{{Short description|Nazi paramilitary unit}} [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1982-014-35A, Oranienburg, Konzentrationslager.jpg|thumb|The Oranienburg concentration camp, referred to as ''Konzentrations Lager der Standarte 208.'', "Concentration camp of the 208th ''Standarte'' [of the SA]."]] In Nazi Germany, the '''''Standarte''''' (pl. ''Standarten'') was a paramilitary unit of Nazi Party (NSDAP), ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA), NSKK, NSFK, and ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS). Translated literally as "Regimental standard", the name refers to the flag paramilitary formations carried in formations and parades.
==Sturmabteilung== thumb|Vehicle command flag for a SA-Standarte, 1938–1945.|right|200px
The ''Sturmabteilung'' (SA) was organized into several large regional groups (''Gruppen''). Each Gruppe had subordinate brigades (''Brigaden''). From 1934 until 1945, subordinate to each brigade were 3 to 9 smaller regiment-sized units called ''Standarten''. SA-Standarten operated in every major German city and were split into even smaller units, known as ''Sturmbanne'' (3 to 5 Sturmbanne ''per'' Standarte) and ''Stürme''.
===SA-Standarte "''Feldherrnhalle''"=== After the death of Ernst Röhm in 1934, new SA-''Stabschef'' Viktor Lutze reorganized the SA to include the creation of an SA-Standarte, consisting of six battalions of volunteers that were headquartered in different locations throughout Germany:<ref name=Halle/> it guarded sensitive SA, state and NSDAP offices in Berlin, Hannover, Hattingen, Krefeld, Munich, Ruhr, Stetten and Stuttgart.<ref name=AxisSA>{{cite web |title=SA-Standarte Feldherrnhalle |url=http://www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/188-germany-political-organizations/sa/4965-sa-standarte-feldherrnhalle |website=Axis History |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref> After the annexation of Austria in 1938, a seventh battalion was established in Vienna.<ref name=Halle>{{cite web |title=SA Regiment Feldherrnhalle |url=http://www.german-helmets.com/SA%20FHH%20MAIN.htm |website=German-Helmets |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref>
In September 1936 the SA-Standarte was given the honorary title “''Feldherrnhalle''” to commemorate the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. On Hermann Göring's birthday on 12 January 1937, Lutze made Göring honorary commander of the SA-Standarte "''Feldherrnhalle''", who transferred control of the unit to the Luftwaffe. Members were now required to undergo military training as well as instruction as parachutists. In 1938 the Regiment was mobilized for use in the occupation of Sudetenland.<ref name=Halle/>
When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, members of the SA-Standarte were transferred to the newly formed ''Fallschirmjäger''-Regiment 2, while other members were transferred to the Infantry Battalion “''Feldherrnhalle''”, which was part of the German Army's Infantry Regiment 271. A detachment of SA-Standarte "''Feldherrnhalle''" members continued to serve under the SA until May 1945.<ref name=Halle/><ref name=AxisSA/>
===National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK)=== Similarly to the SA, each ''NSKK Motorbrigade'' included 3–5 ''Motorstandarten''.<ref name=AxHistNSKKOrg>{{cite web |title=Organization of the NSKK |url=http://www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/186-germany-political-organizations/nskk/4957-organization-of-the-nskk |website=Axis History |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref> A ''NSKK Transportstandarte Speer'' existed from May 1940 to June 1941 (later upgraded to a ''Transportbrigade''),<ref name=NSKKSpeer>{{cite web |last1=Wendel |first1=Marcus |title=NSKK Transportstandarte Speer |url=http://www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/186-germany-political-organizations/nskk/9260-nskk-transportstandarte-speer |website=Axis History |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref> while a ''NSKK Transportstandarte'' Todt existed from September 1939 to May 1940 (later elevated to a ''Transportbrigade'').<ref name=NSKKTodt>{{cite web |last1=Wendel |first1=Marcus |title=NSKK Transportstandarte Todt |url=http://www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/186-germany-political-organizations/nskk/9258-nskk-transportstandarte-todt |website=Axis History |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref>
==Schutzstaffel== {{refimprove section|date=August 2021}} thumb|Vehicle command flag for "SS-Standarte 34".|right|200px
The SS-Standarte was the primary unit of the ''Allgemeine-SS'', named after the term for a "Regimental Standard", or flag. The ''Standarten'' were organized into regimental-sized formations each with its own number, but also were referred to by other names, such as location, a popular name, or an honorary title; generally SS or NSDAP members killed before the Nazis obtained national power.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|p=169}} For example, the 18th SS-Standarte in Königsberg was named "''Ostpreußen''" while the 6th SS-Standarte of Berlin was named "''Graham Kämmer''".{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=169, 172, 178}} There were 127 ''SS-Standarten''.{{sfn|Yerger|1997|pp=169–213}} The standard rank for the ''Standarte'' leader was that of ''Standartenführer'' (colonel).
