{{Short description|Text by Aristotle on logical fallacies}} {{italic title}} {{Rhetoric}} '''''Sophistical Refutations''''' ({{langx|el|Σοφιστικοὶ Ἔλεγχοι|Sophistikoi Elenchoi}}; {{langx|la|De Sophisticis Elenchis}}) is a text in Aristotle's ''Organon'' in which he identified twelve or thirteen fallacies. According to Aristotle, this is the first work to treat the subject of deductive reasoning in ancient Greece (''Soph. Ref.'', 34, 183b34 ff.). In it, he attempts to develop a pattern of sound and genuine reasoning in opposition to the deceptive or misleading "art of sophistry".
==Overview== ''On Sophistical Refutations''<ref name=SEP_Refutation>{{cite web |title= On Sophistical Refutations|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/sophist_refut.mb.txt| author1=Aristotle | author2=Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge|accessdate =2020-12-19 }}</ref><ref name=SEP_AristotleLogic>{{cite web |title= Aristotle's Logic, < Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy>|date= 18 March 2000|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2020/entries/aristotle-logic| editor1= Edward N. Zalta |accessdate =2020-12-19 }}</ref> consists of 34 chapters. The book naturally falls in two parts: chapters concerned with tactics for the Questioner (3–8 and 12–15) and chapters concerned with tactics for the Answerer (16–32). Besides, there is an introduction (1–2), an interlude (9–11), and a conclusion (33–34).<ref name= Krabbe>{{cite journal |title= Aristotle's On Sophistical Refutations |journal=Topoi |volume=31 |pages=243–248 |year=2012 | author1= Krabbe, E.C.W. |doi= 10.1007/s11245-012-9124-0|s2cid= 170350834|doi-access= free}}</ref>
== Fallacies identified == The fallacies Aristotle identifies in Chapter 4 (formal fallacies) and 5 (informal fallacies) of this book are the following:
:Fallacies in the language or formal fallacies (''in dictionem''): # Equivocation # Amphiboly # Composition # Division # Accent # Figure of speech or form of expression
: :Fallacies not in the language or informal fallacies (''extra dictionem''): {{ordered list | start = 7|Accident|''Secundum quid''|Irrelevant conclusion|''Petitio principii''|False cause|Affirming the consequent|Fallacy of many questions }}
==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book |last1=Gysembergh |first1=Victor |title=Forgotten Ancient Commentaries on Aristotle's Sphistical Refutations: Fragments of Aspasios, Herminos, Alexander, Syrianos and Philoponos |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Boston |isbn=9783111332666}}
==External links== * {{wikisource-inline|The Sophistical Elenchi|Sophistical Refutations}} * HTML Greek text via [https://web.archive.org/web/20091129083809/http://www.poesialatina.it/Greek/Index.htm Greco interattivo] * [http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/sophist_refut.html Translated by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge] * {{librivox book | title=Sophistical Elenchi | author=ARISTOTLE}} * [http://changingminds.org/disciplines/argument/fallacies/aristotle_fallacies.htm ChangingMinds.org: "Aristotle's 13 fallacies"] * {{citation|last1=Parry|first1=William T. |last2=Hacker|first2=Edward A. |title=Aristotelian Logic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Sg84H6B-m4C&pg=PA435|year=1991|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0690-8|page=435}}
{{Aristotelianism|state=collapsed}} {{philosophy-stub}} Category:Works by Aristotle Category:Logic literature