{{Short description|Nationalism that equates 'state identity' with 'nation identity'}} {{Distinguish|Nation state}} {{nationalism sidebar|types}} '''State nationalism''' or '''state-led nationalism'''<ref name="Liu Li Fan Hong">{{cite book |author1=Liu Li |author2=Fan Hong |title=The National Games and National Identity in China |date=14 July 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=4 }}</ref> is a nationalism that equates 'state identity' with '[[national identity|nation identity]]' or values state authority. 'State nationalism' is considered a form of '[[civic nationalism]]' and there are similarities between the two, but state nationalism also has to do with illiberal, [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] and [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] politics.<ref name="Mohammad Ateequ">{{cite book |author1=Mohammad Ateeque |title=Identity Conscience Nationalism and Internationalism |publisher=Educreation Publishing |pages=52}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jacob T. Levy |title=The Multiculturalism of Fear |date=2000 |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=87}}</ref><ref name="J. C. Chatturvedi">{{cite book |author1=J. C. Chatturvedi |title=Political Governance: Political theory |date=2005 |publisher=Isha Books |pages=75}}</ref>
== Conceptual framework == {{See also|Authoritarian nationalism}} State nationalism is a "top-down" process where the state apparatus creates and promotes a national identity to secure political legitimacy. Unlike [[ethnic nationalism]], which typically emerges as a "bottom-up" movement from shared ancestry, state nationalism relies on the existing legal and political boundaries of the state. Scholars like [[Anthony D. Smith]] categorize this as a feature of "territorial nations," where the state exists before a coherent sense of national belonging is formed. In this model, the state uses institutions—such as public education, military service, and official language policies—to assimilate diverse populations into a single national body.<ref name="Mohammad Ateequ"/><ref name="J. C. Chatturvedi"/><ref name="Smith1991">{{cite book |author=Anthony D. Smith |title=National Identity |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=80–85, 110–116}}</ref><ref name="Anderson1983">{{cite book |author=Benedict Anderson |title=Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism |date=1983 |publisher=Verso |pages=83–111}}</ref><ref name="Hobsbawm1983">{{cite book |editor1=Eric Hobsbawm |editor2=Terence Ranger |title=The Invention of Tradition |date=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=263–307}}</ref>
== By countries == === Asia === In the [[Sinosphere|East Asian cultural sphere]], including [[China]], "state nationalism" and "[[statism]]" are both written as 國家主義,{{efn| * {{nowrap|[[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]]: 国家主义, [[pinyin]]: guójiā zhǔyì}} * [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 国家主義, [[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]: ''kokka shugi'' * [[Korean language|Korean]]: 국가주의 * [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: chủ nghĩa quốc gia}} making the distinction between the two unclear.<ref>{{cite book |author=N. Serina Chan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuN5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22state+nationalism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA73 |title=The Thought of Mou Zongsan |date=November 11, 2011 |publisher=Brill |pages=73 | isbn=978-90-04-21212-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Clemens Büttner |author2=Li Fan |author3=Zhang Ke |author4=Tze-Ki Hon |author5=Sun Qing |author6=Zhang Qing |author7=Mirjam Tröster |author8=Huang Xingtao |author9=Zhiyi Yang |author10=Zou Zhenhuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQXtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22statism%22+%22%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%22&pg=PA270 |title=Discourses of Weakness in Modern China: Historical Diagnoses of the »Sick Man of East Asia« |date=June 24, 2011 |publisher=Campus Verlag |pages=270 |isbn=978-3-593-50902-0 }}</ref> Also, in the East Asian cultural sphere, ''state nationalism'' is often contrasted with [[Minzu (anthropology)#National liberation movements|ethnic-based national liberation movements]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gayle |first=Curtis Anderson |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203217771 |title=Marxist History and Postwar Japanese Nationalism |date=2003-08-29 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203217771 |isbn=978-1-134-43159-5}}</ref><ref name=stillunloved>{{Cite web|url=http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/12/28/still-the-unloved-republic/|title=Still the Unloved Republic|quote=... Someone who is asked by a pollster whether he is prouder of the Taehan minguk or of the minjok therefore knows which answer is better, more progressive-sounding. In all likelihood he is not prouder of the republic than of his Koreanness. One should be wary of polls on this issue that were not conducted precisely and clearly.|work=Sthele Press|date=December 28, 2016|first=Brian Reynolds|last=Myers|access-date=June 26, 2019|author-link=Brian Reynolds Myers}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Baogang He |title=Governing Taiwan and Tibet: Democratic Approaches |date=8 July 2015 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |pages=81 }}</ref> ==== China ==== [[Chinese state nationalism]] is a civic nationalistic ideology,<ref name="Mohammad Ateequ"/> but it is an ideology that reduces [[Hong Kong]]'s autonomy and justifies the [[dictatorship]] of the [[Chinese Communist Party]].