The SS-Standarte was usually led an SS-''Standartenführer'', it included 3–4 ''Sturmbanne'' and had a normal personnel strength of 1,000–3,000 men. The SS-Standarte corresponded to the Army Regiment. The Sturmbanne I-III were formed from the active members, while the Sturmbann IV was considered a reserve unit.
All SS organizations – such as the ''Allegemeine-SS'' and the ''Reiter-SS'', but also the ''SS-Totenkopfverbände'' (SS-TV) and the ''SS-Verfügungstruppe'' (SS-VT) were divided into ''Standarten''. From 1935 onwards, much to the displeasure of Heinrich Himmler, this designation was replaced by the corresponding military term, Regiment.
After World War II began, the paramilitary ''Standarten'' began to shrink in size, some becoming the size of small companies. As of 1945, the foot ''Standarten'' of the ''Allegemeine-SS'' formally comprised 127 Standarten, most of which, however, only existed on paper and had not even reached the nominal strength prescribed by Himmler.
===SS-Verfügungstruppe=== The SS-Standarten of the ''SS-Verfügungstruppe'' (SS-St./VT) emerged in the autumn of 1934, when the SS-Standarte "''Deutschland''" and the SS-Standarte "''Germania''" were established.
In Berlin, the ''SS-Sonderkommando Zossen'' and ''SS-Sonderkommando Jüterbog'' were merged into the ''SS-Sonderkommando Berlin'' under Sepp Dietrich's command.{{sfn|Cook|Bender|1994|p=13}} Then in November 1933, on the 10th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch, the ''Sonderkommando'' was given the name, ''Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler'' (LAH).{{sfn|Cook|Bender|1994|pp=17, 19}} The following year, the name was changed by Himmler to ''Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler''" (LSSAH).{{sfn|Cook|Bender|1994|pp=17, 19}} After the annexation of Austria, the new SS-Standarte "''Der Führer''" arose from the merger of the Austro-German SS and parts of the SS-Standarten "''Deutschland''" and the LSSAH.
The term "SS-Standarte" replaced that of "Regiment" within the SS-VT. Then in October 1939 the SS-VT regiments, ''Deutschland'', ''Germania'' and ''Der Führer'', were organized into the ''SS-Verfügungs-Division'' with Paul Hausser as commander.{{sfn|Stein|2002|p=32}}{{sfn|Weale|2012|pp=251–253}}
====SS-Standarte "''Deutschland''"==== The SS-Standarte "''Deutschland''" was formed in 1934 as SS-Standarte 2/VT from formation units Politischen Bereitschaften "''Munich''" (based in Ellwangen) and "''Württemberg''" (based in Jagst) and Austrian volunteers. When Hitler excluded the LSSAH from the numbering sequence, the unit was renamed SS-Standarte 1/VT and, in 1935, it was renamed SS-Standarte "''Deutschland''" and it also received its ''Deutschland Erwache'' standard.<ref name=AxisD>{{cite web |title=SS-Standarte Deutschland |url=http://www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/123-germany-waffen-ss/germany-waffen-ss-ss-vt/1463-ss-standarte-deutschland |website=Axis History |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref>
In the summer of 1937 the unit became the first to be fully equipped with modern military camouflage clothing. The first model ''SS-Tarnjacke'' was designed by Wilhelm Brandt.<ref name=AxisD/>{{sfn|Flaherty|2004|p=92}}
====SS-Standarte "''Germania''"==== {{refimprove section|date=August 2021}} The SS-Standarte "''Germania''" was established in 1934 as SS-Standarte 3/VT around from the formation unit Politische Bereitschaft "''Hamburg''". When Hitler excluded the SS-LSSAH from the numbering sequence, the unit was renamed SS-Standarte 2/VT and, in 1935, it was renamed SS-Standarte "''Germania''". It was renamed SS-Standarte "''Germania''" in 1936 and it also received its Deutschland Erwache standard.<ref name=Axis>{{cite web |title=SS-Standarte Germania |url=http://www.axishistory.com/axis-nations/germany-a-austria/waffen-ss/123-germany-waffen-ss/germany-waffen-ss-ss-vt/1464-ss-standarte-germania |website=Axis History |accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref>
The unit took part in the annexation of Austria and was responsible for the security during the Benito Mussolini's visit to Germany. It took part in the annexation of Sudetenland attached to army units. It later served as a guard regiment in Prague until July 1939. It took part in the invasion of Poland attached to the 14th Army<ref name=Axis/>
