Open Society Foundations

{{Short description|Grantmaking network founded by George Soros}} {{For|the type of society|Open society}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Use American English|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox organization | type = | leader_title = Chair | leader_name = Alexander Soros | leader_title2 = President | leader_name2 = Binaifer Nowrojee | name = Open Society Foundations | logo = Open_Society_Foundations_Logo.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert-image | abbreviation = OSF | founded = {{start date and age|1993|4}} | founder = George Soros | location = 224 West 57th Street<br>New York, NY 10019<br>U.S. | origins = | region_served = | focus = | method = | revenue = $436 million<ref name=budget>{{cite web |title=Open Society Institute - Nonprofit Explorer |url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/137029285 |website=ProPublica |access-date=26 March 2025 |language=en |date=9 May 2013}}</ref> | revenue_year = 2023 | endowment = $23 billion<ref name=assets/> | endowment_year = 2025 | num_employees = | num_members = | owner = | dissolved = | website = {{Official URL}} | former_name = Open Society Institute }}

'''Open Society Foundations''' ('''OSF'''), formerly the '''Open Society Institute''', is an American grantmaking network founded by billionaire business magnate George Soros. OSF financially supports progressive organizations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Noor |first1=Dharna |title=President of George Soros' non-profit says it would take legal action to fight Trump’s attacks |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/26/george-soros-open-society-foundations-president-interview |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=The Guardian |date=26 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="sage">{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Kerric |title=Encyclopedia of Social Media and Politics |date=2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=9781483389004 |page=919}}</ref> As of 2025, OSF has reported expenditures in excess of $24.2 billion since its establishment in 1993. OSF has assets of over $23 billion, making it one of the world's largest foundations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogel |first1=Kenneth |title=Trump’s Targeting of Soros Foundations Elicits Fear and Defiance on Left |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/26/us/politics/trump-soros-foundations-donors.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=The New York Times |date=September 26, 2025}}</ref> It has offices in over a dozen countries. ''The New York Times'' described OSF as "a sprawling political and philanthropic empire that seeks to advance a liberal, democratic agenda around the globe".<ref name=assets>{{cite news |last1=Vogel |first1=Kenneth |last2=Schleifer |first2=Theodore |title=Why Is Trump Targeting George Soros’s Foundation? Here’s What to Know. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/25/us/politics/george-soros-foundation-trump.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=The New York Times |date=September 25, 2025}}</ref>

==History== On May 28, 1984, George Soros signed a contract between the Soros Foundation/New York City and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the founding document of the Soros Foundation/Budapest.<ref>{{Citation |last=Tény |first=Nóvé Béla |title=Soros |url=http://www.kka.hu/_Kozossegi_Adattar/Azadatt.nsf/02001425b1246fe38525664000665c75/560c780eb85cfd4ac12571aa0042dd56/$FILE/T%C3%A9ny_soros.pdf |place=HU |publisher=KKA}}.</ref> This was followed by several foundations in the region to help countries move away from Soviet-style socialism in the Eastern Bloc.<ref name="Hoduski-Abbott, Bernadine E. 2003. p75">{{Cite book |last=Hoduski-Abbott |first=Bernadine E. |url=https://archive.org/details/lobbyingforlibra00abbo/page/n81 |title=Lobbying for Libraries and the Public's Access to Government Information |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2003 |isbn=978-0810845855 |location=Lanham |page=75}}</ref>

In 1991, the foundation merged with the {{lang|fr|Fondation pour une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne}} ("Foundation for European Intellectual Mutual Aid"), an affiliate of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, created in 1966 to imbue 'non-conformist' Eastern European scientists with anti-totalitarian and capitalist ideas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guilhot |first=Nicolas |date=January 1, 2006 |title=A Network of Influential Friendships: The Fondation Pour Une Entraide Intellectuelle Européenne and East-West Cultural Dialogue, 1957–1991 |journal=Minerva |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=379–409 |doi=10.1007/s11024-006-9014-y |jstor=41821373 |s2cid=144219865}}</ref>

In 1993, the Open Society Institute was created in the United States to support the Soros foundations in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia.<ref name="callahan">{{Cite news |last=Callahan |first=David |date=September 14, 2015 |title=Philanthropy vs. Tyranny: Inside the Open Society Foundations' Biggest Battle Yet |publisher=Inside Philanthropy |url=http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2015/9/14/philanthropy-vs-tyranny-inside-the-open-society-foundations.html |access-date=September 17, 2015 }}</ref> The group's name was inspired by Karl Popper's 1945 book ''The Open Society and Its Enemies''.<ref name="organization">{{Citation |last1=de Cock |first1=Christian |title=Liberalist Fantasies: Žižek and the Impossibility of the Open Society |journal=Organization |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=815–836 |year=2007 |doi=10.1177/1350508407082264 |last2=Böhm |first2=Steffen |s2cid=15695686}}.</ref>

In August 2010, it started using the name Open Society Foundations (OSF).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schrier |first=H. Edward |title=The Battle of the Three Wills: As It Relates to Good & Evil |date=2013 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1481758765 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781481758765/page/338 338]}}</ref>

In 1995, Soros stated that he believed there can be no absolute answers to political questions because the same principle of reflexivity applies as in financial markets.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Soros |first1=George |url=https://archive.org/details/sorosonsorosstay00soro |title=Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve |last2=Wien |first2=Byron |last3=Koenen |first3=Krisztina |publisher=John Wiley |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-471-11977-7 |location=New York |access-date=February 15, 2019}}</ref>

In 2012, Christopher Stone joined the OSF as the second president. He replaced Aryeh Neier, who served as president from 1993 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 11, 2011 |title=Criminal Justice Expert Named to Lead Soros Foundations |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/07/business/christopher-stone-to-lead-soros-open-society-foundations.html |access-date=July 18, 2012}}</ref> Stone announced in September 2017 that he was stepping down as president.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2017 |title=What Just Happened at the Open Society Foundations? And What Comes Next? |url=https://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2017/9/14/what-just-happened-at-the-open-society-foundations-and-what-comes-next |access-date=September 14, 2017 |publisher=Inside Philanthropy}}</ref> In January 2018, Patrick Gaspard was appointed president of the Open Society Foundations.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations.org">{{Cite web |title=Patrick Gaspard Named President of the Open Society Foundations |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/press-releases/patrick-gaspard-named-president-open-society-foundations |access-date=August 7, 2018}}</ref> He announced in December 2020 that he was stepping down as president. In January 2021, Mark Malloch-Brown was appointed president of the Open Society Foundations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2020 |title=Patrick Gaspard to Step Down as Head of Open Society Foundations |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/patrick-gaspard-to-step-down-as-head-of-open-society-foundations |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref> On March 11, 2024, OSF announced that Binaifer Nowrojee would start as the group's new president on June 1, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2024|title=Binaifer Nowrojee Appointed New President of Open Society Foundations; Mark Malloch-Brown to Step Down |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/newsroom/binaifer-nowrojee-appointed-new-president-of-open-society-foundations-mark-malloch-brown-to-step-down |access-date=15 June 2024 |website=Open Society Foundations}}</ref>

In 2016, the OSF was reportedly the target of a cyber security breach. Documents and information reportedly belonging to the OSF were published by a website. The cyber security breach has been described as sharing similarities with Russian-linked cyberattacks that targeted other institutions, such as the Democratic National Committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Michael |date=August 11, 2016 |title=Russian Hackers of DNC Said to Nab Secrets From NATO, Soros |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-11/russian-hackers-of-dnc-said-to-scoop-up-secrets-from-nato-soros |access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Soros transferred $18 billion to the foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chung |first1=Juliet |last2=Das |first2=Anupreeta |date=October 17, 2017 |title=George Soros Transfers $18 Billion to His Foundation, Creating an Instant Giant |language=en-US |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/george-soros-transfers-18-billion-to-his-foundation-creating-an-instant-giant-1508252926 |access-date=October 17, 2017 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

In 2023, George Soros handed over the leadership of the foundation to his son Alexander Soros, who soon announced layoffs of at least 40 percent of its international staff of then 800 and "significant changes" to the operating model.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delouya |first=Samantha |date=2023-06-30 |title=George Soros' foundation lays off 40% of workforce after passing control over to his son |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/30/business/george-soros-foundation-layoffs-after-son-takeover/index.html |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=CNN Business |language=en}}</ref>

During the second presidency of Donald Trump, federal prosecutors were directed to investigate the OSF.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Faulders |first1=Katherine |title=DOJ official directs prosecutors to prepare probes of George Soros' foundation |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/doj-official-directs-prosecutors-prepare-probes-george-soros/story?id=125941089 |access-date=26 November 2025 |work=ABC News |date=September 25, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Prosecutors were told to consider possible charges including "racketeering, arson, wire fraud and material support for terrorism." The investigation was based on a claim that OSF "has poured over $80 million into groups tied to terrorism or extremist violence." In response, OSF issued a statement saying "The Open Society Foundations unequivocally condemn terrorism and do not fund terrorism" and calling the investigation a "politically motivated attack."<ref>{{cite news |title=Soros' foundation says reported Justice Department push for probe is politically motivated |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/soros-foundation-says-reported-justice-department-push-probe-is-politically-2025-09-25/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=Reuters |date=September 25, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barrett |first1=Devlin |title=Justice Dept. Official Pushes Prosecutors to Investigate George Soros’s Foundation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/25/us/politics/justice-trump-george-soros-foundation.html |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=The New York Times |date=September 25, 2025}}</ref>

