{{Short description|Portryal of Irish people in plays}} {{one source|date=July 2012}} [[File:Allgood-Kerrigan 1911.jpg|thumb|Irish actors Sara Allgood ("Widow Quin") and J. M. Kerrigan ("Shawn Keogh"), in ''The Playboy of the Western World'', Plymouth Theatre, Boston, 1911. The play was attacked for replaying the insulting stereotype of the drunken, boasting, belligerent Irishman.]] [[File:Bringing Up Father 1914 play.JPG|thumb|180px|Maggie and Jiggs in a scene from the 1914 play ''Bringing Up Father'']] '''Stage Irish''', also known as '''Drunk Irish''', or collectively as '''Paddywhackery''', is a stereotyped portrayal of Irish people once common in plays.<ref name="oxford-companion-irish-literature">[https://books.google.com/books?id=vDsAaXKLGvYC&dq=%22stage+Irish%22&pg=PA533 stage Irishman], ''The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature'', Oxford University Press, p.534-5.</ref> It is an exaggerated or caricatured portrayal of supposed Irish characteristics in speech and behaviour. The stage Irishman was generally "garrulous, boastful, unreliable, hard-drinking, belligerent (though cowardly) and chronically impecunious".<ref name="oxford-companion-irish-literature"/> This caricature includes many cultural outlets, including the stage, cartoons published in ''Punch'' and English language clichés, including terms such as "Paddywagon" and "hooligan".
The early stage Irish persona arose in England in the context of the war between the Jacobites and Whig supporters of William of Orange at the end of the 17th century. Later, the stage Irish persona become more comic and less threatening. Irish writers also used the persona in a satirical way.
==Early examples== The character of Teg in Robert Howard's play ''Committee'' (1662) has been said to be the first example of the type,<ref name="oxford-companion-irish-literature"/> where an Irish servant outwits the enemies of his master with a show of false naïvety.<ref name="oxford-companion-irish-literature"/>
Captain Macmorris in Henry V by William Shakespeare has the line "What ish my nation?", which was later appropriated by modern Irish writers, becoming what ''The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature'' calls a "recurrent epigraph".<ref name="oxford-companion-irish-literature"/> However, Macmorris is a loyal and valiant supporter of Henry V, quite different from later, generally lower-class, stage Irishmen. ''Ben Johnson's The Irish Masque at Court'' (29 December 1613; printed 1616) is another early example of the conventions.
James Farewell's poem ''The Irish Hudibras'' (1689) was published in the wake of William's invasion of Ireland to suppress the Jacobite uprising. It is considered to be the principal origin of the stereotype. This takes the form of a parody of book VI of Virgil's Aeneid, in which Aeneas descends into the underworld. In the poem, this is replaced by Fingal in County Dublin, in which Irish costume, behaviour, and speech-patterns are parodied as if they were denizens of Hades. A companion piece, ''Hesperi-Neso-Grapica or A Description of the Western Isle'' by "W.M." was published in 1715. Pamphlets published under the title "Bog Witticisms" also parodied the supposed illogicality and stupidity of the Irish.<ref name="oxford-companion-irish-literature"/>
==18th–20th centuries== Irish characters appeared in a number of plays during the 18th century. These were not all negative stereotypes. Sometimes the Irishman could be a noble, or at least sympathetic character. In others he could outwit others. Thomas Sheridan's play ''Captain O'Blunder'' is about a naive Irishman who in the end triumphs over his English rival. Lucius O'Trigger in Richard Brinsley Sheridan's ''The Rivals'' is an excessively quick-tempered individual. The character had to be rewritten because of complaints in Ireland that it was insultingly anti-Irish. All these characters were from the genteel social classes.
