{{Short description|Lower house of the Cortes Generales}} {{Other uses|Congress of Deputies (disambiguation)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Infobox legislature | name = Congress of Deputies | native_name = ''{{lang|es|Congreso de los Diputados}}''<br />{{hidden|Co-official languages|{{langx|eu|Diputatuen Kongresua}}<br/>{{langx|ca|Congrés dels Diputats}}<br />{{langx|gl|Congreso dos Deputados}}<br />{{langx|oc|Congrès des Deputats|label=[[Aranese]]}}}} | transcription_name = | legislature = [[15th Congress of Deputies]] | background_color = #900000 | coa_pic = File:Congreso de los Diputados logo 2021.svg | coa_res = 250px | coa-pic = | coa-res = | house_type = [[Lower house]] of the {{Lang|es|[[Cortes Generales]]|italic=no}} of the [[Kingdom of Spain]] | body = | foundation = 1810 | houses = | leader1_type = [[President of the Congress of Deputies|President]] | leader1 = [[Francina Armengol]] | party1 = [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | election1 = 17 August 2023 | leader2_type = [[First Vice President of the Congress of Deputies|First Vice President]] | leader2 = [[Alfonso Rodríguez Gómez de Celis]] | party2 = [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | election2 = 3 December 2019 | leader3_type = [[Second Vice President of the Congress of Deputies|Second Vice President]] | leader3 = [[José Antonio Bermúdez de Castro]] | party3 = [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | election3 = 17 August 2023 | leader4_type = [[Third Vice President of the Congress of Deputies|Third Vice President]] | leader4 = [[Esther Gil de Reboleño Lastortres]] | party4 = [[Sumar (electoral platform)|SMR]] | election4 = 17 August 2023 | leader5_type = [[Fourth Vice President of the Congress of Deputies|Fourth Vice President]] | leader5 = [[Marta González Vázquez]] | party5 = [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | election5 = 17 August 2023 | members = 350 | structure1 = Congreso de los Diputados de la XV Legislatura de España.svg | structure1_res = 250px | structure2 = | structure2_res = | voting_system1 = [[Closed list]] [[Party-list proportional representation|proportional representation]],<br/>[[D'Hondt method]] | last_election1 = [[2023 Spanish general election|23 July 2023]] | next_election1 = [[Next Spanish general election|No later than 22 August 2027]] | session_room = Conmemoración_del_40_Aniversario_de_la_Constitución_Española_05.jpg | session_res = | meeting_place = {{lang|es|[[Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid|Palacio de las Cortes]]|italic=unset}}<br/>[[Madrid]], [[Community of Madrid]]<br/>[[Kingdom of Spain]] | political_groups1 = '''[[Third government of Pedro Sánchez|Government]] (147)''' * {{Color box|{{party color|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}}} [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] (121) * {{Color box|{{party color|Sumar (electoral platform)}}}} [[Sumar (electoral platform)|Sumar]] (26){{efn| * {{Color box|{{party color|Sumar (electoral platform)}}}} [[Sumar (electoral platform)|MS]] (11) * {{Color box|{{party color|Catalunya en Comú}}}} [[Catalunya en Comú|Comuns]] (6) * {{Color box|{{party color|United Left (Spain)}}}} [[United Left (Spain)|IU]] (5) * {{Color box|{{party color|Más Madrid}}}} [[Más Madrid|MM]] (2) * {{Color box|{{party color|Coalició Compromís}}}} [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]] (1) * {{Color box|{{party color|Més per Mallorca}}}} [[Més per Mallorca|Més]] (1)}}
'''[[Confidence and supply|Supported by]] (24)''' * {{Color box|{{party color|Republican Left of Catalonia}}}} [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]] (7) * {{Color box|{{party color|EH Bildu (2023)}}}} [[EH Bildu]] (6) * {{Color box|{{party color|Basque Nationalist Party}}}} [[Basque Nationalist Party|EAJ/PNV]] (5) * {{Color box|black}} Mixed Group (6){{efn| * {{Color box|{{party color|Podemos (Spanish political party, 2022)}}}} [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] (4) * {{Color box|{{party color|Galician Nationalist Bloc}}}} [[Galician Nationalist Bloc|BNG]] (1) * {{Color box|{{party color|Coalició Compromís}}}} [[Coalició Compromís|Compromís]] (1)}}
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Opposition]] (179)''' * {{Color box|{{party color|People's Party (Spain)}}}} [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] (137) * {{Color box|{{party color|Vox (political party)}}}} [[Vox (political party)|Vox]] (33) * {{Color box|{{party color|Together for Catalonia (2020)}}}} [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]] (7) * {{Color box|black}} Mixed Group (2){{efn| * {{Color box|{{party color|Navarrese People's Union}}}} [[Navarrese People's Union|UPN]] (1) * {{Color box|{{party color|Canarian Coalition}}}} [[Canarian Coalition|CCa]] (1)}} | political_groups2 = | committees1 = | joint_committees = | website = {{URL|congreso.es}} | rules = [https://www.congreso.es/webpublica/ficherosportal/standing_orders_02.pdf Standing Orders of the Congress of Deputies] (English) }} The '''Congress of Deputies''' ({{langx|es|link=no|Congreso de los Diputados}}) is the [[lower house]] of the {{Lang|es|[[Cortes Generales]]|italic=no}}, Spain's [[legislative branch]], the [[upper house]] being the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]]. The Congress meets in the [[Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid|Palace of the Parliament]] ({{lang|es|Palacio de las Cortes}}) in [[Madrid]].
