{{Short description|Draught horse breed of the former Soviet Union}} {{Distinguish|Russian Heavy Draft}} {{use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} {{use list-defined references|date=June 2017}} {{Infobox horse breed | name = Soviet Heavy Draft<br>Советский тяжеловоз | image = Soviet_heavy_draft.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image2 = | image_size2 = | image_alt2 = | image_caption2 = | features = | altname = {{ubl|{{langx|ru|Советский тяжеловоз}}|Sovetskii Tyazhelovoz|Sovetskaya Tyazhelovozskaya{{r|dad}}|Soviet Heavy Draught}} | country = {{ubl|Former Soviet Union|Russian Federation}} | distribution = | use = Working animal | colour = bay, brown, chestnut | male_height = 163 cm{{r|dad}} | female_height = 160 cm{{r|dad}} | male_weight = average 850 kg{{r|dad}}<br>maximum 1,000 kg{{r|dmit|page=325}} | female_weight = 700 kg{{r|dad}} | status = FAO (2007): not listed{{r|barb|page=99}} | note = | group1 = | std1 = }}
[[File:Soviet Heavy Draft. Sevastopol Zoo..JPG|thumb|In the Sevastopol Zoo (May 2011)]] The '''Soviet Heavy Draft''' is a Russian breed of heavy draft horse.<ref>Советский тяжеловоз // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 2. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.374</ref> It derives from the Belgian Brabant heavy draft breed. It was developed in the former Soviet Union for agricultural draft work, and was recognized as a breed in 1952.{{r|dmit|page=324}} It is one of several heavy draft breeds developed in the Soviet Union in the twentieth century, others being the Russian Heavy Draft – which derived mainly from the Ardennais – and the Vladimir Heavy Draft, which was derived principally from the Clydesdale.
== History ==
The Russian Empire had no indigenous breeds of heavy draft horse.{{r|edwards|page=277}} The origins of the Soviet Heavy Draft date to the late nineteenth century, at the Khrenovski stud farm in Voronezh Oblast. Imported Brabant draft stallions from Belgium were cross-bred with mares of various types: some were of Ardennais, Jutland, Percheron or Suffolk Punch draft type, others were riding horses.{{r|dmit|page=324}} Breeding was later transferred to the Pochinki Stud Farm in Pochinki, in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, with another center at the stud farm of Gavrilov Posad, in Ivanovo Oblast, and another in Mordovia.{{r|dmit|page=325}}
The breeding range covered a broad area in central-southern Russia. In 1885 there were three Brabant stallions in that area; in 1895 there were fifty-eight, by 1950 almost four hundred, and nearly nine hundred in 1945. There was strong demand for powerful agricultural horses, and the area of influence of the Brabant stallions spread. They were used in the creation of the Estonian and Lithuanian Heavy Draft breeds.{{r|dmit|page=325}}
The Soviet Heavy Draft was named and officially recognized in 1952.{{r|dmit|page=325}} In 1980 the total population was about 35,000, of which almost 4,000 were pure-bred.{{r|dmit|page=272}}
== Characteristics ==
The selective breeding that created the Soviet Heavy Draft resulted in a massively-built horse with free-moving gaits.
It has a straight or convex profile, and a short neck. The torso is wide and muscular, with a wide strong back and a muscular sloping croup. The abdomen is rounded. The legs are short and sturdy with solid joints and broad rounded hooves.{{r|bongianni|page=111}}
== Use ==
The Soviet Heavy Draft was created for draft work in agriculture and industry. It is also used in the production of meat and milk. Mares are moderately fertile (65–75%), and foals are fast-growing, reaching {{nobreak|350–400 kg}} when weaned. The highest recorded milk yield per lactation is {{nobreak|6,320 kg}}.{{r|dmit|page=325}}
It was among the breeds used in the development of the Bulgarian Heavy Draft in the later twentieth century.{{r|cabi|page=448}}
== References == {{commons cat}} {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>
<ref name=bongianni>Maurizio Bongianni (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=u0pWZ3bmsAkC ''Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies'']. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. {{isbn|0671660683}}.</ref>
<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{ISBN|9781780647944}}.</ref>
<ref name=dad>[http://dad.fao.org/cgi-bin/EfabisWeb.cgi?sid=0b1613ebf16355cf65f6a05b9a65fe25,reportsreport8a_50008753 Sovetskii Tyazhelovoz/Russian Federation]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2017.</ref>
<ref name=dmit>N.G. Dmitriev, L.K. Ernst (1989). [https://web.archive.org/web/20250407013405/https://www.fao.org/4/ah759e/ah759e.pdf ''Animal genetic resources of the USSR'']. FAO animal production and health paper 65. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9251025827}}. Archived 7 April 2025.</ref>
<ref name=edwards>Elwyn Hartley Edwards (1994). ''The Encyclopedia of the Horse''. London; New York; Stuttgart; Moscow: Dorling Kindersley. {{ISBN|0751301159}}.</ref>
}}
== Sources == * Книга о лошади / сост. С. М. Буденный. том 1. М., 1952. * Советская тяжеловозная порода // Большая Советская Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. Б. А. Введенский. 2-е изд. том 39. М., Государственное научное издательство «Большая Советская энциклопедия», 1956. стр.484
{{Horse breeds of the Russian Federation}}
Category:Horse breeds Category:Horse breeds originating in Russia Category:Animal breeds originating in the Soviet Union Category:Draft horses Category:Meat horses