Spatula (bird)

{{Short description|Genus of birds}} {{About|the bird|other uses|Spatula (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Northern-Shoveler Anas-clypeata.jpg | image_caption = Male northern shoveler | taxon = Spatula | authority = Boie, F, 1822 | type_species = ''Anas clypeata'' (now ''Spatula clypeata'') | type_species_authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | synonyms = * ''Anas'' (''Pterocyanea'') Bonaparte 1841<ref>{{cite journal | website=Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement | title=Part 7- Vertebrates | url=http://mave.tweakdsl.nl/tn/genera7.html |display-authors=etal| access-date=30 June 2016}}</ref> * ''Querquedula'' Stephens 1824 * ''Querquedula'' Oken 1817 nomen nudum * ''Rhynchaspis'' Stephens 1824 * ''Rhynchoplatus'' Berthold 1827 * ''Cyanopterus'' Bonaparte1838 non Haliday 1835 * ''Clypeata'' Lesson 1828 * ''Anas'' (''Micronetta'') Roberts 1922 * ''Adelonetta'' Heine & Reichenow 1890 * ''Punanetta'' Bonaparte 1856 * ''Fugaluna'' Trennins 1858 }}

'''''Spatula''''' is a genus of ducks in the family Anatidae that includes the shovelers, garganey, and several species of teals.

==Taxonomy== The species now placed in this genus were formerly placed in the genus ''Anas''. Molecular phylogenetic studies comparing mitochondrial DNA sequences published in 1999 and 2009 found that the genus ''Anas'', as then defined, was not monophyletic.<ref name="Johnson">{{cite journal | last1=Johnson | first1=Kevin P. | last2=Sorenson | first2=Michael D. | title=Phylogeny and Biogeography of Dabbling Ducks (Genus: Anas): A Comparison of Molecular and Morphological Evidence | journal=The Auk | volume=116 | issue=3 | date=1999 | doi=10.2307/4089339 | doi-access=free | pages=792–805 | url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article-pdf/116/3/792/28168333/auk0792.pdf | access-date=2025-11-05}}</ref><ref name=gonzalez>{{ cite journal | last1=Gonzalez | first1=J. | last2=Düttmann | first2=H. | last3=Wink | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Phylogenetic relationships based on two mitochondrial genes and hybridization patterns in Anatidae | journal=Journal of Zoology | volume=279 | issue=3 | pages=310–318 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00622.x }}</ref> Based on this published phylogeny, the genus ''Anas'' was split into four monophyletic genera, with ten species moved into the resurrected genus ''Spatula''.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | year=2017 | title=Screamers, ducks, geese & swans | work=World Bird List Version 7.3 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=23 July 2017 }}</ref>

The genus ''Spatula'' had originally been proposed by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1822. The type species is the northern shoveler.<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | year=1822 | title=Generalübersicht | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=1822 | at=Col 564| language=de | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27515513 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=460 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109100 }}</ref> The name ''Spatula'' is the Latin word for "spoon", from which the English word "spatula" also originates.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=361 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n361/mode/1up}}</ref>

