{{short description|Genus of fish}} {{Automatic taxobox |image = Spondyliosoma_cantharus.jpg |image_caption =''Spondyliosoma cantharus'' is a species in this genus |taxon = Spondyliosoma |image_alt = Photograph of the side of the fish. It is lying on sand |authority = [[Theodore Cantor|Cantor]], 1849 | type_species = ''Sparus cantharus'' | type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Sparidae|access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> | synonyms = {{Genus list | Cantharus | [[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1816 | Cantharusa | [[Embrik Strand|Strand]], 1928 }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF/> }}
'''''Spondyliosoma''''' is a genus of marine [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Sparidae]], which includes the seabreams and porgies. The genus contains two species, one, the black seabream, from the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the other, the steentjie seabream, from the western Indian Ocean.
==Taxonomy== ''Spondyliosoma'' was first proposed as a genus in 1849 by the Danish [[zoologist]] [[Theodore Cantor]] with ''Sparus cantharus'' being the [[type species]]. Cantor proposed the new name to replace [[Georges Cuvier]]'s ''Cantharus'' which was preoccupied by ''[[Cantharus (gastropod)|Cantharus]]'' [[Peter Friedrich Röding|Röding]], 1798 in [[Mollusca]] and by ''Cantharus'' [[Pierre Denys de Montfort|Monfort]], 1808 in [[Foraminifera]].<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Sparidae|access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref> The type species of Cuvier's ''Cantharus'' was ''Sparus cantharus'' by [[monotypy]], Linnaeus had described ''S. cantharus'' in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']] published in 1758, with its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as the [[Mediterranean Sea]].<ref name = CofF/> This genus in the family Sparidae within the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Spariformes]] by the 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]''.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=502–506 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref> Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Boopsinae,<ref name = Parenti>{{cite journal |author= Parenti, P. |year=2019 |title=An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae |journal=FishTaxa |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=47–98 |url= https://fishtaxa.com/menuscript/index.php/ft/article/view/49/52}}</ref> but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.<ref name = Nelson5/>
==Etymology== ''Spondyliosoma'' means "spindle body", a name Cantor did not explain and it is not obvious why he gave the taxon this name.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/acanthuriformes6/ |title=Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |author=Christopher Scharpf |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>
==Species== ''Spondyliosoma'' contains 2 valid species:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus|genus=Spondyliosoma|month=October|year=2023}}</ref> * ''[[Spondyliosoma cantharus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> (Black seabream) * ''[[Spondyliosoma emarginatum]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1830</small> (Steentjie seabream)
==Characteristics== ''Spondyliosoma'' seabreams are characterised by the possession of 4 to 6 rows of thin, sharp [[incisor]]s in the front of both jaws. The juveniles have a row of conical teeth behind the incisors and these develop into [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]-like teeth in adults. The diameter of the eye is slightly smaller than the length of the snout. There are no scales on the [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s but the soft-rayed parts of these fins have scaly sheaths at their bases.<ref name = WIOF>{{cite book |author=Yukio Iwatsuki |author2=Phillip C Heemstra |name-list-style=and |chapter=Family Sparidae |pages=284–315 |title=Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean |volume=3 |editor1=[[Phil Heemstra|Phillip C Heemstra]] |editor2=Elaine Heemstra |editor3=David A Ebert |editor4=Wouter Holleman |editor5=[[John Ernest Randall|John E Randall]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-990951-32-9 |publisher=South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity |url=https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf}}</ref> The larger of the 2 species in the genus is the black seabream (''S. cantharus'') with a maximum published [[standard length]] of {{cvt|60|cm}} while the steentjie seabream (''S. emarginatum'') has a maximum published [[total length]] of {{cvt|45|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase/>
==Distribution== ''Spondyliosoma'' seabreams have parapatric distributions with the black seabream having a wide range encompassing the eastern Atlantic Ocean between Scandinavia and Namibia,<ref name = Fishbase2>{{FishBase|Spondyliosoma|cantharus|month=October|year=2023}}</ref> including the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The steentjie seabream is found in the southwstern Indian Ocean off South Africa and Madagascar.<ref name = Fishbase3>{{FishBase|Spondyliosoma|emarginatus|month=October|year=2023}}</ref>
==Fisheries== ''Spondyliosoma'' seabreams are of interest to fisheries, particularly the black seabream which is an important food fish targeted by both commercial and recreational fisheries in Europe.<ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Russell, B. |author2=Pollard, D. |name-list-style=& |author3=Carpenter, K.E. |author3-link=Kent E. Carpenter |year=2014 |title=''Spondyliosoma cantharus'' |article-number=e.T170258A1303321 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170258A1303321.en |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2008456}}
[[Category:Sparidae]] [[Category:Spondyliosoma| ]] [[Category:Actinopterygii genera]] [[Category:Spariform fish genera]]