War Afghan Civil War (1989-1992) Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995) Chechen-Russian conflict War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) South Ossetia War Russo-Ukrainian War Syrian Civil War | designer = Igor Stechkin | design_date = 1948 | manufacturer = Vytatsky Polyany Machine-Building Plant | production_date = 1951–1958 (APS) 1972–1973 (APB) | number = | variants = APB silent variant | weight = 1.22 kg (2.69 lbs) | length = 225 mm (8.86 in) | part_length = 140 mm (5.51 in) | crew =  | cartridge = 9×18mm Makarov | caliber = | action = Blowback | rate = 750 rounds/minute | velocity = {{convert|340|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} | range = {{convert|50|m|yd|abbr=on}} | max_range = {{convert|200|m|yd|abbr=on}} | feed = 20-round detachable box magazine | sights = }}

The '''Stechkin Automatic Pistol''' ({{langx|ru|Автоматический Пистолет Стечкина (АПС)|Avtomaticheskiy Pistolet Stechkina}} (APS)) is a selective fire machine pistol manufacturered by Russian company Vytatsky Polyany Machine-Building Plant. It is chambered in 9×18mm Makarov and 9×19mm Parabellum. The APS was designed by Igor Stechkin for use by artillery and mortar crews, tank crews and aircraft personnel, for whom a cumbersome assault rifle was deemed unnecessary.

The APS was introduced into service with the Soviet Armed Forces in 1951 and has been used in various wars including the Vietnam War, Russo-Ukrainian War and Syrian Civil War. It was praised for its innovative concept and good controllability for its size, but a high cost per unit, complex and time-consuming machining, a limited effective range, large size and weight for a pistol, and a fragile buttstock have been mentioned as a reason to phase it out of active service in favour of carbines such as the AKS-74U.

==Adoption and service== In the Soviet Union during the late 1940s, submachine guns such as the PPSh-41 and PPS-43 were declared obsolete shortly after the adoption of the AK47. A new self-defence weapon was requested for artillery and mortar crews, tank crews, and aircraft personnel, for whom a cumbersome assault rifle was deemed unnecessary.

Igor Stechkin, a recent graduate from the Tula Mechanical Institute, began working on a new automatic firearm to compete against other prolific designers such as Mikhail Kalashnikov. Stechkin designed a select-fire pistol capable of accurate fire up to {{convert|200|m|yd|abbr=on}}, with the possibility of attaching a combination holster/shoulder stock. Field-testing of the first prototypes was undertaken from April to June 1949. A 20,000 round endurance test against an Astra machine pistol and a PPS-43 submachine gun proved that Stechkin's design was promising. However, the testing board showed flaws of the prototype, such as the lack of adjustability of the rear sight, the high weight ({{convert|1.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}} with a holster), short sight radius, and the recoil spring located under the barrel. Stechkin undertook a large redesign effort, using several innovations from the Makarov pistol, such as the general silhouette, slide rails, and extractor. The gun was lightened, the trigger mechanism was redesigned and simplified, and the trigger guard reshaped. After successful military tests, the APS was formally adopted on 3 December 1951.

The APS was issued to Soviet Army vehicle operators, artillery crews, front-line officers, and law enforcement. It used in conflicts in Angola, Libya, Mozambique, Romania, Tanzania and Zambia. The APS was praised for its innovative concept and good controllability for an automatic weapon of its size, but the cost of each weapon was high and production involved a complex and time-consuming process of machining. Disadvantages in the field proved to be its large size and weight for a pistol, its limited effective range, fragility of the buttstock, frequent malfunctions and subpar ergonomics. The APS was gradually phased out of active service in the Soviet Armed Forces before being officially replaced{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}} by the AKS-74U compact assault rifle in 1981, which offered more firepower due to its much more powerful 5.45×39mm M74 rifle ammunition, acceptable accuracy at moderate distances, and greater magazine capacity. However, the APS found a new niche among special forces units of the Spetsnaz and FSB, who needed a more effective sidearm than the standard Makarov PM, and has continued to be used in active service since.

The OTS-33 Pernach, a machine pastol produced by KBP Instrument Design Bureau and co-designed by Stechkin, was introduced as a successor to the APS in 1996. It is also chambered for the 9×18mm Makarov cartridge, but features a simplified design intended to resolve the flaws of the APS.