==Activities== {{Progressivism|Organizations}} [[File:Soros talk in Malaysia.jpg|thumb|George Soros at a talk in Malaysia]] The Library of Congress Soros Foundation Visiting Fellows Program was initiated in 1990.<ref name="Hoduski-Abbott, Bernadine E. 2003. p76">{{Cite book |last=Hoduski-Abbott |first=Bernadine E. |url=https://archive.org/details/lobbyingforlibra00abbo/page/n82 |title=Lobbying for Libraries and the Public's Access to Government Information |publisher=Scarecrow |year=2003 |isbn=9780810845855 |location=Lanham |page=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kranich |first=Nancy |url=https://archive.org/details/librariesdemocra00kran |title=Libraries & Democracy: The Cornerstones of Liberty |date=2001 |publisher=American Library Association |isbn=9780838908082 |page=186}}</ref>

Its $873 million budget in 2013 ranked as the second-largest private philanthropy budget in the United States, after the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation budget of $3.9 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Orlina |first1=Ezekiel Carlo |last2=Ramos-Caraig |first2=Dorcas Juliette |date=March 6, 2015 |title=Top philanthropic foundations: A primer |url=https://www.devex.com/news/top-philanthropic-foundations-a-primer-85654 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 20, 2015 |publisher=Devex}}</ref>

The foundation reported granting at least $33 million to civil rights and social justice organizations in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collins |first=Ben |date=August 19, 2015 |title=No, George Soros Didn't Give $33 Million to #BlackLivesMatter |work=The Daily Beast |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/19/no-george-soros-didn-t-give-33-million-to-blacklivesmatter.html |access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> This funding included groups such as the Organization for Black Struggle and Missourians Organizing for Reform and Empowerment that supported protests in the wake of the killing of Trayvon Martin, the death of Eric Garner, the shooting of Tamir Rice and the shooting of Michael Brown.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150305202847/http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/03/ferguson-inc-115765.html#.VYgzbYtFCUk Ferguson Inc. — The city's protest movement tries to find a path forward]; ''Politico''; March 4, 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/politics/business/sorosferguson.asp Riot Act];''Snopes''; January 17, 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Riddell |first=Kelley |date=January 4, 2015 |title=George Soros funds Ferguson protests, hopes to spur civil action |work=Washington Times |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/14/george-soros-funds-ferguson-protests-hopes-to-spur/?page=all |access-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref> It reported granting to organizations outside of the United States as well. According to OpenSecrets, the OSF spends much of its resources on democratic causes around the world, and has also contributed to groups such as the Tides Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacColl |first=Spencer |date=September 21, 2010 |title=Capital Rivals: Koch Brothers vs. George Soros |publisher=OpenSecrets |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2010/09/opensecrets-battle-koch-brothers/ |access-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref>

The OSF has been a major financial supporter of US immigration reform, including establishing a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Preston |first=Julia |date=November 14, 2014 |title=The Big Money Behind the Push for an Immigration Overhaul |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/15/us/obama-immigration-policy-changes.html |access-date=May 18, 2015}}</ref>

OSF projects have included the National Security and Human Rights Campaign and the Lindesmith Center, which conducted research on drug reform.<ref name=sage/>

In April 2022, OSF announced a grant of $20 million to the International Crisis Group.<ref>{{cite journal|date=3 May 2022|url=https://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/international-crisis-group-receives-20-million-from-osf|title=International Crisis Group receives $20 million from OSF|journal=Philanthropy News Digest|access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

OSF has given grants to Jewish Voice for Peace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Who's behind the pro-Palestinian protests that are disrupting Biden's campaign events and blocking city streets? |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/s-palestinian-protests-us-rcna143666 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kapos |first1=Shia |title=Who is funding the pro-Palestinian protests at Columbia University |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/05/05/pro-palestinian-protests-columbia-university-funding-donors-00156135 |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=POLITICO |date=7 June 2024}}</ref>