Congress has 350 members elected from fifty-two [[Constituency|constituencies]] (the fifty [[Provinces of Spain|province]]s and two [[Autonomous cities of Spain|autonomous cities]]) using [[closed list]] [[D'Hondt method|D'Hondt]] [[proportional representation]]. Deputies serve four-year terms. The presiding officer and speaker is the [[President of the Congress of Deputies]], who is elected by the members at the first sitting of Congress after an election.
The two principal bodies in Congress are [[Parliamentary group (Spain)|parliamentary group]]s and [[committee|parliamentary committees]] ({{langx|es|comisiones}}). All MPs are required to be members of a parliamentary group,{{sfn|Congress Standing Orders|loc=Section 23}} the institutionalised form of political parties. Groups act with one voice represented by their spokesperson. In other words, the Spanish Parliament is a parliament of groups, not individual MPs who are constrained to act only as part of the group.{{sfn|Sánchez de Dios|1999|p=150,159}}{{sfn|Jalali|Rodríguez Teruel|2019|p=49,52}} MPs can only act autonomously when submitting oral or written questions.{{sfn|Jalali|Rodríguez Teruel|2019|p=52}}
As a result of the [[April 2019 Spanish general election|2019 general election]], there were 168 female deputies or 48% of all members, making Spain the European country with the highest percentage of women in parliament, surpassing Sweden and Finland;<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/05/03/which-european-country-has-the-most-female-politicians |title=Which European country has the most female politicians? |date=3 May 2019 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=13 June 2019 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> however, the share decreased to a 44.3% after the [[2023 Spanish general election|elections in 2023]].<ref name="INE">{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.es/ss/Satellite?L=es_ES&c=INESeccion_C&cid=1259925595398&p=1254735110672&pagename=ProductosYServicios%2FPYSLayout¶m1=PYSDetalle¶m3=1259924822888 |title=8.2 Mujeres en el Congreso de los Diputados y en el Senado Fichero PDF |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística |access-date=March 8, 2025}}</ref>
== Constitutional position == === House makeup === ==== Composition ==== Section 68.1 of the [[Constitution of Spain|Spanish Constitution]] establishes that the Congress of Deputies must be composed of at least 300, and no more than 400 deputies. At present, the house has 350 deputies which is determined by the 1985 ''Electoral Act''.
==== Electoral system ==== [[File:Provinces of Spain - 2023 apportionment.svg|left|thumb|250x250px|Deputies per constituency set for the [[2023 Spanish general election|general election of 2023]]]] The Spanish Constitution establishes that the deputies are chosen by [[Universal suffrage|universal]], free, [[Equal suffrage|equal]], [[Direct suffrage|direct]], and [[secret suffrage]]. The election is held every four years or earlier in case of [[snap election]]. The members of the Congress are elected by proportional representation with [[closed list]]s in each constituency.
