South African Class 61-000

{{Short description|Type of diesel-hydraulic locomotive}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}} {{Use South African English|date=August 2013}} {{Infobox locomotive | name = South African Classes 1-DH & 61-000 Rhodesia Railways Class DH1 | image = SAR Class 61-000 61-006 (D750) 2.JPG | alt = | caption = No. D750, later no. 61-006, Kassel, Germany, c. 1958 | hatnote = | powertype = Diesel-hydraulic | designer = [[Henschel & Son]] | builder = Henschel & Son | ordernumber = | serialnumber = 29745-29751 | buildmodel = DH-1420 | builddate = 1958 | totalproduction = 7 | rebuilder = | rebuilddate = | numberrebuilt = | aarwheels = [[AAR wheel arrangement#B-B|B-B]] | uicclass = [[B′B′]] | Britishclass = B-B | gauge = {{Track gauge|Cape|allk=on}} | bogies = | leadingdiameter = | wheeldiameter = {{convert|1054|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} | trailingdiameter = | minimumcurve = | wheelbase = {{convert|11608|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}} | bogie = {{convert|2184|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}} | pivotcentres = {{convert|9423|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}} | wheelspacing = | length = | over couplers = {{convert|16551|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}} | over bufferbeams = {{convert|15507|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}} | body = | width = {{convert|3004|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|3948|mm|ftin|1|abbr=on}} | axleload = {{convert|18900|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | leadingbogie/pony= | weightondrivers = {{convert|75600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | trail bogie/pony = | locoweight = {{convert|75600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | fueltype = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]] | fuelcap = {{convert|2730|L|impgal}} | lubecap = {{convert|546|L|impgal}} | coolantcap = | watercap = | sandcap = Eight {{convert|0.13|m3|ft3|abbr=on}} boxes | powersupply = | electricsystem = Type 4 WHHP 315 batteries * 64 V, 32 Cells, 280 amp/hr * 2 Delco & Bendix starters | consumption = | watercons = | primemover = [[Electro-Motive Diesel|GM-EMD]] type [[EMD 567|6/567C]] | rpmrange = 835 maximum | rpmrange low = | rpmrange idle = | rpmrange max = | enginetype = 2-stroke diesel | aspiration = | displacement = | alternator = | generator = {{convert|10|kW|hp|abbr=on}} 80 V 800 to 2,400 rpm (Auxiliary) | tractionmotors = | t/m amps 1 hr = | t/m amps cont = | headendpower = | cylindercount = 2 x V6 | cylindersize = {{convert|215.9|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} bore {{convert|254|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} stroke | transmission = [[Voith]] Type L306r, 3 torque converters, using [[Drive shaft|Cardan shaft]]s | gear ratio = | multipleworking = 3 maximum | trainheating = | locobrakes = Westinghouse | dynamicpeakeffort= | trainbrakes = Air & vacuum | reservoircap = | compressorcap = | exhaustercap = | safety = | coupling = [[Janney coupler|AAR knuckle]] | maxspeed = {{convert|88.5|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} | poweroutput = 2 x {{convert|491|kW|hp|abbr=on}} | poweroutput start= | poweroutput 1 hr = | poweroutput cont = | tractiveeffort = {{convert|74.6|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} @ {{convert|32|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} | t/e starting = {{convert|197.2|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} @ {{convert|9.6|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} | t/e 1 hr = {{convert|148|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} @ {{convert|16|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} | t/e continuous = {{convert|99.1|kN|lbf|abbr=on}} @ {{convert|24|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} | factorofadhesion = | f/adh starting = | f/adh 1 hr = | f/adh continuous = | locobrakeforce = 77% @ {{convert|393|kPa|psi|abbr=on}} | operator = [[South African Railways]] Rhodesia Railways [[National Railways of Zimbabwe]] [[Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company]] | operatorclass = SAR Class 1-DH, Class 61-000 RR & NRZ Class DH1 | powerclass = | numinclass = 7 | fleetnumbers = SAR 61-001 to 61-007 (ex D745 to D751) RR & NRZ 3101-3106 | officialname = | nicknames = | axleloadclass = | locale = | deliverydate = 1959 | firstrundate = 1959 | lastrundate = | withdrawndate = 1971 | preservedunits = | restoredate = | scrapdate = | currentowner = | disposition = 6 sold to [[Rhodesia Railways]] | notes = }}

The '''South African Railways Class 61-000''' of 1959 was a [[diesel-hydraulic locomotive]].

