{{Short description|Genus of lichen-forming fungi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=June 2025}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Squamarina spec.jpg | image_caption = ''Squamarina'' sp. growing in Warscheneck, Upper Austria | taxon = Squamarina | authority = Poelt (1958) | type_species = ''Squamarina gypsacea'' | type_species_authority = (Sm.) Poelt (1958) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Squammaria'' {{au|DC. (1805)}} | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}
'''''Squamarina''''' is a genus of lichens in the family Stereocaulaceae.<ref name="CoL"/> They form patches of radiating {{lichengloss|lobes}} or overlapping scales ({{lichengloss|squamules}}), with a well-developed upper {{lichengloss|cortex}} and no lower cortex. They grow on calcareous soil and rocks.<ref name="Brodo 2001"/> ''Squamarina lentigera'' can be used to make a yellow dye.<ref name="Brough 1988"/>
==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Squamarina'' was circumscribed by the lichenologist Josef Poelt in 1959, with ''Squamarina gypsacea'' designated as the type species. The genus belongs to the family Lecanoraceae and was created to accommodate species previously classified under ''Lecanora'' and ''Psora''.<ref name="Poelt 1958"/> ''Squamarina gypsacea'', originally described by Georg Heinrich Weber as ''Lichen lentigerus'',<ref name="Weber 1778"/> had been transferred through various genera including ''Lecanora'', ''Psora'', and ''Parmularia'' before Poelt's generic reassignment. The genus name ''Squamarina'' is derived from the Latin {{lang|la|squama}} (scale), referring to the characteristic {{lichengloss|squamulose}} thallus structure of these lichens. Poelt's circumscription recognised ''Squamarina'' as distinct from related genera based on its combination of morphological and anatomical characteristics, particularly the structure of the thallus and apothecia (fruiting bodies).<ref name="Poelt 1958"/>
A 2020 reassessment of several Asian species traditionally placed in ''Squamarina'' showed that most of them do not belong in the genus. Material from their type localities in China demonstrated that ''S. callichroa'' and ''S. pachyphylla'' fall within ''Rhizoplaca'', and that ''S. semisterilis'' belongs in ''Lobothallia''. ''S. chondroderma'' was judged better retained in ''Lecanora'' for the time being. Only ''S. kansuensis'' and ''S. oleosa'' were confirmed as genuine members of ''Squamarina'' under their revised generic concept.<ref name="Zhang et al. 2020"/>
==Description==
''Squamarina'' species form squamulose thalli—that is, mats of overlapping, scale-like {{lichengloss|lobes}} whose edges are often lobed again. The upper surface may carry a fine, whitish bloom ({{lichengloss|pruina}}), while the sturdy {{lichengloss|cortex}} beneath is sharply set off from the soft interior. A green alga with spherical cells (a {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} photobiont) occupies the upper part of the thallus, and below it lies a thick, densely packed white medulla that gives the scales their firmness.<ref name="Yahr 2025"/>
Fruiting bodies are apothecia that start out concave, soon flatten and may become gently domed. Each is ringed by a rim of thallus tissue (the {{lichengloss|thalline margin}}) that is conspicuous at first but can wear away so the yellow- to red-brown {{lichengloss|disc}} eventually sits flush with the scales. The disc surface is sprinkled with minute {{lichengloss|granules}} (a granular {{lichengloss|epithecium}}), and the spore layer is pierced by slender, colourless threads called paraphyses. Asci conform to the ''Bacidia''-type and contain eight colourless ascospores, each without cross-walls (aseptate). Asexual reproduction occurs in tiny flask-shaped pycnidia that release curved, hair-like conidia. Chemical tests reveal usnic acid, various β-depsidones and other still-unidentified compounds, which together help separate ''Squamarina'' from superficially similar genera.<ref name="Yahr 2025"/>
==Species== thumb|right|''Squamarina lentigera'' {{As of|2025|November}}, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 28 species of ''Squamarina''.<ref name="CoL"/> * ''Squamarina brunneola'' {{au|Poumarat & Cl.Roux (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/> * ''Squamarina calesensis'' {{au|Cl.Roux & Poumarat (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/> * ''Squamarina cartilaginea'' {{au|(With.) P.James (1980)}}<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 1980"/> * ''Squamarina clauzadei'' {{au|Cl.Roux & Poumarat (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/> * ''Squamarina confusa'' {{au|Cl.Roux & Poumarat (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/> * ''Squamarina dufourii'' {{au|(Fr.) Cl.Roux & Poumarat (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/> * ''Squamarina gypsacea'' {{au|(Sm.) Poelt (1958)}}<ref name="Poelt 1958"/> * ''Squamarina haysomii'' {{au|C.W.Dodge 1970)}}<ref name="Dodge 1970"/> * ''Squamarina kansuensis'' {{au|(H.Magn.) Poelt (1958)}}<ref name="Poelt 1958"/> * ''Squamarina lentigera'' {{au|(Weber) Poelt (1958)}}<ref name="Poelt 1958"/> * ''Squamarina oleosa'' {{au|(Zahlbr.) Poelt (1958)}}<ref name="Poelt 1958"/> * ''Squamarina palmyrensis'' {{au|(H.Magn.) S.Y.Kondr. (2002)}} * ''Squamarina paradoxa'' {{au|Cl.Roux & Poumarat (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/> * ''Squamarina pseudocrassa'' {{au|(Mattick) Cl.Roux & Poumarat (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/> * ''Squamarina scopulorum'' {{au|Haugan & Timdal (1992)}}<ref name="Haugan & Timdal 1992"/> * ''Squamarina subcetrarioides'' {{au|(Zahlbr.) Y.Y.Zhang (2023)}}<ref name="Zhang et al. 2023"/> * ''Squamarina terricola'' {{au|Cl.Roux & Poumarat (2024)}}<ref name="Roux et al. 2024"/>
