Legendary kings of Scotland

{{Short description|none}} {{EngvarB|date=January 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} [[File:Dornadilla.jpg|thumb|Dornadilla, fourth legendary king according to George Buchanan; painting by Jacob Jacobsz de Wet the Younger in the commission from Charles II for Holyrood Palace.]] The Scottish Renaissance humanist George Buchanan gave a long list of Scottish Kings in his history of Scotland—published in Latin as ''Rerum Scoticarum Historia'' in 1582<ref>{{Cite web |title=index |url=http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/ |website=www.philological.bham.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=George |date=8 January 1799 |title=The history of Scotland : from the earliest accounts of that nation, to the reign of King James VI |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan01buch |publisher=Glasgow : Chapman and Lang |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>—most of whom are now considered by historians to be figures of legend, or completely misrepresented. The list went back around 1900 years from his time, and began with Fergus I. James VI of Scotland, who was Buchanan's pupil, adopted the story of Fergus I as his ancestor, and the antiquity of the line was emphasised by the House of Stuart.

==Dynastic importance== The genealogy of Scottish kings, going back to Fergus mac Ferchar (i.e. Fergus I) and beyond, was in place by the middle of the 13th century when it was recited at the 1249 inauguration of Alexander III of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=William |first=Ferguson |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/174737079 |title=The identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest |date=1999 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=0-7486-1072-3 |page=37 |oclc=174737079}}</ref> In 1301 Baldred Bisset was involved in a hearing at the Papal Curia, on the Scottish side of the debate on Edward I of England's claims, and at least helped prepare material dealing with the mythological history that was being adduced as relevant, on both sides.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=2475|title=Bisset, Baldred|first=R. James|last=Goldstein}}</ref>

[[File:Alexander III and Ollamh Rígh.JPG|thumb|Alexander III hears his genealogy; late medieval illustration of the ''Scotichronicon''.]]

The question of the antiquity of the Scottish royal lineage, and even the details of the associated origin myth, became particularly significant from 1542 when Mary, Queen of Scots came to the Scottish throne. Buchanan alluded to Mary's long ancestry in his ''Epithalamium'' written for her 1559 marriage to Francis II of France.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Buchanan |first=George |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/249083014 |title=George Buchanan the political poetry |year=1964 |isbn=0-906245-17-6 |pages=24,134 |oclc=249083014}}</ref> In the period before Mary's betrothal, a marriage to Prince Edward, the future Edward VI of England, was much discussed. As part of that debate, the list of legendary kings of Britain became involved, in the form of the "Brutus myth", promoted by Edward Hall over the doubts of Polydore Vergil. Publicists on the English side of the argument, including John Elder, James Henrisoun, and William Lamb, had cast doubt on Scottish history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=Merriman |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/59400280 |title=The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542-1551 |date=2000 |publisher=Tuckwell Press |isbn=1-86232-090-X |pages=42–46 |oclc=59400280}}</ref>

When James VI entered Edinburgh in 1579 the pageantry included a public posting of the genealogy of the Scottish kings; and when his son Charles I visited in 1633, portraits of 107 kings were displayed, some of which (by George Jamesone) survive.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McGrath |first=Elizabeth |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/888498080 |title=Local Heroes: The Scottish Humanist Parnassus for Charles I |date=1990 |page=258 |oclc=888498080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This Noble College: Rare art of decoration |url=http://www.abdn.ac.uk/noblecollege/art.htm |url-status=dead |accessdate=27 July 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901104126/http://www.abdn.ac.uk/noblecollege/art.htm |archivedate=1 September 2011}}</ref> Another series of 110 imagined portraits of the monarchs from the list was painted for Charles II by Jacob de Wet II, and hung in Holyrood Palace. The de Wet portrait collection later became a noted sight for tourists, for example as written about by John Macky, ''A Journey through Scotland''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ScotSites eBooks - Travellers' Tales of Scotland |url=http://www.scotsites.co.uk/ebooks/travellerstales7.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002072125/http://www.scotsites.co.uk/ebooks/travellerstales7.htm |archive-date=2 October 2011}}</ref>

