{{Short description|Species of rodent}} {{Speciesbox | name = Southern mountain cavy | image = Microcavia Australis.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Roach, N. |date=2016 |title=''Microcavia australis'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T13319A22189827 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13319A22189827.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> | taxon = Microcavia australis | authority = (I. Geoffroy & d'Orbigny, 1833) | synonyms = }}
The '''southern mountain cavy''' ('''''Microcavia australis''''') is a species of South American rodent in the family Caviidae.
==Description== Southern mountain cavies are tailless rodents with short, speckled, greyish-yellow fur, fading to pale grey on the underparts. Adults measure around {{convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} in total length and weigh between {{convert|200|and|326|g|abbr=on}}. They have large eyes surrounded by a prominent white ring, and small rounded ears. Females have four teats.<ref name=Tognelli2001>{{cite journal | author = Tognelli, M.F. | author2 = Campos, C.M. | author3 = Ojeda, R.A. | name-list-style = amp | date = 2001 | title = ''Microcavia australis'' | journal = Mammalian Species | url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/648_Microcavia_australis.pdf | pages = 1–4 | doi = 10.1644/1545-1410(2001)648<0001:ma>2.0.co;2 | volume=648| s2cid = 198968945 }}</ref>
==Distribution and habitat== Southern mountain cavies are largely restricted to Argentina, but may also be found in some neighbouring regions of Chile and Bolivia. They are found across almost the whole of western and southern Argentina, where they inhabit arid and semiarid lowlands, often close to rivers or in areas dominated by thorn bushes.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> Three subspecies are currently recognised:<ref name=Tognelli2001/>
* ''M. a. australis'' - central western to southern Argentina, from San Juan to Santa Cruz, and parts of southeastern Chile * ''M. a. maenas'' - northwest Argentina, from Jujuy to La Rioja, and extreme southern Bolivia * ''M. a. salinia'' - western Argentina, from Catamarca and Santiago del Estero to Córdoba
==Biology and behaviour== Southern mountain cavies eat leaves, fruits and other plant material, with mesquite and ''Capparis'' being reported as particularly common foods. They can even climb trees to get at the leaves, sometimes reaching as high as {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} above the ground.<ref name=Tognelli2001/> In time of hardship, however, they will eat almost any plants, for example gnawing on the bark of creosote bushes.<ref name=Borruel1998>{{cite journal | author = Borruel, N.| date = 1998 | title = Effect of herbivorous rodents (cavies and tuco-tucos) on a shrub community in the Monte Desert, Argentina | journal = Journal of Arid Environments | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–37 | doi = 10.1006/jare.1997.0378| bibcode = 1998JArEn..39...33B |display-authors=etal| citeseerx = 10.1.1.514.2629 }}</ref>
They live in colonial burrows with anything from 4 to 38 individuals. Such burrows can be extensive, with one being reported to have 26 entrances, and a total length of {{convert|42|m|abbr=on}}. They are diurnal, emerging from the burrows at sunrise, and remaining active throughout the day, except in particularly hot weather. Males are often aggressive towards one another, creating a strict dominance hierarchy within the burrow. Nonetheless, in severe weather or when there are few shelter sites, individuals, especially females, may huddle together, and the females have also been seen to nurse young cooperatively.<ref name=Tognelli2001/>
Natural predators include owls, hawks, grisons, foxes, and skunks, and southern mountain cavies alert one another of danger with low-pitched alarm calls. Other calls include a high-pitched cry of fear and soft, almost inaudible, squeaks used during chases and courtship.<ref name=Tognelli2001/>
Breeding occurs between August and April, with litters of one to five young being born about 54 days later. The young weigh about {{convert|30|g|abbr=on}} at birth, and are able to run almost immediately. They are weaned at around three weeks, and females may be sexually mature at just 40 to 50 days old.<ref name=Tognelli2001/>
==References== {{Commons category|Microcavia australis}} {{Reflist}}
{{Caviidae nav}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1770240}}
Category:Cavies Category:Mammals described in 1833 Category:Mammals of Patagonia Category:Mammals of the Andes Category:Mammals of Argentina Category:Mammals of Bolivia Category:Mammals of Chile Category:Taxa named by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Category:Taxa named by Alcide d'Orbigny Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot