Stanhopea

{{short description|Genus of orchids}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg | image_caption = ''Stanhopea insignis'' | display_parents = 3 | taxon = Stanhopea | authority = [[John Frost (botanist)|J. Frost]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] 1829 | type_species = ''Stanhopea insignis'' | type_species_authority = J.Frost ex Hook. | synonyms_ref = <ref name="WCSP"/> | synonyms = * ''Ceratochilus'' Lindl. ex G.Lodd 1829, illegitimate homonym not Blume 1825 * ''Stanhopeastrum'' Rchb.f. * ''Gerlachia'' Szlach. * ''Tadeastrum'' Szlach. }}

'''''Stanhopea''''' is a genus of the orchid family ([[Orchidaceae]]) from [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]].<ref>Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.C. & Rasmussen, F.N. (2009). Epidendroideae (Part two). Genera Orchidacearum 5: 1–585. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.</ref> The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is ''Stan.'' The genus is named for [[Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope]] (1781–1855), who was the president of the [[Medico-Botanical Society of London]] in 1829–1837. It comprises 55 species and 5 natural hybrids. The orchids in the genus are mostly [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] (growing on other plants), but occasionally [[terrestrial plant|terrestrial]]. They can be found in damp forests from [[Mexico]] to [[Trinidad]] to northwestern [[Argentina]].<ref name="WCSP">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=196061 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Native Orchids of Belize |last1=McLeish |first1=I. |last2=Pearce |first2=N.R. |last3=Adams |first3=B.R. |year=1995 |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–278 |isbn=9789054106098}}</ref><ref>Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., R. D. C. Ortiz, R. Callejas Posada & M. Merello. (eds.) 2011. Flora de Antioquia: Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares 2: 9–939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.</ref> Their ovate [[pseudobulb]]s carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic [[leaf]].

''Stanhopea'' is noted for its complex and usually fragrant [[flower]]s that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant [[inflorescence]]s are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the inflorescence to push through. They are sometimes called upside-down orchids.

The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of ''Stanhopea'' see [[Stanhopeinae]] and the closely related sister subtribe [[Coeliopsidinae]].

== Description == Most ''Stanhopea'' flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; ''[[Stanhopea annulata|S. annulata]]'', ''[[Stanhopea avicula|S. avicula]]'', ''[[Stanhopea cirrhata|S. cirrhata]]'', ''[[Stanhopea ecornuta|S. ecornuta]]'' and ''[[Stanhopea pulla|S. pulla]]''. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; ''[[Stanhopea candida|S. candida]]'', ''[[Stanhopea grandiflora|S. grandiflora]]'', ''[[Stanhopea reichenbachiana|S. reichenbachiana]]'', ''[[Stanhopea tricornis|S. tricornis]]'' and the natural hybrid ''[[Stanhopea x herrenhusana|S. x herrenhusana]]''. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.

With most ''Stanhopea'' flowers lasting three days or less, the flowers must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male [[Euglossini|euglossine]] bees to the flower. These male euglossine bees are known to be important pollinators of ''Stanhopea'' flowers, collecting fragrances at these flowers over their lifetime and storing them in their hind tibia. Bees in the Euglossini tribe, including ''[[Eulaema meriana]]'', are known to pollinate these flowers supposedly because the orchids can deceptively mimic the form of a female and her sex pheromone.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Odor Compound Detection in Male Euglossine Bees|journal = Journal of Chemical Ecology|date = 2003-01-01|issn = 0098-0331|pages = 253–257|volume = 29|issue = 1|doi = 10.1023/A:1021932131526|language = en|first1 = F. P.|last1 = Schiestl|first2 = D. W.|last2 = Roubik|pmid=12647866|hdl = 20.500.11850/57276| s2cid=2845587 |hdl-access = free}}</ref> When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long [[column (botany)|column]] is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up [[pollinium|pollinia]] at the very tip of the column. When the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the [[carpel|stigma]].