==Historiography of Buchanan's list== While ''Rerum Scoticarum Historia'' was published only in the year of Buchanan's death, he had worked on it during much of his life. It was published with his ''De jure regni apud Scotos'', first printed in 1579. Of the two works, the ''Historia'' for Buchanan served as a source of precedents on dealing with bad kings (tyrants in the list inevitably come to a sorry end at the hands of the people, in line with Buchanan's monarchomach position), while the ''De jure'' is cast as a humanist dialogue between Buchanan himself and Thomas Maitland, and concentrates on classical exemplars. Both works were dedicated to James VI.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1198866066 |title=The Cambridge History of Political Thought: 1450–1700 |date=26 July 1991 |isbn=0-521-24716-0 |editor-last=Burns |editor-first=James H. Sonstige |pages=216–217 |oclc=1198866066}}</ref> King James came to regard the chronicles of Buchanan and John Knox as "infamous invectives".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stewart |first=Alan |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/872643894 |title=The Cradle King: The Life of James VI and I, The First Monarch of a United Great Britain |date=11 March 2014 |isbn=978-1-4668-6602-7 |page=148 |oclc=872643894}}</ref>

The king-list of the ''Historia'' was, therefore, in that work, only incidental to Buchanan's purpose in the book, whatever later uses it may have been put to. After the later scholarly work of Thomas Innes, this list was given little credence in its initial parts. It was, however, the culmination of centuries of development of king-lists for the Kingdom of Scotland. Much fictional material had been introduced into these lists by the humanist Hector Boece, writing half a century before Buchanan. Peter Hume Brown in his biography of Buchanan describes him as somewhat more sceptical than Boece in what he accepted as historical; but less so than John Mair, writing earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1890 |title=George Buchanan, humanist and reformer, a biography |url=https://archive.org/details/georgebuchananhu00browiala}}</ref> Buchanan has been called inconsistent in his treatment of classical sources since his rejection of the legend of Gathelus does not extend to the early Scottish kings, who are equally unsupported by classical authors.<ref>{{Cite book |year=1986 |title=Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Sanctandreani : Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, St. Andrews, 24 August to 1 September 1982 |isbn=9780866980708 |url=https://archive.org/stream/sanctaactaconvent00inteuoft#page/14/mode/2up}}</ref>

Writers who perpetuated the Boece tradition, as put into form by Buchanan, included:

*Alexander Gardyne, ''Theatre of the Scotish Kings''{{sic}}, published 1709 by James Watson<ref name="Johnston" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Poetry, Second Edition Bibliography: G |url=http://collections.chadwyck.co.uk/html/ep2/bibliography/g.htm}}</ref> *David Hume of Godscroft *Gilbert Gray *James Ussher<ref>Vol. vi in ''Whole works; now for the first time collected, with a life of the author and an account of his writings'' (1864), edited by Charles Richard Elrington.</ref> *James Wallace, '' The History of the Kingdom of Scotland from Fergus the First King to the Union'' (1724) *John Johnston, ''Inscriptiones Historicæ Regum Scotorum, continuata annorum serie a Fergusio I. ad Jacobum VI.'' (1602)<ref name="Johnston">{{ODNBweb|id=14944|first=J. Derrick|title=Johnston, John|last=McClure}}</ref>

The antiquity of the line was attacked by William Lloyd, who argued that Scotland was not settled before the 6th century; George Mackenzie published the 1685 ''Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland'' against Lloyd, and a sequel the next year against Edward Stillingfleet, who had given a sceptical account of Boece's history in Chapter V of his ''Origines Britannicae''.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=17579|title=Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh|first=Clare|last=Jackson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1842 |title=Origines Britannicae; or the antiquities of the British churches; to which is added a historical account of Church government as first received in Great Britain and Ireland |url=https://archive.org/stream/originesbritanni02stiluoft#page/n5/mode/2up |publisher=Oxford, Univ. Pr.}}</ref> The work of Innes, which in effect terminated the scholarly debate, was published in 1729, but the tradition continued.