==Critical reception== In 2007, Nicolas Guilhot (a senior research associate at the French National Centre for Scientific Research) wrote in ''Critical Sociology'' that the Open Society Foundations is functionally conservative in supporting institutions that reinforce the existing social order, as the Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation have done before them. Guilhot argues that control over the social sciences by moneyed interests, rather than by public officials, reinforced a neoliberal view of modernization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guilhot |first=Nicolas |date=May 2007 |title=Reforming the World: George Soros, Global Capitalism and the Philanthropic Management of the Social Sciences |journal=Critical Sociology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=447–477 |doi=10.1163/156916307X188988 |s2cid=146274470}}</ref>

An OSF effort in 2008 in the African Great Lakes region aimed at spreading human rights awareness among prostitutes in Uganda and other nations in the area was rejected by Ugandan authorities, who considered it an effort to legalize and legitimize prostitution.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 25, 2008 |title=Uganda prostitute workshop banned |publisher=BBC |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7313310.stm |access-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref>

Open Society Foundations has been criticized in the pro-Israel publications ''Tablet'', ''Arutz Sheva'' and ''Jewish Press'' for funding the activist groups Adalah and I'lam, which they accuse of being anti-Israel and supporting the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement. Among the documents released in 2016 by DCleaks, an OSF report reads "For a variety of reasons, we wanted to construct a diversified portfolio of grants dealing with Israel and Palestine, funding both Israeli Jewish and PCI (Palestinian Citizens of Israel) groups as well as building a portfolio of Palestinian grants and in all cases to maintain a low profile and relative distance—particularly on the advocacy front."<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2016 |title=Soros Hack Reveals Evidence of Systemic Anti-Israel Bias |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/210826/soros-hack-reveals-evidence-of-systemic-anti-israel-bias |website=Tablet Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David Israel |date=August 14, 2016 |title=DC Leaks Publishes George Soros' Files Showing Millions Contributed to Anti-Israel Causes |url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dc-leaks-publishes-george-soros-files-showing-millions-contributed-to-anti-israel-causes/2016/08/14/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901101523/http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dc-leaks-publishes-george-soros-files-showing-millions-contributed-to-anti-israel-causes/2016/08/14 |archive-date=September 1, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2019 |website=Jewish Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Rachel |date=2016-08-14 |title=George Soros hacked, documents posted online |language=en |work=israelnationalnews.com |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/216382 |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref>

In 2013, NGO Monitor, an Israeli NGO, reported that "Soros has been a frequent critic of Israeli government policy, and does not consider himself a Zionist, but there is no evidence that he or his family holds any special hostility or opposition to the existence of the state of Israel. This report will show that their support, and that of the Open Society Foundations, has nevertheless gone to organizations with such agendas." The report says its objective is to inform the OSF, claiming: "The evidence demonstrates that Open Society funding contributes significantly to anti-Israel campaigns in three important respects:

# Active in the Durban strategy; # Funding aimed at weakening United States support for Israel by shifting public opinion regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and Iran; # Funding for Israeli political opposition groups on the fringes of Israeli society, which use the rhetoric of human rights to advocate for marginal political goals."

The report concludes, "Yet, to what degree Soros, his family, and the Open Society Foundations are aware of the cumulative impact on Israel and of the political warfare conducted by many of their beneficiaries is an open question."<ref>[http://www.ngo-monitor.org/books/bad_investment_the_philanthropy_of_george_soros_and_the_arab_israeli_conflict/ ''Bad Investment: The Philanthropy of George Soros and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: How Soros-funded Groups Increase Tensions in a Troubled Region''], Alexander H. Joffe, Professor Gerald M. Steinberg, May 1, 2013</ref>

In November 2015, Russia banned the group on its territory, declaring "It was found that the activity of the Open Society Foundations and the Open Society Institute Assistance Foundation represents a threat to the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the security of the state".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-30 |title=Russia bans George Soros foundation as state security 'threat' |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-soros-idUSL1N13P22Y20151130 |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref>

In 2016, India's Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) placed the OSF on a watchlist forbidding them from extending any financial assistance to other NGOs or individuals without prior explicit permission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-08 |title=3 US donors on MHA watchlist, face fund curbs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-us-donors-on-mha-watchlist-face-fund-curbs/articleshow/52646039.cms |access-date=2025-06-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2017, Open Society Foundations and other NGOs for open government and refugee assistance were targeted by authoritarian and populist governments emboldened by the first Trump administration. Several right-leaning politicians in eastern Europe regard many of the NGO groups to be irritants if not threats, including Liviu Dragnea in Romania, Szilard Nemeth in Hungary, Nikola Gruevski in North Macedonia (who called for "de-Sorosization"), and Jarosław Kaczyński of Poland (who has said that Soros-funded groups want "societies without identity").<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |date=March 1, 2017 |title=After Trump Win, Anti-Soros Forces Are Emboldened in Eastern Europe |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/01/world/europe/after-trump-win-anti-soros-forces-are-emboldened-in-eastern-europe.html?_r=0 |access-date=March 3, 2017}}</ref> Some of the Soros-funded advocacy groups in the region said the harassment and intimidation became more open after the 2016 election of Donald Trump in the United States. Stefania Kapronczay of the Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, which received half of its funding from Soros-backed foundations, claimed that Hungarian officials were "testing the waters" in an effort to see "what they can get away with."<ref name="NYT" />