==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Brodo 2001">{{cite book |vauthors=Sharnoff S, Brodo IM, Sharnoff SD|title=Lichens of North America |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Connecticut |year=2001 |isbn=0-300-08249-5}}</ref>
<ref name="Brough 1988">{{cite journal |last=Brough |first=S. G. |title=Navajo lichen dyes |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=20 |issue=3 |year=1988 |doi=10.1017/s0024282988000313 |pages=279–290 |bibcode=1988ThLic..20..279B }}</ref>
<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=CF439 |title=''Squamarina'' |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Dodge 1970">{{cite journal |last=Dodge |first=C.W. |year=1970 |title=Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the Subantarctic islands. IX–XI |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=439–502 [447]}}</ref>
<ref name="Hawksworth et al. 1980">{{cite journal |last1=Hawksworth |first1=D.L. |last2=James |first2=P.W. |last3=Coppins |first3=B.J. |title=Checklist of British lichen-forming, lichenicolous and allied fungi |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=12 |issue=1 |year=1980 |doi=10.1017/s0024282980000035 |pages=1–115 [107] |bibcode=1980ThLic..12....1H }}</ref>
<ref name="Haugan & Timdal 1992">{{cite journal |last1=Haugan |first1=R. |last2=Timdal |first2=E. |year=1992 |title=''Squamarina scopulorum'' (Lecanoraceae), a new lichen species from Norway |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=357–360 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb01314.x |bibcode=1992NorJB..12..357H }}</ref>
<ref name="Poelt 1958">{{cite journal |last=Poelt |first=J. |year=1958 |title=Die lobaten Arten der Flechtengattung ''Lecanora'' Ach. sensu ampl. in der Holarktis |trans-title=The lobed species of the lichen genus ''Lecanora'' Ach. ''sensu ampl''. in the Holarctic |journal=Mitteilungen aus der Botanischen Staatssammlung München |volume=19–20 |pages=411–589 |language=de |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15188188#page/562/mode/1up}}</ref>
<ref name="Roux et al. 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Roux |first1=C. |last2=Poumarat |first2=S. |last3=Magain |first3=N. |last4=Lebreton |first4=É. |last5=Uriac |first5=P. |last6=Esnault |first6=J. |year=2024 |title=Quelques espèces nouvelles ou peu connues de ''Squamarina'' (Stereocaulaceae, Lecanorales) de France |trans-title=Some new or little-known species of ''Squamarina'' (Stereocaulaceae, Lecanorales) from France |journal=Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence |volume=75 |pages=79–140 |language=fr}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy. Current Name: ''Squamarina'' Poelt, Mitt. bot. StSamml., Münch. 19-20: 524 (1958) |url=https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=5177 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=18 November 2025}}</ref>
<ref name="Weber 1778">{{cite book |last=Weber |first=G.H. |year=1778 |title=Spicilegium Flora Goettingensis |trans-title=A miscellany on the flora of Göttingen |page=192 |publisher=Sumptibus Ettingeri |url=https://archive.org/details/spicilegiumflor00webegoog/page/n222/mode/2up |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Yahr 2025">{{cite book |last1=Yahr |first1=R. |last2=Cannon |first2=P. |last3=Coppins |first3=B. |last4=Košuthová |first4=A. |last5=McCune |first5=B. |last6=Aptroot |first6=A. |last7=Simkin |first7=J. |year=2025 |title=Lecanorales: Stereocaulaceae, including ''Hertelidea'', ''Lepraria'', ''Squamarina'' and ''Stereocaulon'' |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=49 |page=14 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Stereocaulaceae.pdf}}{{Open access}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhang et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yan-Yun |last2=Wang |first2=Xin-Yu |last3=Li |first3=Li-Juan |last4=Printzen |first4=Christian |last5=Timdal |first5=Einar |last6=Niu |first6=Dong-Ling |last7=Yin |first7=An-Cheng |last8=Wang |first8=Shi-Qiong |last9=Wang |first9=Li-Song |title=''Squamarina'' (lichenised fungi) species described from China belong to at least three unrelated genera |journal=MycoKeys |issue=66 |year=2020 |pmid=32377155 |pmc=7195383 |doi=10.3897/mycokeys.66.39057 |doi-access=free |pages=135–157}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhang et al. 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yanyun |last2=Wang |first2=Lun |last3=Wang |first3=Xinyu |last4=Printzen |first4=Christian |last5=Timdal |first5=Einar |last6=Wang |first6=Lisong |title=''Squamarina subcetrarioides'' comb. & stat. nov. (Stereocaulaceae), a separate species from the type species of Squamarina |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=55 |issue=3–4 |year=2023 |doi=10.1017/S0024282923000166 |pages=133–137 |bibcode=2023ThLic..55..133Z }}</ref>
}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7581937}}
Category:Stereocaulaceae Category:Lichen genera Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Taxa described in 1958 Category:Taxa named by Josef Poelt