*Francis Nichols, ''The British Compendium'' (1741)<ref>{{Cite web |year=1741 |title=The British compendium; or, Rudiments of honour: Containing the origin of the Scots, and succession of their kings for above 2000 years |url=https://archive.org/details/britishcompendiu03nich}}</ref> *James Anderson, ''Royal Genealogies'' (1732). This book was based on a work of Johann Hübner, but with Anderson's additions.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Anderson, James (1680?-1739)}}</ref> The king-list is Table 499, attributed to Boece and Buchanan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yrqeY839bMwC&q=james+anderson+royal+genealogies At Google Books], table as p. 12 of volume as scanned.</ref> *William Guthrie.

Subsequently, John Pinkerton and William Forbes Skene contributed to the study of the king-lists. Reference works continued, however, to copy Buchanan's list, and the mythological history took many years to drop out of circulation, persisting in print as factual well into the 19th century (for example the fourth edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1810), the ''Encyclopædia Perthensis'' (1816),<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EpQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=Encyclopaedia Perthensis; or Universal dictionary of the arts, sciences, literature, &c. intended to supersede the use of other books of reference |publisher=Printed by John Brown |year=1816 |page=77 |accessdate=26 February 2013}}</ref> the ''London Encyclopedia'' (1829), and the individual kings in reference books by George Crabb<ref>''Universal Historical Dictionary'' (1833); [https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA95 Google Books].</ref> and John Platts<ref>''New Universal Biography'' (1826); [https://books.google.com/books?id=B-FHAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA143 Google Books].</ref>).

==Legendary content== See list of Scottish monarchs for the view of contemporary historians of Scotland. The first historical figure in Buchanan's list is Caratacus. The rediscovery of the works of Tacitus prompted Boece to include this well-attested figure from the period of the Roman occupation of Britain.

The last legendary figure is more complex to discuss. The kings in the list from about the 6th century (in the ''Fifth Book'' of Buchanan) onwards may have some relationship to historical figures in the Kingdom of Dalriada, extending in present-day terms from western Scotland to part of Ireland. See list of Kings of Dál Riata. But the Kingdom of Scotland (i.e. Alba) was not a historical reality until Kenneth MacAlpin created it in the year 843, and what was said about his predecessors in the list by Buchanan may have little historical foundation.

The list of Kings of the Picts includes other historical figures reigning in parallel with the Dalriada kings, in other areas of what is now Scotland. The critical ''Essay'' (1729) of Innes, while demolishing the king-list going back to Boece, substituted in part kings of the Picts, and is now regarded as questionable in its own way. Innes was a Jacobite and concerned therefore to lay emphasis on legitimacy of descent and primogeniture.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=14432|title=Innes, Thomas|first=Brian M.|last=Halloran}}</ref>