*''[[Stanhopea aliceae]]'' Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea anfracta]]'' Rolfe (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia) *''[[Stanhopea annulata]]'' Mansf. (S. Colombia to Ecuador) *''[[Stanhopea avicula]]'' Dressler (Panama) *''[[Stanhopea bueraremensis]]'' Campacci & Marçal (E. Brazil) *''[[Stanhopea candida]]'' Barb.Rodr. (S. Trop. America) *''[[Stanhopea cephalopodaa]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea chironii]]'' Archila, Pérez-García & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea cirrhata]]'' Lindl. (C. America) *''[[Stanhopea confusa]]'' G.Gerlach & Beeche (C. America) *''[[Stanhopea connata]]'' Klotzsch (Colombia to Peru) *''[[Stanhopea costaricensis]]'' Rchb.f. (C. America) *''[[Stanhopea deltoidea]]'' Lem. (Peru to Bolivia) *''[[Stanhopea dodsoniana]]'' Salazar & Soto Arenas (NC. & S. Mexico to Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea ecornuta]]'' Lem. (C. America) *''[[Stanhopea embreei]]'' Dodson (Ecuador) *''[[Stanhopea florida]]'' Rchb.f. (Ecuador to Peru) *''[[Stanhopea fonsecae]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea frymirei]]'' Dodson (Ecuador) *''[[Stanhopea gibbosa]]'' Rchb.f. (= S. carchiensis, = S. impressa; S Colombia to Ecuador) *''[[Stanhopea grandiflora]]'' Lindl. (Trinidad to S. Trop. America) *''[[Stanhopea graveolens]]'' Lindl.(Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina) *''[[Stanhopea greeri]]'' Jenny (Peru) *''[[Stanhopea guttulata]]'' Lindl. (SE. Brazil) *''[[Stanhopea haseloffiana]]'' Rchb.f. (N. Peru) *''[[Stanhopea hernandezii]]'' (Kunth) Schltr. (C. & SW. Mexico) *''[[Stanhopea insignis]]'' J.Frost ex Hook. (SE. & S. Brazil) *''[[Stanhopea intermedia]]'' Klinge (SW. Mexico) *''[[Stanhopea javieri]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea jenischiana]]'' F.Kramer ex Rchb.f.(Colombia to NW. Venezuela and S. Ecuador) *''[[Stanhopea lietzei]]'' (Regel) Schltr. (E. & S. Brazil) *''[[Stanhopea macrocornata]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea maculosa]]'' Knowles & Westc. (W. Mexico) *''[[Stanhopea madouxiana]]'' Cogn. (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea maduroi]]'' Dodson & Dressler (Panama to N.Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea manriqueii]]'' Jenny & Nauray (Peru) *''[[Stanhopea marizana]]'' Jenny (Peru) *''[[Stanhopea martiana]]'' Bateman ex Lindl. (SW. Mexico) *''[[Stanhopea marylenae]]'' Archila, Chiron & Pérez-García (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea moliana]]'' Rolfe (Peru) *''[[Stanhopea napoensis]]'' Dodson (Ecuador) *''[[Stanhopea naurayi]]'' Jenny (Peru) *''[[Stanhopea nicaraguensis]]'' G.Gerlach (Nicaragua) *''[[Stanhopea nigripes]]'' Rolfe (Peru) *''[[Stanhopea novogaliciana]]'' S.Rosillo (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco) *''[[Stanhopea oculata]]'' (Lodd.)Lindl. (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil) *''[[Stanhopea oscarrodrigoi]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea ospinae]]'' Dodson (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea panamensis]]'' N.H.Williams & W.M.Whitten (Panama) *''[[Stanhopea peruviana]]'' Rolfe (Peru) *''[[Stanhopea platyceras]]'' Rchb.f. (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea posadae]]'' Jenny et Braem (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea pozoi]]'' Dodson & D.E.Benn. (S. Ecuador) *''[[Stanhopea pseudoradiosa]]'' Jenny & R.Gonzalez (SW. Mexico) *''[[Stanhopea pulla]]'' Rchb.f. (Costa Rica to N. Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea radiosa]]'' Lem. (W. Mexico) *''[[Stanhopea reichenbachiana]]'' Roezl ex Rchb.f. (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea rubroatrata]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea rubromaculata]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea ruckeri]]'' Lindl. (= S. inodora; Mexico to C. America) *''[[Stanhopea saccata]]'' Bateman (Mexico - Chiapas to C. America) *''[[Stanhopea saintexuperyi]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea schilleriana]]'' Rchb.f. (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea shuttleworthii]]'' Rchb.f. (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea stevensonii]]'' A.Mejia & R.Escobar ex Jenny (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea szlachetkoana]]'' Archila, Pérez-García & Chiron (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea tigrina]]'' Bateman ex Lindl. (Mexico) *''[[Stanhopea tolimensis]]'' G.Gerlach (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea tricornis]]'' Lindl. (W. South America) *''[[Stanhopea victoriana]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea wardii]]'' Lodd. ex Lindl. (Nicaragua to Venezuela) *''[[Stanhopea warszewicziana]]'' Klotzsch (Costa Rica) *''[[Stanhopea whittenii]]'' Soto Arenas, Salazar & G.Gerlach (Mexico to Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea xanthoviridea]]'' Archila, Pérez-García, Chiron & Szlach. (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea xytriophora]]'' Rchb.f. (S. Peru to Bolivia) <ref name="kewspp">{{cite web|title=Search term=Stanhopea|url=http://wcsp.science.kew.org/qsearch.do|website=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|publisher=the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|accessdate=18 February 2018}}</ref>