There are 52 constituencies for the Congress of Deputies corresponding to the 50 [[provinces of Spain]] and two [[Autonomous cities of Spain|autonomous cities]] ([[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]]).{{Sfn|Spanish Constitution|1978|ref=CITEREFSpanish_Constitution1978|loc=art. 68.2}} According to Spanish electoral law, the number of seats in each constituency can change in each election and it is specified when writs of election are issued.{{Sfn|Electoral System Act|1985|loc=art. 162}} Each province is guaranteed a minimum allocation of two seats, and one seat each for Ceuta and Melilla for a total of 102 seats. The remaining 248 seats are allocated proportionally according to the population using the [[Hare quota]].{{Sfn|OSCE/ODIHR|2012|p=7}}
After the [[Elections in Spain#General elections|General Election]], seats are assigned to the electoral lists in each constituency separately, using the [[D'Hondt method]]; parties receive seats in approximate proportion to the number of votes each received in the constituency. A strictly proportional system would result in fractional seats; the D'Hondt method resolves this by favoring parties receiving larger votes.
For provinces that elect at least 24 deputies, the 1985 Electoral Act establishes a 3% minimum valid votes by constituency requirement (blank votes count towards the total votes, but invalid ballots do not count) for a party to participate in the seat distribution for a constituency. At present, this condition applies only to [[Province of Madrid|Madrid]] and [[Province of Barcelona|Barcelona]].
In March 2011, the Electoral Act was modified to require parties that are not represented either in Congress or in the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]] to collect signatures to support their candidacy to be able to run in the election. One-tenth of a percent of those registered to vote in a constituency are required to be on the ballot and each citizen can sign only once for a party candidacy. The [[Junta Electoral Central|Electoral Board]] establishes the regulations for the collection of signatures.
==== Mandate ==== The deputies' term of office finishes four years after their election or when the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] are dissolved, which can take place jointly or separately with the dissolution of the Senate. Only the [[Monarchy of Spain|Monarch]] can dissolve Parliament on the request of the [[Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Government]] after the deliberation of the [[Council of Ministers (Spain)|Council of Ministers]]. The dissolution of the Cortes also takes place if there is a failed legislature or two months after a failed investiture session, in this case, the Monarch dissolves the house with the countersign of the [[President of the Congress of Deputies]]. During their mandate, the deputies have some guarantees and privileges to carry their responsibilities out according to Section 97 of the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|Spanish Constitution]].
=== Bodies of the Congress === [[File:Congreso de los Diputados (1850) heute Palacio de las Cortes span Parlament Madrid España - Foto Wolfgang Pehlemann P1250289.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|{{Lang|es|Congreso de los Diputados}} (built 1850): ''Palacio de las Cortes''. Seat of the Spanish Parliament in Madrid (2016)]] Exercising the autonomy recognised by the [[Constitution of Spain|Constitution]] to the Congress of Deputies, the house is regulated by some internal rules established by itself in 1982 and it configures different government bodies to carry the pertinent competencies out.
==== Governing bodies ==== The governing bodies of the Congress of Deputies are the bodies which under their authority the House is manage. Those bodies are the [[President of the Congress of Deputies|President]], the [[Bureaus of the Cortes Generales#Congress of Deputies Bureau|Bureau]] and the [[Board of Spokespersons#Congress of Deputies|Board of Spokespersons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the Congress of Deputies? |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/cem/func |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>
The '''President of the Congress of Deputies''' is the highest authority and it represents the House and it is, de facto, the whole parliament leader. As head of the Congress, it also chairs the Bureau, the [[Board of Spokespersons]] and the Permanent Deputation, and is the maximum responsible authority of the Congress's Police.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The President of the Congress of Deputies |url=https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/biografia/Paginas/index.aspx|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>
The '''Bureau of the Congress of Deputies''' is the collective body that represents the House and manages the day-to-day of the Chamber, preparing the budget and making all the necessary decisions to allow the proper functioning of the functions of the Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current membership of Bureau |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/web/guest/mesa |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>
The '''Board of Spokespersons of the Congress of Deputies''' is the collective body formed by representatives of the parliamentary groups and normally, government representatives, that establishes the agenda of the House.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Current membership of Board of Spokespersons|url=https://www.congreso.es/en/junta-de-portavoces|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>
==== Working bodies ==== The working bodies of the Congress of Deputies are the Plenary, the [[Committee]]s, the [[Permanent Deputation]] and the [[Parliamentary group (Spain)|Parliamentary Groups]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Groups |url=https://www.congreso.es/en/grupos/composicion-en-la-legislatura|access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref>
The '''Plenary''' is the central body of the Congress of Deputies which allows the house to exercise their choices. It is the sitting of all the members of the Parliament when half plus one of its members are attending the house. This body represents the unity of the house and it works through the plenary sessions which can be ordinary or extraordinary.