In 2017, the government of Pakistan ordered the Open Society Foundations to cease operations in the country.<ref>Sayeed, Saad (December 13, 2017) [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-aid/pakistan-orders-george-soros-foundation-other-aid-groups-to-close-idUSKBN1E71N7 "Pakistan orders George Soros foundation, other aid groups to close,"] Reuters</ref>

In May 2018, Open Society Foundations announced they would move its office from Budapest to Berlin, amid Hungarian government interference.<ref>{{Cite news |title=George Soros foundation to close office in 'repressive' Hungary |work=al Jazeera|first=Philip|last=Heijmans|date=15 May 2018|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/george-soros-foundation-close-office-repressive-hungary-180515160314017.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 15, 2018 |title=Soros foundation to leave Hungary |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44082976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 15, 2018 |title=Soros foundation to close office in Budapest over Hungarian government's 'repressive' policies |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/15/soros-foundation-close-office-budapest-hungarian-governments/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/05/15/soros-foundation-close-office-budapest-hungarian-governments/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In November 2018, Open Society Foundations announced they would cease operations in Turkey and close their Istanbul and Ankara offices due to "false accusations and speculations beyond measure", amid pressure from the Turkish government including detention of liberal Turkish intellectuals and academics even tangentially associated with the foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 2018 |title=Açık Toplum Vakfı Türkiye'deki faaliyetlerini sonlandırıyor |publisher=Deutsche Welle Türkçe |url=https://www.dw.com/tr/a%C3%A7%C4%B1k-toplum-vakf%C4%B1-t%C3%BCrkiyedeki-faaliyetlerini-sonland%C4%B1r%C4%B1yor/a-46457377 |access-date=November 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 27, 2018 |title=Soros foundation to close in Turkey after being bashed by Erdogan |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/soros-foundation-close-turkey-bashed-erdogan-181127061557606.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2018 |title=George Soros's Open Society Foundations to pull out of Turkey |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/nov/26/george-soross-open-society-foundation-to-pull-out-of-turkey |website=The Guardian |location=Istanbul}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Further reading== * {{Citation |last=Carothers |first=Thomas |title=Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve |url=https://archive.org/details/aidingdemocracya00thom |year=1999 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=9780870033414 |author-link=Thomas Carothers}}. * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/reshapingglobali0000unse |title=Reshaping Globalization: Multilateral Dialogues and New Policy Initiatives |publisher=Central European University Press |year=2003 |editor-last=Krizsán |editor-first=Andrea |location=Budapest |isbn=9789639241633 |editor-last2=Zentai |editor-first2=Viola}}. * {{Citation |last=Palley |first=Thomas |title=The Open Institute and Global Social Policy |work=Global Social Policy |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=17–18 |year=2003 |doi=10.1177/1468018103003001312 |author-link=Thomas Palley |s2cid=154664053}}. * {{Citation |last=Peizer |first=Jonathan |title=The Dynamics of Technology for Social Change |pages=1–26 |year=2005 |chapter=The Internet Program: Web Surfing a Revolution |publisher=Ingram Book Group}}. * {{Citation |last=Roelofs |first=Joan |title=Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism |year=2003 |place=Albany |publisher=SUNY}}. * {{Citation |last=Stone |first=Diane |title=Transnational Philanthropy or Policy Transfer? The Transnational Norms of the Open Society Institute, Policy and Politics |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=269–87 |year=2010}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=Diane |author-link=Diane Stone |date=July 2007 |title=Market Principles, Philanthropic Ideals and Public Service Values: The Public Policy Program at the Central European University |url=https://works.bepress.com/diane_stone/2/download/ |url-status=live |journal=PS: Political Science and Politics |pages=545–51 |doi=10.1017/S1049096507070795 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215015331/https://works.bepress.com/diane_stone/2/download/ |archive-date=February 15, 2019 |s2cid=53387414|url-access=subscription }} * Stone, Diana (2013) ''Knowledge Actors and Transnational Governance: The Private-Public Policy Nexus in the Global Agora''. Palgrave Macmillan

==External links== {{commons category}} * {{official website}} * [https://www.osaarchivum.org/ Blinken Open Society Archives]

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