Between May and July 1959, the [[South African Railways]] placed seven {{nowrap|Class 1-DH}} Henschel type DH-1420 diesel-hydraulic locomotives in service to also gain experience with other forms of diesel motive power than diesel-electric. The locomotives were later reclassified to Class {{nowrap|61-000}}. In 1971, six of them were sold to [[National Railways of Zimbabwe|Rhodesia Railways]].<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

==Manufacturer== The Class 61-000 type DH-1420 diesel-hydraulic locomotive was designed and built for the [[South African Railways]] (SAR) by [[Henschel & Son]] in [[Kassel]], [[Germany]]. Upon delivery, the locomotives were designated Class {{nowrap|1-DH}} and numbered in the range from D745 to D751 in the non-steam locomotive number range which had hitherto been used almost exclusively for electric locomotives, the exceptions being the [[South African Class DS|Class DS]], [[South African Class DS1|Class DS1]] and [[South African Class 31-000|Class 1-DE]] diesel-electric locomotives. After the SAR adopted a new classification and numbering system for diesel-powered locomotives upon the arrival of the [[South African Class 32-000|Class 32-000]] later in 1959, they were reclassified as the Class 61-000 and renumbered in the range from 61-001 to 61-007.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne">{{Paxton-Bourne|pages=143–144}}</ref><ref name="RR DH1 Drawing">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SAR_Class_61-000_Drawing.png RR Class DH1 dimensional drawing]</ref><ref name="Henschel">Henschel-Lieferliste (Henschel & Son works list), compiled by Dietmar Stresow</ref>

The Class 1-DH was acquired a year after the SAR had acquired its first [[diesel-electric locomotive]]s to be built in quantity, the Class {{nowrap|1-DE}} which had entered service in 1958 and which was later reclassified to [[South African Class 31-000|Class 31-000]]. At the time, the SAR was still making extensive use of steam traction and increasing use of electric traction. Its first mainline diesel traction acquisitions were therefore the diesel-electric Class 1-DE and diesel-hydraulic Class 1-DH to gain experience with both forms of diesel motive power.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

==Diesel-hydraulic transmission== The more commonly used [[diesel-electric locomotive]] makes use of a [[diesel engine]] [[Prime mover (locomotive)|prime mover]] to propel either a [[Electric generator|generator]] (DC) or an [[alternator]] (AC) to generate electric power, which is then used to propel axle-hung electric [[traction motors]], one per powered axle, to drive the locomotive wheels. It therefore works on the same general principle as a regular [[electric locomotive]], the main difference being that it generates its own [[electric power]] instead of collecting it from an external supply such as [[Overhead lines|overhead catenary]] or a [[third rail]].<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="E&D diagram-book">South African Railways Index and Diagrams Electric and Diesel Locomotives, 610mm and 1065mm Gauges, Ref LXD 14/1/100/20, 28 January 1975, as amended</ref>

Diesel-hydraulic locomotives, on the other hand, use hydrokinetic transmission, also known as hydrodynamic transmission, in the form of [[torque converter]]s to transmit power from prime mover to wheels.

==Characteristics== The Class 61-000 was a centre-cab locomotive which was powered by two [[Electro-Motive Diesel|General Motors Electro-Motive Division]] (GM-EMD) type [[EMD 567|6/567C]] [[V6 engine|V6]] prime movers, each with a [[Voith]] type L306r triple-torque converter transmission and each driving the wheels of one bogie. Power was transferred to the axles through [[drive shaft]]s. Unlike diesel-electric locomotives where each axle is driven by its own traction motor, individual [[locomotive wheelslip|wheel-slip]] was not possible on the Class {{nowrap|61-000}} since each bogie's two axles were interconnected through the drive shafts.<ref name="RR DH1 Drawing"/>

The cab had two control stands and since it was possible to start the six prime movers of three multiple-unit consisted locomotives from one engine cab, each control stand had six engine start buttons and six engine stop buttons. The electrical system was very complicated and unreliable, which eventually led to the locomotives being completely rewired in 1963.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/>

The diesel-hydraulics were acquired to enable a direct comparison with the Class 31-000 General Electric-built diesel-electrics, but these Henschel machines did not perform as well. Even though they had a higher nominal starting tractive effort of {{convert|197.2|kN|lbf|abbr=off}} than the {{convert|181|kN|lbf|abbr=off}} of the diesel-electrics, they were plagued with overheating and other problems. This was disappointing given the acknowledged success of diesel-hydraulic traction in Germany. Although it has been surmised that the much higher ambient temperatures in South Africa might have been a factor, an improved cooling system could probably have solved that if it had been the main problem.<ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-6">[https://sites.google.com/site/soulorailway/home/system-7-1/system-7-part-6-germiston-the-steam-and-diesel-running-sheds Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 6. Germiston, the Steam and Diesel Running Sheds by Les Pivnic. Captions 6, 33, 37.] (Accessed on 7 April 2017)</ref><ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-13">[https://sites.google.com/site/soulorailway/home/system-7-1/part-13---eastwards-as-far-as-bethal-on-the-breyten-line-and-just-short-of-witbank-on-oogies-line Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 13. Eastwards from Germiston, Part 1: Germiston East to Brakpan by Les Pivnic and Peter Micenko. Captions 10, 11.] (Accessed on 25 April 2017)</ref>