The ordinary sessions take place during the two meeting terms: September to December and February to June. The extraordinary sessions are convened at the request of the [[Prime Minister of Spain]], the Permanent Council or the absolute majority of the house. In this kind of session a particular agenda is presented, and the session ends when all items have been discussed.
The '''Committees''' are the basic working bodies of the Congress designed to facilitate the work of the house. The committees have the same powers as the Plenary: to legislate by delegation of the plenary or at the request of the Bureau, and to check the Government by requesting information of the Administration or by requesting the appearance of any member of the Government or Administration.
There are two types of committees: standing and non-standing. The standing committees are defined by the Congress's standing orders{{sfn|Congress Standing Orders|loc=Section 46}} and non-standing committees, created by the Plenary. The standing committees examine bills and make amendments. The Plenary of the Congress can confer upon them full legislative power in relation to a matter, so they can approve or reject any bill. There are 23 permanent (standing) legislative committees and 8 permanent (standing) non-legislative committees which have responsibilities for House administration. The Plenary can create additional non-legislative committees at the beginning of each legislature. The non-standing committees are created with a specific purpose and their themes and duration are determined by the Plenary.
The members of the committees are chosen by the Parliamentary Groups with the number of members proportional to the number of seats in the House, which means they are not effective checks on the Government when the party in office has a parliamentary majority.{{sfn|Fernandes|Riera|2019|page=83}} Once the committees are created they must elect in their first meeting the bureau of the committee, composed of a chair, two deputy chairs and two secretaries. In practice, the largest party always enjoys a clear over-representation in the distribution of chairpersons.{{sfn|Fernandes|Riera|2019|page=83}}
Subcommittees can also be created by the Plenary at the request of the committees. There are two types of subcommittees, the ordinary subcommittees, the purpose of which is to discuss and report on a specific issue, and the reporting subcommittees, the purpose of which is to write a draft bill to be discussed in the committee. The members of the subcommittees are designated by the committee.
The '''Permanent Deputation''' is a body created in order to have a permanent constituted legislative power. It is responsible for safeguarding the powers of the house between the legislative sessions (January, July and August) or when their term has finished because of termination or dissolution. In these three cases, the Permanent Deputation is a temporary extension of the house. The Permanent Deputation is presided by the [[President of the Congress of Deputies|President of the Congress]]. It is composed of a proportional number of deputies depending on the numerical importance of the different Parliamentary Groups.
All members of the house are assigned to one of the '''Parliamentary Groups''' reflecting their party affiliation or ideology. The formation of the parliamentary groups takes place at the beginning of each legislature. The deputies (members) who cannot satisfy the rules for forming a group are placed together in their own group (called the Mixed Group) so that they can still participate in the functions of Parliament.
== Composition of the XV legislature == {{Main|15th Cortes Generales|2023 Spanish general election}}
The XV legislature of Spain started on 17 August 2023 when the {{Lang|es|[[Cortes Generales]]|italic=no}} were constituted, once the [[2023 Spanish general election|2023 general election]] was held.