== Natural hybrids == *''[[Stanhopea × fowlieana]]'' Jenny (''S. costaricensis'' × ''S. ecornuta'') (Costa Rica) *''[[Stanhopea × herrenhusana]]'' Jenny (''S. reichenbachiana'' × ''S. tricornis'') (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea × horichiana]]'' Jenny (''S. ecornuta'' × ''S. wardii'') (Costa Rica) *''[[Stanhopea × lewisae]]'' Ames & Correll (''S. ecornuta'' × ''S. inodora'') (Guatemala) *''[[Stanhopea × quadricornis]]'' Lindl. (''S. grandflora'' × ''S. wardii'') (Colombia) *''[[Stanhopea × thienii]]'' Dodson (''S. annulata'' × ''S. impressa'') (Ecuador) <ref name="kewspp" />

== Intergeneric hybrids == *× ''Aciopea'' (''Acineta'' × ''Stanhopea''). ''Aciopea Guillermo'' Gaviria (''Acineta erythroxantha'' × ''Stanhopea wardii'') was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia). **× ''Aciopea'' is abbreviated Aip. *× ''Cirrhopea'' (''Cirrhaea'' × ''Stanhopea'') *× ''Coryhopea'' (''Coryanthes'' × ''Stanhopea'') *× ''Stangora'' (''Gongora'' × ''Stanhopea'') *× ''Stanhocycnis'' (''Polycycnis'' × ''Stanhopea'')

== Gallery ==

=== Species === <gallery> Image:Stanhopea anfracta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea anfracta'' Image:Stanhopea annulata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea annulata'' Image:Stanhopea candida Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea candida'' Image:Stanhopea cirrhata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea cirrhata'' Image:Stanhopea connata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea connata'' Image:Stanhopea costaricensis - Curtis 146 (ser, 4 no. 16) pl. 8830 (1920).jpg|''Stanhopea costaricensis'' Image:Stanhopea ecornuta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea ecornuta'' Image:Stanhopea embreei Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea embreei'' Image:Stanhopea grandiflora - fl 2.jpg|''Stanhopea grandiflora'' </gallery>

=== Natural hybrids === <gallery> Image:Stanhopea x horichiana Orchi 01.jpg|''Stanhopea × horichiana'' </gallery>

== References == {{Reflist}} * Gerlach, G. & Beeche, J. 2004: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae III (Orchidaceae). Reestablecimiento de Stanhopea ruckeri y una especie nueva: Stanhopea confusa. Lankesteriana 4(3): 213–222. * Gerlach, G. 2010: Stanhopeinae Mesoamericanae V: El aroma floral de las Stanhopeas de Mexico. Lankesteriana 9(3): 431–442. * Rudolf Jenny (December 1993) "The Genus ''Stanhopea''," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277 * Rudolf Jenny (December 2003) "The Genus ''Stanhopea''. Part 1: ''S. anfracta'' to ''S. napoensis''," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p. * Jenny, R. (2004) "The genus ''Stanhopea'': 2nd part, ''S. nigripes'' to ''S. xytriophora''" Caesiana no. 22: 146–291. * {{cite journal|author=Gerlach, G.|year= 2004|title=Die Subtribus Stanhopeinae. 6. Stanhopea|journal= J. Orchideenfreund|volume= 11|issue=1|pages= 53–76}} (in German)

== External links == * {{Commons-inline|Stanhopea|''Stanhopea''}} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Stanhopea|''Stanhopea''}} * [http://www.orchidsrepbiol.de/cgi-bin/img_db/img_display.pl?db=vwStanhopea Photo collections of ''Stanhopea'' from Botanical Garden Munich.] * [http://www.autrevie.com/Stanhopea The ''Stanhopea'' Pages website by Nina Rach] * [http://www.foxdale-orchids.co.uk/speciespics.html The ''Stanhopea'' website by Dick Hartley]

[[Category:Stanhopea| ]] [[Category:Stanhopeinae genera]] [[Category:Epiphytic orchids]]