==Design details== thumb|Left side of APS. Note the fire selector set on safe. thumb|Right side of APS. The APS is a straight-blowback, select-fire, magazine-fed machine pistol. The weapon is fed through 20-round double-column, two position feed magazine steel box magazines. The APS shares features with the Makarov pistol, such as a heel-mounted magazine release, slide-mounted safety lever, and field-strip procedure. The rear sight is adjustable from {{convert|25|m|yd|abbr=on}}, {{convert|50|m|yd|abbr=on}}, {{convert|100|m|yd|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|200|m|yd|abbr=on}} through an eccentric rotating drum-dial. The serrated front sight may be drifted for windage. The slide features a textured strip on top to reduce aim-disturbing glare. The chrome-lined barrel serves as the recoil spring guide. The slide stop lever also acts as an ejector blade. The trigger guard pivots down for stripping and detents in position through a spring-loaded plunger. The checkered or serrated grips' panels are made from wood (early models), but this was replaced by reddish-brown bakelite or black plastic.

The APS features a combination safety-decocker-fire selector lever on the slide. The three-position lever, when pointed forward in the "PR" or safe position, decocks and locks the hammer, locks the slide to the frame and prevents forward travel of the free-floating firing pin. When pointed downwards to the "OD", or single-shot position, the safety lever deactivates the auto-sear and rate reducer to allow semi-automatic fire. Finally, the rearmost "AVT" position puts the APS in fully automatic mode.

The trigger mechanism of the APS is of a simple construction and features a double/single-action fire mode. It comprises a trigger and trigger bar, disconnector, sear and hammer. The rebounding hammer, when in resting state, has an intermediate safety intercept notch that does not allow forward travel of the hammer unless the sear is raised. Disconnection is achieved through a cam in the slide.

To make controllable automatic fire possible through such a system, Stechkin employed several mechanical solutions. Firstly, the slide has a very long stroke (three times the length of the cartridge). This allows time to slow the slide down and reduce felt recoil by minimising the jolt produced through the collision of the slide with the frame. Secondly, the rate-reducer lever offers extra resistance to the opening stroke of the slide, further slowing down the cycling process. Finally, the primary inertial rate reducing plunger delays the dropping of the hammer after the slide closes. The slide has a large cam that strikes a lever downwards. This lever transfers that energy to a spring-loaded weight located in the grip. The weight travels down, compressing its spring, then slams back up into the trigger bar, tripping the sear and firing the gun. Effectively, the rate reducer, which reduced the automatic rate of fire from 1,000 to 750 RPM, also acts as the auto-sear.

The machine pistol may be fitted with a wooden (early), brown bakelite or steel wire shoulder stock (for the APB variant); otherwise, the weapon becomes difficult to control on full-auto. The stock is attached via a T-slot cut into the rear strap of the pistol frame. The stock is hollowed out and can act as a holster, accepting the machine pistol inside, similar to the Mauser C96 pistol. A leather sling and ammunition pouch were also supplied with the weapon.

==APB== thumb|The Stechkin APS and suppressed APB select-fire machine pistols. The APB (''Avtomaticheskiy Pistolet Besshumniy'', meaning "Automatic Silenced Pistol") version was a version of the APS optimized for covert operations. Developed in the early 1970s by A.S. Neugodov (А.С. Неугодов) under the factory name AO-44, it was officially adopted in 1972 under the service name APB and given GRAU index 6P13. Approximately 2,000 APS pistols were converted to APB variants by the Vyatskie Polyansky Machine-Building Plant from 1972 to 1973. Muzzle velocity reportedly dropped to {{convert|290|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}in this variant.<ref>{{cite book|title=Оружие ближнего боя|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbvnhZUAWrYC&pg=PA95|publisher=Geleos (Гелеос) Publishing House|isbn=978-5-8189-0443-6|page=95|year=2006}}; note there is typo of his middle initial on this page; it's given correctly on [https://books.google.com/books?id=dbvnhZUAWrYC&pg=PA135 p. 135] though, matching other sources</ref> Instead of the holster-stock of the APS, the APB comes with a detachable stock made of steel wire. Its barrel is longer than that of the APS; it protrudes from the slide and is threaded for the attachment of an eccentric sound suppressor. When not in use, the detachable sound suppressor can be clipped to the stock.<ref name="Roso"/>