=== Bureau of the Congress of Deputies === {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" |+[[File:Escudo del Congreso de España.svg|center|106x106px]]Bureau of the Congress of Deputies ! Position ! Holder ! Party |- |'''[[President of the Congress of Deputies|President]]''' |[[Francina Armengol|Francina Armengol Socias]] |{{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |- |'''[[President of the Congress of Deputies#Vice presidents|First Vice President]]''' |[[Alfonso Rodríguez Gómez de Celis]] |{{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |- |'''[[President of the Congress of Deputies#Vice presidents|Second Vice President]]''' |[[José Antonio Bermúdez de Castro]] |{{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] |- |'''[[President of the Congress of Deputies#Vice presidents|Third Vice President]]''' |[[Esther Gil de Reboleño Lastortres]] |{{Party shading/Sumar}} | [[Sumar (electoral platform)|SMR]] |- |'''[[President of the Congress of Deputies#Vice presidents|Fourth Vice President]]''' |[[Marta González Vázquez]] |{{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] |- |'''First Secretary''' |[[Gerardo Pisarello Prados]] |{{Party shading/Sumar}} | [[Sumar (electoral platform)|SMR]] |- |'''Second Secretary''' |[[Isaura Leal Fernandez|Isaura Leal Fernández]] |{{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] |- |'''Third Secretary''' |[[Guillermo Mariscal Anaya]] |{{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] |- |'''Fourth Secretary''' |[[María del Carmen Navarro Lacoba]] |{{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] |}
===Current Committees (XV legislature, 2023–present)===
====Permanent Legislative Committees==== {| class="wikitable" ! width="550" | Committee<ref name=Committees>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/comisiones |title=Comisiones - Congreso de los Diputados |trans-title=Committees - Congress of Deputies |access-date=6 December 2023 |author=Congress of Deputies |website=www.congreso.es}}</ref> ! width="325" colspan="2" | Chair(s) ! Term |- | Constitutional | [[José Zaragoza Alonso]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Foreign Affairs | [[Juan Carlos Ruiz Boix]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Justice | [[Francisco Lucas Ayala]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Defence | [[Alberto Fabra Part]] | {{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | 2023–present |- | Finance and Civil Service | [[Alejandro Soler Mur]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Budgets | [[Carlos Martín Urriza]] | {{Party shading/Sumar}} | [[Sumar (electoral platform)|SMR]] | 2023–present |- | Interior | [[José Luis Ábalos Meco]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Transport and Sustainable Mobility | [[José Ramón Gómez Besteiro]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Education, Vocational Training and Sports | [[Mercedes González Fernández]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Labour, Social Economy, Inclusion, Social Security and Migration | [[Aina Vidal Sáez]] | {{Party shading/Sumar}} | [[Sumar (electoral platform)|SMR]] {{small|([[Catalunya en Comú|CatComú]])}} | 2023–present |- | Industry and Tourism | [[Inés Granollers i Cunillera]] | {{Party shading/ERC}} | [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]] | 2023–present |- | Social Rights and Consumer Affairs | [[Luis Carlos Sahuquillo García]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Agriculture, Fisheries and Food | [[Joseba Andoni Agirretxea Urresti]] | {{Party shading/PNV}} | [[Basque Nationalist Party|EAJ–PNV]] | 2023–present |- | Territorial Policy | [[Rafaela Crespín Rubio]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge | [[Cristina Narbona Ruiz]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Housing and Urban Agenda | [[Isabel María Borrego Cortés]] | {{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | 2023–present |- | Culture | [[Gerardo Pisarello Prados]] | {{Party shading/Sumar}} | [[Sumar (electoral platform)|SMR]] {{small|([[Catalunya en Comú|CatComú]])}} | 2023–present |- | Economy, Trade and Digital Transformation | [[Pedro Puy Fraga]] | {{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | 2023–present |- | Health | [[Agustín Santos Maraver]] | {{Party shading/Sumar}} | [[Sumar (electoral platform)|SMR]] | 2023–present |- | Science, Innovation and Universities | [[María Sandra Moneo Díez]] | {{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | 2023–present |- | International Cooperation for Development | [[Susana Ros Martínez]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Equality | [[Carmen Calvo Poyato]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Youth and Children | [[Jordi Salvador i Duch]] | {{Party shading/ERC}} | [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]] | 2023–present |}
