{{Contradicts others|Pneumoconiosis|discuss=Talk:Stannosis#"Non-fibrotic pneumoconiosis" is a contradiction?|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Stannosis (lung) | synonym = | image = | width = | alt = | caption = | pronounce = | field = <!-- from Wikidata, can be overwritten --> | symptoms = Cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness | onset = | duration = | causes = Exposure to tin oxides | risks = | diagnosis = Radiographic appearance of multiple dense lung nodules | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''Stannosis''' is an occupational, non-fibrotic pneumoconiosis caused by chronic exposure and inhalation of tin.<ref name="Altraja_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Altraja A, Nigol K, Altraja S, Viitak A |date=2012-03-12 |title=Increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tin content in stannosis |url=http://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/chest/article/view/cdr.2012.e8 |journal=Chest Disease Reports |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=8 |doi=10.4081/cdr.2012.e8 |issn=2039-4772|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pneumoconiosis is essentially when inorganic dust is found on the lung tissue; in this case, caused by tin oxide minerals.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Corrin B, Nicholson AG | chapter = Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease |date=2011 |title =Pathology of the Lungs |pages=327–399 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 |isbn=978-0-7020-3369-8 |pmc=7170212 }}</ref> Dust particles and fumes from tin industries, stannous oxide (SnO) and stannic oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>),<ref name="Radiopedia">{{cite web | vauthors = Luong D | date = July 2021|title=Pulmonary stannosis |url=http://radiopaedia.org/articles/pulmonary-stannosis |website=Radiopedia |access-date=16 July 2014}}</ref> are specific to stannosis diagnoses.<ref name="Radiopedia" /><ref name="Altraja_2012" /> Hazardous occupations such as, tinning, tin-working, and smelting are where most cases of stannosis are documented. When melted tin ions are inhaled as a fume, the tin oxides deposit onto the lung nodules and immune response cells.<ref name="Chong_2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chong S, Lee KS, Chung MJ, Han J, Kwon OJ, Kim TS | title = Pneumoconiosis: comparison of imaging and pathologic findings | journal = Radiographics | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–77 | date = 2006-01-01 | pmid = 16418244 | doi = 10.1148/rg.261055070 }}</ref><ref name="Fishwick_2017">{{cite book | vauthors = Fishwick D, Barber | chapter = Chapter 3: Respiratory Disorders | pages = 49–90 (72) | veditors = Koh DS, Aw TC |title=Textbook Of Occupational Medicine Practice | edition = Fourth |date=2017-08-22 |publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company |isbn=978-981-320-071-5 | doi = 10.1142/9789813200708_0003 }}</ref> If a worker is exposed to tin oxides over multiple events for an extended time, they are at risk of developing stannosis.

== Toxicology and physiology ==

Workers with acute exposures, short duration with varying dose concentrations, to tin oxides develop a mild irritation on the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dikensoy O, Kervancioglu R, Ege I, Uysal N, Elbek O, Ozkur A | title = High prevalence of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases among Turkish tinners | journal = Journal of Occupational Health | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | pages = 208–211 | date = 2008 | pmid = 18403874 | doi = 10.1539/joh.l7104 | s2cid = 10074583 | doi-access = free }}</ref> When the inorganic metal materials are inhaled, the body activates the immune system and sends macrophages to the lungs. The macrophages try removing xenobiotic particles; however, stannous and stannic oxide interferes with the cells function.<ref name="Chong_2006" /> Tin deposition on lung nodules<ref name="Fishwick_2017" /> becomes apparent after X-ray imaging, although the stannosis does not appear to damage the lung tissues.<ref name = "Sluis-Cremer_1989">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sluis-Cremer GK, Thomas RG, Goldstein B, Solomon A | title = Stannosis. A report of 2 cases | journal = South African Medical Journal | volume = 75 | issue = 3 | pages = 124–126 | date = February 1989 | pmid = 2919326 }}</ref><ref name="Fishwick_2017" /> Since the macrophages are laden with tin oxides but little to no fibrosis, stannosis is classified as a non-fibrotic pneumoniosis.<ref name="Chong_2006" /> Stannosis is a rare disease with only case-by-case appearances throughout history.<ref name="Altraja_2012" /> Therefore, a diagnostic treatment plan has not yet been created by health officials.