==Service== ===South African Railways=== From its establishment in late 1958, the new diesel depot in [[Germiston]] provided most of the power on goods trains and some passenger trains going south from the Reef to [[Volksrust]] and [[Kroonstad]]. Upon delivery, the Class {{nowrap|61-000}} joined the Class {{nowrap|31-000}} there. They were initially tried on passenger trains, but after a failure at [[Standerton]] due to overheating while working the Trans-Natal Express, they were taken off further passenger work and used on goods trains only. They were not successful in mainline goods working either and in the early 1960s the new diesel-hydraulics were mostly confined to shunting work in yards around Braamfontein.<ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-6"/><ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-13"/><ref name="Soul of a Railway 5-2">[https://sites.google.com/site/soulorailway/home/system-5/part-2-o-f-s-main-line---makouvlei-to-bosrand Soul of A Railway, System 5, Part 2: O.F.S. Main Line, Makouvlei to Bosrand. Caption 3.] (Accessed on 3 March 2017)</ref><ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-8">[https://sites.google.com/site/soulorailway/home/system-7-1/south-eastwards-as-far-as-volksrust Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 8. South eastwards as far as Volksrust by Les Pivnic. Caption 10.] (Accessed on 7 April 2017)</ref>

The Class 61-000s spent their entire SAR working lives stationed at the Germiston diesel depot. One of them, no. 61-006} was involved in a head-on collision at Kaserne on 8 October 1966 and was eventually scrapped at the Koedoespoort workshops in [[Pretoria]] in September 1968. Problems with cracked axles eventually resulted in the rest of the fleet being staged for repairs in 1967.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="Middleton"/>

===Rhodesia Railways=== In 1971, the remaining six locomotives were sold to Rhodesia Railways (RR), later renamed the [[National Railways of Zimbabwe]] (NRZ), where they became the RR Class DH1 and were renumbered in the range from 3101 to 3106.<ref name="Paxton-Bourne"/><ref name="RR DH1 Drawing"/>

===ZISCO=== They were eventually resold to the [[Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company]] steel works at [[KweKwe]] in [[Zimbabwe]]. Most, if not all, were scrapped by 2001.<ref name="Middleton"/>

==Liveries== Like the [[South African Class 31-000|Class {{nowrap|31-000}}]] diesel-electrics, the locomotives were delivered in a livery that displayed the colours of the South African flag, white on the upper half and blue on the lower half, separated by an orange stripe on the sides and orange whiskers on the ends. They had black running boards, red buffer beams and black cowcatchers. From 1960 this livery gradually began to be replaced by Gulf Red with yellow side-stripes on the hoods and a yellow V on each end.<ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-6"/><ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-13"/><ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-17">[https://sites.google.com/site/soulorailway/home/system-7-1/northwards-to-just-short-of-the-home-signal-at-pretoria Soul of A Railway, System 7, Western Transvaal, based in Johannesburg, Part 17: Northwards to just short of the home signal at Pretoria by Les Pivnic. Caption 24.] (Accessed on 27 April 2017)</ref>

==Works numbers== The Class 61-000 builder's works numbers, renumbering upon reclassification and sale are listed in the table.<ref name="Henschel"/><ref name="Soul of a Railway 7-6"/><ref name="Middleton">{{Middleton-SA Loco Guide|page=78}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:100%;" |+'''Class 61-000 works numbers and renumbering''' |- !SAR 1-DH no. !SAR 61-000 no. !Henschel works no. !RR & NRZ no. |- |D745 |61-001 |29745 |3101 |- |D746 |61-002 |29746 |3102 |- |D747 |61-003 |29747 |3103 |- |D748 |61-004 |29748 |3104 |- |D749 |61-005 |29749 |3105 |- |D750 |61-006 |29750 | |- |D751 |61-007 |29751 |3106 |- |}

==Illustration== <gallery mode=packed heights="300px"> File:SAR Class 61-000 61-006 (D750) 1.jpg|No. D750, later no. 61-006, under construction at Henschel's plant at Kassel, Germany, 1958 </gallery>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of South Africa|3550]] [[Category:B-B locomotives]] [[Category:Henschel locomotives]] [[Category:Cape gauge railway locomotives]] [[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1959]] [[Category:Scrapped locomotives]] [[Category:Center-cab locomotives]]