====Permanent non-Legislative Committees==== {| class="wikitable" ! width="550" | Committee<ref name=Committees>{{Cite web |url=https://www.congreso.es/es/comisiones |title=Comisiones - Congreso de los Diputados |trans-title=Committees - Congress of Deputies |access-date=6 December 2023 |author=Congress of Deputies |website=www.congreso.es}}</ref> ! width="325" colspan="2" | Chair(s) ! Term |- | Rules | [[Francina Armengol Socias]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Deputies' Statute | [[Manuel Cobo Vega]] | {{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | 2023–present |- | Petitions | [[Carlos Aragonés Mendiguchía]] | {{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | 2023–present |- | Monitoring and Evaluation of the Agreements of the [[Toledo Pact]] | [[María Mercè Perea i Conillas]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Monitoring and Evaluation of the Agreements of the State Pact against Gender Violence | [[Adriana Lastra Fernández]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Comprehensive Disability Policies | [[María Mercedes Fernández González]] | {{Party shading/PP}} | [[People's Party (Spain)|PP]] | 2023–present |- | Democratic Quality, Fight Against Corruption and Institutional and Legal Reforms | [[Antidio Fagúndez Campo]] | {{Party shading/PSOE}} | [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] | 2023–present |- | Road Safety | [[Marta Madrenas i Mir]] | {{Party shading/Junts}} | [[Together for Catalonia (2020)|Junts]] | 2023–present |}
== Presidency of the Congress of Deputies == {{Main|President of the Congress of Deputies}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! Legislature ! colspan="2" |President ! Party ! Start ! End |- |[[Constituent Legislature of Spain|Constituent]] | bgcolor="{{party color|Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)}}" | |[[Fernando Álvarez de Miranda]]||[[File:Logo UCD.svg|20px]] [[Unión de Centro Democrático|UCD]]||13 July 1977 || 22 March 1979 |- | I legislature | bgcolor="{{party color|Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)}}" | | [[Landelino Lavilla|Landelino Lavilla Alsina]] ||[[File:Logo UCD.svg|20px]] [[Unión de Centro Democrático|UCD]]||23 March 1979 || 17 November de 1982 |- | II legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" | | [[Gregorio Peces-Barba]] ||[[File:Logo PSOE, 1976-2001.svg|Logo PSOE, 1976–2001|27x27px]] [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]]||18 November 1982 || 14 July 1986 |- | III legislature | rowspan="3" bgcolor="#FF0000" | | rowspan="3" |[[Félix Pons|Félix Pons Irazazábal]] | rowspan="3" |[[File:Logo PSOE, 1976-2001.svg|Logo PSOE, 1976–2001|27x27px]] [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] | rowspan="3" |15 July 1986 | rowspan="3" |26 March 1996 |- | IV legislature |- | V legislature |- | VI legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#1E90FF" | |[[Federico Trillo|Federico Trillo-Figueroa]]||[[File:People's Party (Spain) Logo (1993-2000).svg|23x23px]] [[Popular Party (Spain)|PP]]||27 March 1996||4 April 2000 |- | VII legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#1E90FF" | |[[Luisa Fernanda Rudi|Luisa Fernanda Rudi Úbeda]]||[[File:People's Party (Spain) Logo (2000-2007).svg|23x23px]] [[Popular Party (Spain)|PP]]||5 April 2000||1 April 2004 |- | VIII legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" | |[[Manuel Marín González]]||[[File:Logotipo del PSOE.svg|20px]] [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]]||2 April 2004||31 March de 2008 |- | IX legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" | |[[José Bono|José Bono Martínez]]||[[File:Logotipo del PSOE.svg|20px]] [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]]||1 April 2008||12 December 2011 |- | X legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#1E90FF" | |[[Jesús Posada|Jesús Posada Moreno]]||[[File:People's Party (Spain) Logo (2008-2015).svg|23x23px]] [[Popular Party (Spain)|PP]]||13 December 2011||12 January 2016 |- | XI legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" | |[[Patxi López|Patxi López Álvarez]]||[[File:Logotipo del PSOE.svg|20px]] [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]]||13 January 2016||18 July 2016 |- | XII legislature | style="color:inherit;background:#1E90FF" | |[[Ana María Pastor Julián|Ana Pastor Julián]]||[[File:People's Party (Spain) Logo.svg|sinmarco|23x23px]] [[Popular Party (Spain)|PP]]||19 July 2016||20 May 2019 |- | [[13th Cortes Generales|XIII legislature]] | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FF0000" | | rowspan="2" |[[Meritxell Batet|Meritxell Batet Lamaña]]|| rowspan="2" |[[File:Logotip del PSC.svg|alt=|20x20px]] [[Socialists' Party of Catalonia|PSC]]|| rowspan="2" |21 May 2019 | rowspan="2" | 16 August 2023 |- | [[14th Cortes Generales|XIV legislature]] |- |[[15th Cortes Generales|XV legislature]] | style="color:inherit;background:#FF0000" | |[[Francina Armengol|Francina Armengol Socias]] |[[File:Logotipo del PSOE.svg|20px]] [[Partido Socialista Obrero Español|PSOE]] |17 August 2023 |''Incumbent'' |}