During the Soviet–Afghan War, the APB was used by Soviet Spetsnaz team leaders as an extra weapon; they usually carried on a sling with the suppressor and stock mounted. It was used by radio operators and even by some heavy gun crews.<ref name="Roso">Оружие ближнего боя России / Russian Close Combat Weapon (2010), pp. 88-89, {{ISBN|978-5-904540-04-3}}; Moscow: Association "Defense Enterprises Assistance League"; almanac publication sponsored by Rosoboronexport</ref> Special forces units of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs such as the OMON and the SOBR have also used the pistol.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}

==Traumatic and pneumatic copies and replicas of APS== * VPO-504 "APS-M" – traumatic pistol chambered for 10×22mm T (manufactured by Vyatsko-Polyansky Molot Plant by converting combat APS pistols). * MP-355 – traumatic pistol chambered for 9mm P.A. * Umarex APS – 4.5mm pneumatic pistol. * Gletcher APS – 4.5mm pneumatic pistol, identical in weight, with a moving slide. * Gletcher APS-A – 6mm pneumatic pistol, identical in weight, with a moving slide for use in airsoft games. * MA-APS – carbines chambered for 9×18mm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.guns.ru/forummessage/187/2292856.html|title=МА-АПС|access-date=2022-08-20|archive-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519145039/https://forum.guns.ru/forummessage/187/2292856.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * VFC APS – 6mm pneumatic pistol, identical in weight, with a moving slide for use in airsoft games. Production is expected to begin in late 2024.

==Users==

===Current=== * {{AZE}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ordu |title=Azərbaycan SQ-də yaşlı, lakin çevik Steçkin tapançaları - ARAŞDIRMA (EKSPERT) |url=https://ordu.az/az/news/163391 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Ordu.Az |language=en}}</ref> * {{flag|Angola}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=903}} * {{flag|Belarus}} − In service with OMON,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-11-21 |title="Морская пехота" городских улиц |url=https://www.sb.by/articles/morskaya-pekhota-gorodskikh-ulits.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.sb.by |language=ru-RU}}</ref> SOBR,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-18 |title=СОБР: территория напряжения |url=https://www.sb.by/articles/sobr-territoriya-napryazheniya.html |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.sb.by |language=ru-RU}}</ref> special forces and customs authorities.<ref>Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No. 202 of February 19, 2003 “On approval of the list of special means, types of firearms, ammunition and explosives used in the customs authorities of the Republic of Belarus”</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2025}} * {{flag|Cuba}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Defense Intelligence Agency |title=Handbook on the Cuban Armed Forces |date=April 1979 |publisher=Homeland Security Digital Library |page=A-17 |url=https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=446478 |access-date=13 January 2024 |author1-link=Defense Intelligence Agency }}</ref> * {{flag|Georgia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geo-army.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=9&lang=en |title=Armament of the Georgian Army |publisher=Geo-army.ge |date= |access-date=2013-01-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309192408/http://geo-army.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9&Itemid=9&lang=en |archive-date=2012-03-09 }}</ref> * {{flag|Kazakhstan}} − State Courier Service<ref name='SAS 2012 4'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Blue Skies and Dark Clouds: Kazakhstan and Small Arms|title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=131|isbn=978-0-521-19714-4|access-date=30 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002411/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|archive-date=31 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{LBY}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=911}} *{{MOZ}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=912}} * {{flag|Romania}} − Manufactured variant known as Dracula md. 98<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bumbesti-jiu.ro/umsadu/p4a.html|title=AUTOMATIC DRACULA|publisher=|access-date=14 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125042846/http://www.bumbesti-jiu.ro/umsadu/p4a.html|archive-date=25 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * {{RUS}} − Used by Russian Armed Forces pilots, FSB Alpha Group,{{sfn|Thompson|2022|page=57}} interior security forces,{{sfn|Ferguson|Jenzen-Jones|2014|page=37}} and security guards of the Central Bank of The Russian Federation<ref>«''Организации и их территориальные подразделения могут использовать до вывода из эксплуат��ции по техническому состоянию… '''9 мм пистолет АПС'''… иное боевое оружие, ранее приобретенное в установленном порядке и не включенное в настоящий перечень.''» Постановление Правительства Российской Федерации № 460 от 22 апреля 1997 г. «О мерах по обеспечению юридических лиц с особыми уставными задачами боевым ручным стрелковым оружием» (в ред. от 29 мая 2006 г.)</ref> * {{flag|Ukraine}} − Used by special forces<ref>{{cite news |last1=Trevithick |first1=Joseph |title=Ukrainian Spetnaz's Weapons and Gear May Show an American Touch |url=https://www.twz.com/11305/ukrainian-spetnazs-weapons-and-gear-may-show-an-american-touch |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=The War Zone |date=8 June 2017}}</ref> * {{flag|Tanzania}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=916}} * {{ZMB}}{{sfn|Jones|Ness|2010|page=918}}

===Former=== * {{DDR}}{{sfn|Department of the Army|1960|page=93}} * {{flag|Soviet Union}} — Used by Spetsnaz{{sfn|Thompson|2022|pages=53−57}}

===Non-state=== * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Afghan interim government-in-exile (1988–1992).svg}} Afghan mujahideen — captured pistols during the Soviet–Afghan War{{sfn|Thompson|2022|page=69}} * {{flag|Republic of Artsakh}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Azerbaijani police find numerous weapons, munitions in Khankendi, Aghdara |url=https://caliber.az/en/post/azerbaijani-police-find-numerous-weapons-munitions-in-khankendi-aghdara |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=Caliber.Az |date=6 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> * People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad<ref name='SAS 2005'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2005/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2005-Chapter-06-EN.pdf|chapter=Sourcing the Tools of War: Small Arms Supplies to Conflict Zones|title=Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=166|isbn=978-0-19-928085-8|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004838/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2005.html|archive-date=30 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|War flag of Novorussia.svg}} Russian separatist forces in Ukraine{{sfn|Ferguson|Jenzen-Jones|2014|pages=37−38}}

==References== {{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last1=Department of the Army |first1=United States |title=Handbook on the Satellite Armies |date=1960 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |location=Washington, DC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eoc-FktJHr0C|language=en}} *{{cite report |last1=Ferguson |first1=Jonathan |last2=Jenzen-Jones |first2=N.R. |title=Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine, 2014 |date=November 2014 |publisher=Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd. |isbn=978-0-9924624-3-7 |url=https://armamentresearch.com/Uploads/Research%20Report%20No.%203%20-%20Raising%20Red%20Flags.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118231705/https://armamentresearch.com/Uploads/Research%20Report%20No.%203%20-%20Raising%20Red%20Flags.pdf|archive-date=18 November 2014|access-date=6 February 2023}} *{{cite book |editor1-last=Jones |editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Ness |editor2-first=Leland S. |title=Jane's Infantry Weapons 2010-2011 |date=2010 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0-7106-2908-1 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Leroy |title=Soviet Pistols: Tokarev, Makarov, Stechkin and others |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-5349-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24l3EAAAQBAJ |access-date=8 July 2023 |language=en}} {{refend}}

==External links== {{Commons category|APS pistol}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100808175735/http://world.guns.ru/handguns/hg22-e.htm Modern Firearms - ''Stechkin APS pistol''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107170845/http://www.world.guns.ru/handguns/hg155-e.htm Modern Firearms - ''APB / 6P13 silenced pistol''] * [http://www.forgottenweapons.com/other-handguns/apb-silenced-machine-pistol/ APB Silenced Machine Pistol] * Юрий Пономарёв, [http://www.kalashnikov.ru/medialibrary/753/34_43.pdf АПС], Kalashnikov magazine 2005/1, pp 34–43; has some APS diagrams {{in lang|ru}} * [http://stechkin.info/photo/cat/234 Photos of APS and APB in service] * [http://stechkin.info/photo/cat/237 APB photo gallery]; [http://stechkin.info/photo/img/1829 disassembled photo showing the expansion tube and drilled barrel] * {{YouTube|k50k8C8TFJc|APS full auto fire (video)}} {{in lang|ja}} * {{YouTube|bo6vLyyn3Iw|APB (video)}} {{in lang|ru}}

Category:9×18mm Makarov machine pistols Category:9mm Parabellum submachine guns  Category:Cold War firearms of the Soviet Union Category:Silenced firearms Category:Pistols of the Soviet Union Category:Vyatskiye Polyany Machine-Building Plant products Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1951