== Characteristics of Tin for industrial uses == Tin oxide metals are used for their variable valence state and positive charge deficit from their oxygen vacancy.<ref name="Manjunathan_2020">{{cite book | vauthors = Manjunathan P, Shanbhag GV | chapter = Application of tin oxide-based materials in catalysis. | title = Tin Oxide Materials | date = January 2020 | pages = 519–553 | publisher = Elsevier | doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-815924-8.00018-9 | isbn = 9780128159248 | s2cid = 210513441 }}</ref> When heated to temperatures above 2602&nbsp;°C or 2875 K, tin oxides start to boil and produce fumes.<ref name="Sn_PubChem">{{cite web |title=Tin {{!}} Sn | work = PubChem | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Tin#section=Melting-Point}}</ref> For example, tin forms Sn<sub>2</sub> when heated in oxygenated environments; also called feebly acid.<ref name="Sn_PubChem" /> Tin oxide is known for being a good catalyst in solid photochemical reactions (photocatalysis) and electric production from light (photoelectrocatalysis).<ref name="Manjunathan_2020" /> The energy produced form splitting water in photoelectrocatalysis is used for the creation of dehydrated dyes.<ref name="Manjunathan_2020" />

Tin is found in nature as an off-white or gray crystal mineral called cassiterite.{{cn|date=April 2023}} The corrosion resistant metal is harvested primarily in Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, and Nigeria.<ref name="Sn_PubChem" /> Traditionally, tin was used to create containers; however, since the increased use of plastics and aluminum this is no longer common. There are two allotropic forms of tin, depending on the temperature. A variety of tin alloys morphologies exist including the following metals: soft solder, fusible, pewter, bronze, Babbit, White, and phosphor bronze metal.<ref name="Sn_PubChem" /> Tin oxide metals are corrosive resistant which is important in industrial uses.<ref name="Sn_PubChem" /> thumb|172x172px|Tin(II) oxide, or Stannous oxide, is a brown-black powder or blue-black crystalline solid compound.

=== Industrial applications of Tin oxides ===

==== Stannous oxide (SnO) ==== Stannous oxide (SnO) is used for manufacturing glass materials, like ceramics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stannous Oxide Formula |url=https://www.softschools.com/formulas/chemistry/stannous_oxide_formula/455/ | work = oftschools.com }}</ref> The compound is insoluble in water and takes the form of a brow-black powder or blue-black crystalline solid.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tin(II) oxide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/88989 |access-date=2022-04-12 | work = PubChem | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine }}</ref> It is labeled as both an irritant and health hazard in the chemical safety sections of safety data sheets.

==== Stannic oxide ({{chem2|SnO2}}) ==== thumb|176x176px|Tin(iv) oxide, or stannic oxide, is an off-white/ white crystalline solid powder compound. The primary uses for stannic oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) include polishing glass, marble, silver, and jewelry in addition to creating dyes for fabrics,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Stannic Oxide |url=http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Stannic_oxide | encyclopedia = Conservation and Art Materials Encyclopedia Online (CAMEO) }}</ref> paper, ceramic glazes, printing inks, coatings, and pigments in food polymers.<ref name="SnO2_PubChem">{{cite web |title=Tin(IV) oxide |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/29011 |access-date=2022-04-12 | work = PubChem | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine }}</ref> Stannic oxide is also insoluble in water and dissociates in sulfuric acids and hydrochloric acid.<ref name="SnO2_PubChem" />

== Case studies ==

=== De-tinning plant === In 1979, a 26 year old tin miner who worked in a smelter was found to have odd lung physiology after a radiography. He was asymptomatic despite having profuse small, metallic nodules in the lungs.<ref name="Sluis-Cremer_1989" /> At the same plant, a 55 year old man who loaded scrap tin into smelting furnaces for 15 years was assessed.<ref name="Sluis-Cremer_1989" /> His radiography confirmed that his cough and crackle was due to metallic bilateral nodules on the lungs, or stannosis. The second male's biopsy revealed macrophages overwhelmed with dust deposits that affected hist connective tissue in the lungs.<ref name="Sluis-Cremer_1989" /> The case study determined that two workers in a detinning mine, who handled molten tin, developed stannosis. According to the researchers of "''Stannosis: A report of 2 cases''", the two workers were subject to the dustiest job of packaging tin-oxide for transportation.<ref name="Sluis-Cremer_1989" /> Tin miners are typically researched when assessing for stannosis because their exposure to tin oxides is around 70-80% in comparison to other job tasks in a plant.<ref name="Sluis-Cremer_1989" />

=== Tinning milk reservoir tanks === After 17 years of painting tin hot tin powder into the inside of tanks, a 74 year old male patient developed a dry cough and progressive dyspnea.<ref name="Altraja_2012" /> Because engineering controls and respiratory personal protective equipment were not used, the worker suffered grave lung damage.<ref name="Altraja_2012" /> In comparison to healthy, non-tinning workers, the patient had significantly higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLAF) containing tin.<ref name="Altraja_2012" />

== References == {{reflist}}

Category:Pulmonary lesion Category:Occupational diseases Category:Lung diseases due to external agents

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