By the 19th century, the stage Irishman became more of a lower-class stereotype, associated with the emigrations of mid-century. Dion Boucicault's successful plays ''The Colleen Bawn'' (1860) and ''The Shaughraun'' (1874) included several Stage Irish characters.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McFeely|first1=Deirdre|title=Dion Boucicault: Irish Identity on Stage|date=May 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=9781139051743|pages=13–28|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139051743.003|language=en|chapter=Nationalism, Race and Class in ''The Colleen Bawn''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kao|first1=Wei H.|title=Contemporary Irish Theatre: Transnational Practices|date=29 December 2015|publisher=Peter Lang B.|isbn=9783035265743|doi=10.3726/978-3-0352-6574-3/6|language=en|chapter=Remaking the Stage Irishman in the New World: Dion Boucicault’s ''The Shaughraun'', Edward Harrigan’s ''The Mulligan Guard Ball'', and Sebastian Barry’s ''White Woman Street''}}</ref> Boucicault was a Dublin native, and in his melodramas, Irish characters were framed in a more positive light. While still depicted as drunks and rogues, they functioned as stereotypical comic relief characters and received more characterization.<ref>Richmond, Joy D. “`We Are Out to Kill the Stage Irishman’: Dion Boucicault, the Irish National Theatre, and the Assassination of Teague.” Ph.D., University of Kansas 2007.</ref>
Although stage Irishness can be traced to the 18th century it was most prominent in the 19th century with publications such as ''Punch'' in Britain and ''Harper's Weekly'' and ''Puck'' in the United States publishing such cartoons. These depictions portrayed the Irish as "ignorant but harmless drudges, given to drink and emotional excesses, loving a fight, and not above a lie or a bit of minor thievery". Stereotypes regarding Hiberno-English and Irish physiology were also perpetuated, being given a Simian or Ape-like appearance.<ref>Walshe, S. (2012). ‘Ah, laddie, did ye really think I’d let a foine broth of a boy such as yerself get splattered…?’ Representations of Irish English Speech in the Marvel Universe. In: Bramlett, F. (eds) Linguistics and the Study of Comics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137004109_12</ref>
Patriotic inversions of the stereotype appeared in Irish theatre, and Irish playwrights sometimes commented on the trope, as in Bernard Shaw in ''John Bull's Other Island'' and by John Millington Synge in ''The Playboy of the Western World''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Innes|first1=Christopher|title=A Companion to Irish Literature|date=2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9781444328066|pages=35–49|doi=10.1002/9781444328066.ch31|language=en|chapter=Defining Irishness: Bernard Shaw and the Irish Connection on the English Stage}}</ref><ref name="oxford-companion-irish-literature"/> The latter play was condemned by Irish nationalists, including Sinn Féin leader Arthur Griffith, who described the play as "a vile and inhuman story told in the foulest language we have ever listened to from a public platform", and that it insulted Irish men and women.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maume|first1=Patrick|title=The Ancient Constitution: Arthur Griffith and His Intellectual Legacy to Sinn Féin|journal=Irish Political Studies|date=1 January 1995|volume=10|issue=1|pages=123–137|doi=10.1080/07907189508406541|issn=0790-7184}}</ref>
Modern American superhero comics of the 20th century have been described as possessing "condescending conventions" of stage Irishness such as the language used by Irish characters. Early depictions of the Marvel superhero Sean Cassidy ('Banshee') have been described as bearing the physiological caricatures of the Irish that were present in Victorian English depictions.<ref name=symbol>{{cite book |title=The Superhero Symbol Media, Culture, and Politics |date=2019 |publisher=Rutgers University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Frame Escapes: Graphic Novel Intertexts |date=2019 |publisher=Brill |page=177}}</ref>
Hollywood films have also invoked stage Irishness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Sean |title=Focus: Irish Traditional Music |date=2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=122}}</ref> The film Darby O'Gill and the Little People has been considered the "epitome" of paddywhackery.<ref>{{cite book |title=National Identities and Imperfections in Contemporary Irish Literature Unbecoming Irishness |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shane |first1=Walshe |title=Irish English as Represented in Film |date=2009 |publisher=P. Lang |page=9}}</ref>
==See also== *Anti-Irish sentiment / Hibernophobia *Stereotypes of Irish Americans *Stereotypes of Irish people
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Stock characters}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stage Irish (Character)}} Category:17th-century introductions Category:Slang Ireland Category:Stock characters Category:Cultural depictions of Irish people