Sonderführer

{{Short description|Specialist role introduced in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany}} {{Distinguish|text=[[Oberführer]], an [[OF-6]] related rank in the Nazi [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] and [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]}} {{Italic title}} '''''Sonderführer''''' ({{IPA|de|ˈzɔndɐˌfyːʁɐ|lang}}; {{lit.}} "special leader"; in full: {{lang|de|Sonderführer mit militärischer Kommandobefugnis}}, "special leader with military command power"), abbreviated '''Sdf''' or '''Sf''', was a specialist role introduced in the [[Wehrmacht]] of [[Nazi Germany]] in 1937 for the [[mobilization]] plan of the German armed forces.<ref>Mobilization plan for the Army (de: Heer) from March 12, 1937 (Mobilmachungsplan für das Heer vom 12. März 1937)</ref>

==Wehrmacht== With the draft of ''Sonderführer'' to military service, the competence of civil experts and specialists could be exploited for military purposes. Certain assignments could be filled, from [[Military rank#Field or senior officers|senior officers]], [[company-grade officer]]s, down to [[non-commissioned officer]] (NCO) ranks. A huge variation of service functions, e.g. in foreign languages, propaganda work, medical service, veterinary service and the like, was possible. Typically, the men were not trained as soldiers. They received the pay applicable to the position they were holding, but only by virtue of their temporary appointment. As a rule, ''Sonderführer'' were not allowed to execute the command and disciplinary powers vested in the rank. However, this was changed in 1942, during [[World War II]], when they would receive commissions as reserve officers.

=== Categories of ''Sonderführer'' === Draftees were called up for ''Sonderführer'' to almost all branches of service (Heer, Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine) or special forces, equivalent to assignments or appointment of military personnel in the hierarchy of the Wehrmacht. ; Officer function assignments in the hierarchy of the Heer (Army): * '''Sonderführer (B)''', equivalent to [[Major (rank)|Major]] / ''[[Oberstleutnant]]'' ([[OF-3]]/-4), * '''Sonderführer (K)''', equivalent to ''[[Captain]]'' / ''[[Hauptmann]]'' or ''[[Rittmeister]]'' ([[OF-2]]), * '''Sonderführer (Z)''', equivalent to ''[[Leutnant]]'' / ''[[Oberleutnant]]'' ([[OF-1]]) or [[platoon leader]].

; NCO function assignments in the hierarchy of the Heer (Army): * '''Sonderführer (O)''', also '''Dolmetscher O''' (en: Interpreter O), equivalent to an ''[[Oberfeldwebel]]'' ([[Ranks and insignia of NATO|OR-7]]), * '''Sonderführer (G)''', equivalent to an ''[[Unteroffizier]]'' ([[Ranks and insignia of NATO|OR-4]]).

''Sonderführer'' were mainly deployed: * As [[interpreter]] * In [[construction engineering]] * In the field of public finance, and administration tasks * To handle scientific tasks, e.g. as [[archaeology]] or [[curator]] * In the field of agriculture science * Railway transport, in particular [[field railway]]s

In case of professional expertise as photographer or draughtsman, the corresponding draftee could be called up as a ''Sonderführer'' to a so-called [[Propaganda|Propaganda unit]] of the Wehrmacht.

An example of individual influence in the occupied territories is the case of ''Sonderführer'' [[Leo Weisgerber]]. His campaign to unify the [[Breton language]] has had a lasting influence in the French region of [[Brittany (administrative region)|Brittany]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://membres.lycos.fr/leguenne/etudes/bzh/bzh.htm |title=L'origine historique et politique du " H " de " BZH " |access-date=2016-06-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011112043/http://membres.lycos.fr/leguenne/etudes/bzh/bzh.htm |archive-date=2009-10-11 }} L’origine historique et politique du >H< de BHZ.</ref>

=== Position and status === ''Sonderführer'' were called up to military service to use the skills and expertise of specialists on defined function positions. This status was limited as to time, and became revocable if a military trained soldier could fill this position. In this case, the ''Sonderführer'' was fit into the "regular" military training procedure etc. The former function position as ''Sonderführer'' – which contained a service "assignment" not including a service "grade" – remained without consideration.

By order in 1942 – ''Sonderführer'' on officer assignments received regular military training, in order to join the reserve officer corps. Therefore, the limitations to execute military command – and disciplinary powers were lifted.<ref>Encouragement of ''Sonderführers'': HM October 26, 1942. Quotation by: Dirk Richardt, ''selection and training of junior officers 1930–1945'', dissertation Marburg, 2002, p. 504. (de: Förderung von Sonderführern: HM 26.10.1942, HM 1942. zitiert nach: Dirk Richardt, ''Auswahl und Ausbildung junger Offiziere 1930–1945'', Dissertation Marburg, 2002, S. 504.)</ref>

The legal state of the ''Sonderführer'' was equivalent to those of a soldier in the meaning of the Nazi Service Act Legislation. Therefore, they held [[combatant]] status even prior to their appointment as commissioned officers in 1942. In the pension legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany ''Sonderführers'' are explicit equivalent to regular soldiers.<ref>[http://www.lagus.mv-regierung.de/land-mv/LAGuS_prod/LAGuS/Soziales/PublikationenMerkblaetter/Broschueren_und_Gesetze_zum_Sozialen_Entschaedigungsrecht/Bundesversorgungsgesetz.pdf]{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Act on public assistance of the victims of war, p. 7, N°. 3 (de: Gesetz über die Versorgung der Opfer des Krieges, S. 7, Nr. 3)</ref>

Russian emigrants who served as interpreters in the Wehrmacht, often were adjudged to ''Sonderführer'' status.<ref>Oleg Beyda: ''‘Iron Cross of the Wrangel's Army’: Russian Emigrants as Interpreters in the Wehrmacht.'' In: ''The Journal of Slavic Military Studies.'' 27, 2014, S. 430–448, {{doi|10.1080/13518046.2014.932630}}</ref>

=== Rank insignia === ''Sonderführer'' of the Wehrmacht wore the standard military uniform but their collars and cap bands were blue-grey rather than army green, with unique shoulder and collar insignia. The collar patch was blue-grey with a gable-end device like that of ''Beamter a. K.'' in matte aluminium, with aluminium braid down the center. Epaulette patterns changed twice during the war. The original patterns, worn until March 1940 and again after December 1942, were narrow versions of army shoulder boards: a single doubled strip of aluminium braid for company-grade officer equivalents, and a single braided strip for field-officer equivalents; NCO equivalents were similar to junior officers' but green. Instead of rank pips, ''Sonderführer'' wore braided gold rings encircling the shoulder straps. From 1940 to 1942 an entirely different type of shoulder board was worn: this was like the army equivalent but the braid used incorporated repeating black-white-red chevrons, giving the whole a checkered look. Ordinary rank pips and specialization pins were worn with these "Second Regulation" epaulets. At the end of 1942 the narrow first-pattern epaulettes were brought back again.

In [[Military slang|soldier's slang]] ''Sonderführers'', as well as Wehrmacht [[Beamter|official]]s and [[military chaplain]]s, were called "[[wikt:narrow-gauge#English|narrow-gauge]] officers" ({{langx|de|Schmalspuroffiziere}}), in a witty reference both to the form of their rank insignia and the limited width of their military knowledge.

<gallery class="center" caption= "Sonderführer in World War II"> Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0154, Geheimer Funkmeldedienst des OKW.jpg|The OKW Radio service in 1939. On the far right a ''Sonderführer''. Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-786-0347-28, Nordafrika, Rommel und Bayerlein bei Interview.jpg|Rommel and Bayerlein, interviewed by a ''Sonderführer'' (left). Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-255-1189-07, Frankreich, deutsche Besatzung.jpg|In the center a ''Sonderführer (O)'' as interpreter, France. </gallery>

== SS-''Sonderführer/Fachführer''== The designation SS-''Sonderführer'' had a different meaning in comparison to the ''Sonderführer'' in the Wehrmacht. Therefore, SS-''Sonderführer'' should be seen in conjunction with the service rank order of the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]''.

With the title ''SS-Führer im Sonderdienst'' (en: SS-Führer in special service), short SS-''Sonderführer'' (en: SS-Specialist leader), from 1942 SS-''Fachführer'' in the Waffen-SS (SS-Führer specialist in the Waffen-SS), the technical education of a SS-member was characterized.