===Extant species=== The genus contains ten species.<ref name=ioc/> The four larger species with large bills are known as '''shovelers''', while the smaller species are mostly called '''teals'''. {{Species table |genus= Spatula |authority-name= Boie, F |authority-year=1822 |species-count=ten|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row |name= Garganey|binomial=Spatula querquedula |image=File:Anas querquedula by Luciano 95.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Anas querquedula, Slottsskogen, Göteborg, Sweden 1.jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=yes |range= Europe and Asia, also in Africa in winter |range-image=File:Spatula querquedula map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size=37–41 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name=Blue-billed teal |binomial=Spatula hottentota |image=File:Blue-billed Teal (Spatula hottentota) at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (20971147368).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Eyton |authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=yes |range= eastern and southern Africa, from Sudan and Ethiopia west to Niger and Nigeria and south to South Africa and Namibia |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size=30–36 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name=Puna teal |binomial=Spatula puna |image=File:Anas puna - Puna teal, San Pedro de Atacama, Chile.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Tschudi |authority-year=1844 |authority-not-original=yes |range= the Andes of Peru, western Bolivia, northern Chile and extreme northwestern Argentina |range-image=File:Spatula puna map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size=48–51 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name=Silver teal |binomial=Spatula versicolor |image=File:Anas versicolor versicolor)- Macho.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt= |authority-name=Vieillot |authority-year= 1816|authority-not-original=yes |range= southern Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and the Falkland Islands |range-image=File:Spatula versicolor map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size=38–43 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on | ''S. v. versicolor'' (Vieillot, 1816) | ''S. v. fretensis'' (King, 1831)) }} }} {{Species table/row |name= Red shoveler|binomial=Spatula platalea |image=File:Spatula platalea 295509101.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:RedShovelerFemale.jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Vieillot |authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes |range= Tierra del Fuego northwards to Chile and most parts of Argentina, as well as the Falkland Islands and small isolated breeding populations in southern Peru |range-image=File:Spatula platalea map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size=45–56 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name=Cinnamon teal |binomial=Spatula cyanoptera |image=File:Cinnamon Teal - mating sequence, Los Osos (Cuesta by the Sea Inl.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Female Cinnamon Teal (8043588267).jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Vieillot |authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes |range= South America, western United States and extreme southwestern Canada; a rare visitor to the East Coast of the United States |range-image=File:Spatula cyanoptera map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size=35–48 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on | ''Spatula cyanoptera septentrionalium'' (Oberholser, 1906) | ''Spatula cyanoptera tropica'' (Snyder & Lumsden, 1951) | ''Spatula cyanoptera borreroi'' (Snyder & Lumsden, 1951) | ''Spatula cyanoptera orinoma'' (Snyder & Lumsden, 1951) | ''Spatula cyanoptera cyanoptera'' (Vieillot, 1816) }} }}

{{Species table/row |name=Blue-winged teal |binomial=Spatula discors |image=File:Spatula discors m Saddington Park Mississauga.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Blue-wingedTeal-16DEC2017(2).jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1766 |authority-not-original=yes |range= North America, where it breeds from southern Alaska to Nova Scotia and south to northern Texas, wintering south to northern South America |range-image=File:Spatula discors map.svg |range-image-size=180px |size=35–41 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name= Cape shoveler|binomial=Spatula smithii |image=File:Cape Shoveler, Anas smithii at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (21062939795).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Cape Shoveler, Anas smithii at Marievale Nature Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa (21036836576).jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Hartert |authority-year=1891 |authority-not-original= |range= South Africa, uncommon further north in Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, southern Angola, Lesotho, Mozambique and Zambia |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size=51–53 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

{{Species table/row |name= Australasian shoveler|binomial=Spatula rhynchotis |image=File:Australian Shoveler at the Waikanae Lagoon.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Australasian Shoveler- Goulds Lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Latham |authority-year=1801 |authority-not-original=yes |range= Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand |range-image= |range-image-size=180px |size=46–56 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on |''S. r. rhynchotis''(Latham, 1801) |''S. r. variegata''(Gould, 1856) }} }}

{{Species table/row |name=Northern shoveler |binomial=Spatula clypeata |image=File:Shoveler (Anas clypeata) (3).JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=|image-caption=Male |image2 =File:Northern Shoveler (Female).jpg|image2-caption=Female |authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year= 1758 |authority-not-original=yes |range= Northern areas of Europe and Asia and across most of North America, wintering south to northern Africa, southern Asia and northernmost South America |range-image=File:SpatulaClypeata.png |range-image-size=180px |size=43–56 cm |habitat= |hunting= |iucn-status= LC |population= |direction= |subspecies= }}

===Phylogeny=== Cladogram based on the analysis of Johnson & Sorenson in 1999,<ref name="Johnson"/> and Gonzalez and colleagues in 2009; both studies reached the same conclusions:<ref name=gonzalez/> {{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80% |label1=''Spatula'' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=Garganey ''S. querquedula'' |2={{clade |1=Blue-billed teal ''S. hottentota'' |2={{clade |1=Puna teal ''S. puna'' |2=Silver teal ''S. versicolor'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=Red shoveler ''S. platalea'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Blue-winged teal ''S. discors'' |2=Cinnamon teal ''S. cyanoptera'' }} |2={{clade |1=Cape shoveler ''S. smithii'' |2={{clade |1=Northern shoveler ''S. clypeata'' |2=Australasian shoveler ''S. rhynchotis'' }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References== {{Commons category|Spatula}} {{Reflist}}

Category:Spatula (bird) Category:Bird genera Category:Taxa named by Friedrich Boie Category:Long stubs with short prose