===SS-Totenkopfverbände=== {{main|SS-Totenkopfverbände}} On 26 June 1933, Himmler appointed then SS-''Oberführer'' Theodor Eicke the ''Kommandant'' of the Dachau concentration camp.{{sfn|Padfield|2001|p=129}} Eicke requested a permanent unit that would be subordinate only to him and the ''SS-Wachverbände'' was formed.{{sfn|Padfield|2001|p=129}} Following the Night of the Long Knives in the summer of 1934, Eicke – who played a role in the affair by shooting SA chief Ernst Röhm – was promoted and officially appointed ''Inspector of Concentration Camps'' and Commander of SS-guard formations.{{sfn|Weale|2012|p=105}} In 1935, as the concentration camp system within Germany expanded, groups of camps were organized into ''Wachsturmbanne'' (battalions) under the office of the Inspector of Concentration Camps. On 29 March 1936, concentration camp guards and administration units were officially designated as the ''SS-Totenkopfverbände'' (SS-TV). In 1937, the ''Wachsturmbanne'' were in turn organized into three main ''SS-Totenkopfstandarten'' (regiments). The first for service at Dachau, the second at Sachsenhausen, and the third at Buchenwald. Then during the autumn of 1938, a fourth unit was created for the latest concentration camp at Mauthausen.{{sfn|Stein|2002|p=10}}{{sfn|Orth|2010|p=46}}
By April 1938, the SS-TV had four Standarten of three battalions with three infantry companies, one machine gun company and medical, communication and transportation units.{{sfn|Stein|2002|p=24}} On 17 August 1938 Hitler decreed, at Himmler's request, the SS-TV to be the official reserve for the SS-VT.{{sfn|Stein|2002|p=33}} By October 1939, a new SS military division the ''SS-Totenkopf'' was formed.{{sfn|Stein|2002|pp=33–35}} The ''Totenkopf'' was initially formed from concentration camp guards of the Standarten of the SS-TV, police and SS reservists and soldiers from the ''SS-Heimwehr "Danzig''. Members of other SS militias were also transferred into the division in early 1940; all these units were involved in multiple massacres of civilians, political leaders and prisoners of war.{{sfn|Stein|2002|pp=27–28, 33–34, 73–77}}{{sfn|Sydnor|1990|pp=37, 44}}
==Notable Standarten== * 1st SS Standarte: First SS regiment of the Allgemeine-SS Order of Battle * SA-Standarte Feldherrnhalle: An elite SA unit that guarded various Nazi headquarters office, including the supreme headquarters of the ''Sturmabteilung'' itself.
==See also== * Regiment * Allgemeine-SS order of battle
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Bibliography== * {{cite book | last1 = Cook | first1 = Stan | last2 = Bender | first2 = R. James | title = Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler: Uniforms, Organization, & History | publisher = R. James Bender | location = San Jose, CA | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-912138-55-8 }} * {{cite book | editor1-last = Flaherty | editor1-first = Thomas H. | title = The Third Reich: The SS | publisher = Time-Life | year = 2004 | orig-year = 1988 | isbn = 978-1-84447-073-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Orth | first = Karin | chapter = The Concentration Camp Personnel | title = Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories | editor1 = Jane Caplan | editor2 = Nikolaus Wachsmann | year = 2010 | location = New York | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-41542-651-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Padfield | first = Peter | author-link= Peter Padfield | year = 2001 | orig-year = 1990 | title = Himmler: Reichsführer-SS | location = London | publisher = Cassel & Co. | isbn = 0-304-35839-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Stein | first = George | title = The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945 | publisher = Cerberus Publishing | year = 2002 | orig-year = 1966 | isbn = 978-1841451008 }} * {{cite book | last = Sydnor | first = Charles | title = Soldiers of Destruction: The SS Death's Head Division, 1933–1945 | year = 1990 | orig-year = 1977 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, NJ | isbn = 0691008531 }} * {{cite book | last = Weale | first = Adrian | author-link = Adrian Weale | title = Army of Evil: A History of the SS | year = 2012 | publisher = NAL Caliber (Penguin Group) | location = New York; Toronto | isbn = 978-0-451-23791-0 }} * {{cite book| last = Yerger | first = Mark C. | title = Allgemeine-SS: The Commands, Units, and Leaders of the General SS | publisher = Schiffer | location = Atglen, PA | year = 1997 | isbn = 0-7643-0145-4 }}
{{SS organizations}} {{Allgemeine-SS}}
Category:Nazi SS Category:Sturmabteilung