<ref name="Hankwon Kim">{{cite book |author=Hankwon Kim |title=Cultural and State Nationalism: South Korean and Japanese Relations with China |date=2022 |publisher=American University }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Jonathan Unger |title=Chinese Nationalism |date=26 September 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref><ref name="nazi">{{cite news|title=The Nazi Inspiring China's Communists|first=Che|last=Chang|date=1 December 2020|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/}}</ref> ==== Japan ==== {{main|Kokkashugi}} {{nihongo|''Kokkashugi''|国家主義}}, variously translated as "statism"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tamanoi |first=Mariko Asano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jY4BEAAAQBAJ |title=Memory Maps: The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan |date=2008-10-31 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-6359-3 |pages=144 |language=en}}</ref> and "[[nationalism]]",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stegewerns |first=Dick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCPAgAAQBAJ |title=Nationalism and Internationalism in Imperial Japan: Autonomy, Asian Brotherhood, Or World Citizenship? |date=2005-07-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79060-8 |editor-last=Stegewerns |editor-first=Dick |pages=12 |language=en |chapter=The dilemma of nationalism and internationalism in modern Japan}}</ref> "state-nationalism"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Julia C. |first=Schneider |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AU3HEAAAQBAJ |title=The Routledge Handbook of Nationalism in East and Southeast Asia |date=2023-07-31 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-91168-8 |editor-last=Zhouxiang |editor-first=Lu |pages=110 |language=en |chapter=Chinese Nationalism in Late Qing Times: How to (not) change a multi-ethnic empire into a homogenous nation-state}}</ref> and "national socialism",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hofmann |first=Reto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NO5IDwAAQBAJ |title=The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy, 1915–1952 |date=2015-07-09 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-5636-7 |pages=157 |language=en |quote=...the literal translation of kokkashugi is “state socialism.” This rendering reflects its proponents’ emphasis on the state as an institution to solve economic and social problems. But the adherents of this ideology often translated kokkashugi as “national socialism,” and contemporaries often remarked about the parallels with German National Socialism. For example, the title of the journal of this school of thought was kokkashakaishugi, which they translated as “national socialism.”}}</ref> was the ruling ideology of the [[Empire of Japan]], particularly during the first decades of the [[Shōwa era]].
[[Japanese ultranationalism]] (ex: [[Shōwa statism]]) is often described as "state ultranationalism" ([[Japanese language|Japanese]]: [[:ja:ウルトラナショナリズム|超国家主義]])<ref name="Thomas R.H. Havens"/> because it values state unity around the [[Emperor of Japan]].<ref name="Thomas R.H. Havens">{{cite book |author=Thomas R.H. Havens |title=Farm and Nation in Modern Japan: Agrarian Nationalism, 1870-1940 |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=March 8, 2015|pages=319}}</ref> ==== Mongolia ==== [[Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal]] during the [[People's Republic of Mongolia]] is an example of state nationalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tsedenbal's Mongolia and the Communist Aid Donors: A Reappraisal |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/tsedenbals-mongolia-and-the-communist-aid-donors-reappraisal |website=[[Wilson Center]] |access-date=2024-05-22}}</ref> ==== Turkey ==== {{main|Kemalism}} Kemalism can also be referred to as [[Turkish state nationalism]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Cengiz Gunes |title=The Political Representation of Kurds in Turkey: New Actors and Modes of Participation in a Changing Society |date=2020 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=6}}</ref>
=== Europe === ==== Italy ==== In [[Italian fascism]], state nationalist sentiment appears in the slogan [[Benito Mussolini]]: "Tutto nello Stato, niente al di fuori dello Stato, nulla contro lo Stato" ("Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State"); this illustrates the fascist principle of statolatry, where the state is elevated to a spiritual entity that absorbs all aspects of private and national life.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Benito Mussolini |title=The Doctrine of Fascism |date=1935 |publisher=Rome: Ardita Publishers |pages=7–10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1= Roger Griffin |title=The Nature of Fascism |date=1991 |publisher=Pinter Publishers |pages=36–39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Michael Mann |title=Fascists |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=13–16}}</ref> ==== Former Soviet Union ==== {{main|Soviet nationalism}} ==== Spain ==== {{main|Francoist Spain#Francoism}} [[Francoism]] is marked by 'state nationalism' based on authoritarianism due to the multi-ethnic nature of [[Spain]].<ref name="J. C. Chatturvedi"/>
== See also == * [[Integral nationalism]] – an authoritarian form of nationalism that subordinates all aspects of society to the state * [[Statolatry]] – the ideological glorification of the state, central to fascist state nationalism * [[Socialist patriotism]] – a form of patriotism promoted by Marxist–Leninist states, often used to foster loyalty to the state and its ideology
== Notes == {{notelist}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Nationalism}}
[[Category:State nationalism| ]] [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:Statism|nationalism]]