The [[Allgemeine-SS]] introduced uniform cuff insignia (the so-called ''Tätigkeitsabzeichen'' or ''Sonderlaufbahnabzeichen'') on the [[Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel|SS uniform]]. It characterized the professional skills of the SS specialist, e.g.: so-called special cuff career insignia (de: Sonderlaufbahnabzeichen) on the uniform in 1935 As of 1935: *[[Aesculapius]] = Führer in the medical service *Negative Aesculapius = medical personnel *[[Blackletter|Gothic]] Z = Führer in dental medical service *Gothic A = Apothecary *Snake = Führer and junior Führer in the veterinarian service *Harp = Führer conductor (de: Musikführer)

{| class="wikitable" |- !Designation !colspan="2"|[[Corps colours (Waffen-SS)|Corps colour]] !Example !Remarks |-16 |''SS-Sonderführer''<br /><small>(also Recruitment service (de: Ersatzwesen) and ''SS-Reserve officers'')</small> |Dark green ||align = "center" style = "background:#00703E; color:white"| |align = "center" style = "background:white"|[[File:HH-SS-Obersturmfuhrer-Shoulder Strap.png|90px|center]] |''[[SS-Obersturmführer]]'' |- |} Fundamental, it was possible to add any use any SS-rank in conjunction with a SS-''Sonderführer'' assignment to any existing SS-service rank. The normal procedure was to call up SS-''Sonderführer'' from own SS-staff.

==Other Branches== ''Sonderführer'' were used not only in Wehrmacht and [[Waffen-SS]], but also in other Nazi-organisation, e.g. in the [[Organisation Todt]], ''[[Reichsarbeitsdienst]]'', etc.

== Notable appointments == Some notable personnel of this rank include: * [[Lothar-Günther Buchheim]], painter, photograph, writer, publisher and art collector, was deployed in a propaganda company of the Kriegsmarine as ''Sonderführer'' war correspondent. He wrote in line to personal experience the novel ''[[Das Boot]]''. * [[Hans von Dohnanyi]], ''Sonderführer'' in the staff of [[Admiral]] [[Wilhelm Canaris]], member of the resistance, executed in 1945. * [[Hans Fallada]], novel author, ''Sonderführer (B)'' in the so-called ''[[Reichsarbeitsdienst]]'' in France and after World War II lived in the Soviet occupation zone where he died in 1947. * {{Ill|Joachim Fernau|de}}, as SS-''Sonderführer'' of a propaganda unit assigned as war correspondence; after World War II, a very successful non-fiction book author (o. a. ''Deutschland, Deutschland über alles...'') and painter. * [[Hans Bernd Gisevius]], called up to Admiral Wilhelm Canaris as ''Sonderführer'' in the staff division ''Ausland/Abwehr'' of the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|OKW]], he took part in to the [[20 July plot]] to kill Hitler; later was author of the book ''Bis zum bitteren Ende''. * [[Gerhard Heller (editor)|Gerhard Heller]], ''Sonderführer'' of the ''Propaganda-Staffel Paris'', responsible to literary censorship and paper supply; after World War II, was a publisher. *[[:de:Robert Pilchowski|Robert Pilchowski]], expert on tea and rubber farming, served as ''Sonderführer'' for the agency "Arbeitsgemeinschaft niederländisch-indischer Firmen" (en: working team of Dutch-Indian companies) in Amsterdam; after World War II, was an author. *[[Fritz Piersig]], ''Sonderführer (Z)'', as musicologist responsible to controlling of music in France since 1940. *[[Eberhard Taubert]], high ranking collaborator of the [[Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]], ''Sonderführer of Propaganda'' in occupied Norway, wrote the scenario to the film ''[[The Eternal Jew (1940 film)|The Eternal Jew]]''; after World War II, advisor to the Minister of Defence [[Franz Josef Strauß]]. *[[Wolfgang Willrich]], as ''Sonderführer'' fanatic defender of the Nazi art expression.

== References == {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonderfuhrer}} [[Category:SS ranks]] [[Category:Military ranks of Germany]]