==Congress of Deputies building== [[File:Congreso de los Diputados (España) 02.jpg|thumb|The allegorical front of the building]] {{PoliticsES}}<!-- Placed here so that the photo above is in the right section --> The building, ''[[Palacio de las Cortes, Madrid|Palacio de las Cortes]]'', has a neoclassical style. It was designed by [[Narciso Pascual Colomer]], and built between 1843 and 1850. It sits by the Carrera de San Jerónimo, in Madrid. The relief on the facade by sculptor [[Ponciano Ponzano]] centers on a sculpture of Spain embracing the constitutional state, represented by a woman with her arm around a young girl. Surrounding the pair are figures that represent in allegorical form Justice and Peace, Science, Agriculture, Fine Arts, Navigation, Industry, Commerce and so on. Ponzano also executed two bronze lions for the building's access stairway in a more realistic manner.<ref name=EnciclopediaAragonesa>{{cite web |url=http://www.enciclopedia-aragonesa.com/voz.asp?voz_id=10337 |title=Ponzano y Gascón, Ponciano |language=es |work=Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa |access-date=28 May 2012}}</ref>
==See also== * [[Bureaus of the Cortes Generales]] * [[Board of Spokespersons]] * [[Canal Parlamento]] * [[List of presidents of the Congress of Deputies of Spain]] * [[Senate of Spain]] * [[Political parties in Spain]] * [[Spanish Parliamentarism]]
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography == * {{Cite book|isbn=9781351065214|chapter=Committee systems in Portugal and Spain|author-first1=Jorge M|author-last1=Fernandes|author-first2=Pedro|author-last2=Riera |pages=71–88|editor-first=Jorge M.|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first2=Cristina|editor-last2=Leston-Bandeira|year=2019|title=The Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective|publisher=Routledge|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333348641}} * {{Cite book|isbn=9781351065214|chapter=Parliamentary party groups in the Iberian democracies|author-first1=Carlos|author-last1=Jalali|author-first2=Juan|author-last2=Rodríguez Teruel|pages=49–70|editor-first=Jorge M.|editor-last=Fernandes|editor-first2=Cristina|editor-last2=Leston-Bandeira|year=2019|title=The Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective|publisher=Routledge|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333348641}} * {{Cite book|isbn=0-8142-5000-9|chapter=Parliamentary Party Discipline in Spain|first=Manuel|last=Sánchez de Dios|pages=141–162|editor-first=Shaun|editor-last=Bowler|editor-first2=David|editor-last2=Farrell|editor-first3=Richard|editor-last3=Katz|year=1999|title=Party Discipline and Parliamentary Government|publisher=[[Ohio State University Press]]|chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159559581.pdf}} * {{cite act |index=Organic Law 5/1985 |title=Electoral System Act |url=https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1985/06/19/5/con |date=19 June 1985 |trans-title=Régimen Electoral General| access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado|language=es|ref={{SfnRef|Electoral System Act|1985}}}} * {{cite web |title=The Spanish Constitution |url=https://www.boe.es/legislacion/documentos/ConstitucionINGLES.pdf |publisher=Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado [National Agency of the [[Boletín Oficial del Estado|Official State Gazette]]]|access-date=10 June 2022 |language=English |date=1978|ref={{SfnRef|Spanish Constitution|1978}}}} * {{cite web |title=Standing Orders of the Congress of Deputies |publisher =Congress of Deputies | access-date=12 September 2023| url=https://www.congreso.es/webpublica/ficherosportal/standing_orders_02.pdf|ref={{SfnRef|Congress Standing Orders}}}} * {{cite web|author1=OSCE/ODIHR|title=Spain, Early Parliamentary Elections, 20 November 2011: Final Report|url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/0/88222.pdf|date=17 February 2012|location=Warsaw|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights}}
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|Congress of Deputies of Spain}} * [https://www.congreso.es/en/cem/func | Official website]
{{Congress of Deputies constituencies in Spain}} {{National lower houses}}{{Authority control}} {{coord|40|24|59|N|3|41|48|W|display=title}}
[[Category:Congress of Deputies (Spain)| ]] [[Category:Cortes Generales]] [[Category:National lower houses|Spain]]