==Legendary kings (Buchanan), BC== {| class="wikitable" !Numbering (Buchanan) !Name !Accession date (Buchanan) !Alternate names !Comments |- |1 |Fergus I |330 BC | |The first king of Scotland, according to the fictitious chronology of Boece and Buchanan. He is said to have come to Scotland from Ireland about 330 BC to assist the Scots already settled in Scotland against the joint attack of the Picts and Britons. He is then said to have gone back to Ireland to quell disturbances, and to have been drowned in the passage off the rock or port which got the name of Carrick Fergus from him. According to John Fordoun, Andrew of Wyntoun, and most of the earlier genealogical lists of Scottish kings, the same account is given of the settlement of the Scots from Ireland by a King Fergus, son of Ferchard. According to other lists, Ferchard or Feardach, the father of Fergus, was the first and Fergus the second king.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Fergus I}}</ref> |- |2 |Feritharis |305 BC |Ferithais (Bellenden)<ref name="Boecelist2">[https://archive.org/stream/historychronicle01boec#page/n129/mode/2up Contents from Boece], taken from 1821 edition of the translation by John Bellenden, which was from Latin into Scots of the 16th century.</ref> |Brother of Fergus, and in Buchanan's view elected king.<ref>[http://wxy.seu.edu.cn/humanities/sociology/htmledit/uploadfile/system/20101108/20101108235648651.pdf '' British Identities before Nationalism'' (PDF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323141710/http://wxy.seu.edu.cn/humanities/sociology/htmledit/uploadfile/system/20101108/20101108235648651.pdf |date=23 March 2012 }}, p. 125.</ref> |- |3 |Mainus |290 BC | | |- |4 |Dornadilla |262 BC |Dorvidilla (Bellenden)<ref name="Boecelist2" /> |The identification of Dun Dornaigil as Dornadilla's castle is mentioned in ''Itinerarium septentrionale'' (1726) by Alexander Gordon.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|cat=PLA |num=4891 |num2=NC44NE 3 |desc=Dun Dornaigil |access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref> Dorvidilla, in Boece, was fond of hunting dogs, and made laws regulating hunting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Read the eBook The Perth incident of 1396 from a folk-lore point of view; by Robert Craig Maclagan online for free (page 16 of 25) |url=https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/robert-craig-maclagan/the-perth-incident-of-1396-from-a-folk-lore-point-of-view-hci/page-16-the-perth-incident-of-1396-from-a-folk-lore-point-of-view-hci.shtml |website=www.ebooksread.com}}</ref> |- |5 |Nothatus |232 BC |Nathak (Bellenden)<ref name="Boecelist2" /> |In legend, killed by Dovallus; a story adopted by Clan Macdowall for their ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Finder &#124; CLAN by Scotweb |url=http://www.scotweb.co.uk/info/macdowall/}}</ref> |- |6 |Reutherus | |Reuther (Boece),<ref name="Boecelist1">{{Cite web |title=Kings |url=http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/kings.html}}</ref> Rewthar (Bellenden)<ref name="Boecelist2" /> |Claimed as the eponym of Rutherglen.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43476 ''Topographical Dictionary of Scotland'' (1846)] by Samuel Lewis.</ref> |- |7 |Reuthra | |Rewtha (Bellenden)<ref name="Boecelist2" /> | |- |8 |Thereus | | | |- |9 |Josina | |Josyne (Bellenden)<ref name="Boecelist2" /> | |- |10 |Finnanus | |Fynnane (Bellenden)<ref name="Boecelist2" /> | |- |11 |Durstus | | | |- |12 |Evenus I | | | |- |13 |Gillus | | | |- |14 |Evenus II | | | |- |15 |Ederus | | | |- |16 |Evenus III | | | |- |17 |Metallanus | | |According to Boece, he received Roman ambassadors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book III English |url=http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/3eng.html |website=www.philological.bham.ac.uk}}</ref> |}

==Legendary kings (Buchanan), Caratacus to Eugenius I== {| class="wikitable" !Numbering (Buchanan) !Name !Accession date (Buchanan) !Alternate names !Comments |- |18 |Caractacus | | | |- |19 |Corbredus I | | | |- |20 |Dardannus | | | |- |21 |Corbredus II Galdus | | | |- |22 |Luctacus | |Lugthacus (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |Boece says some of his crimes must go unmentioned (and then mentions them).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book V English |url=http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/5eng.html |website=www.philological.bham.ac.uk}}</ref> |- |23 |Mogaldus | |Mogallus (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> | |- |24 |Conarus | | | |- |25 |Ethodius | | | |- |26 |Satrael | |Satrahel (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> | |- |27 |Donaldus I | | |Boece makes him the first Christian king.<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |- |28 |Ethodius II | | | |- |29 |Athirco | |Athircon, son of Echodius (James Ussher)<ref>{{Cite web |year=1864 |title=Whole works; now for the first time collected, with a life of the author and an account of his writings |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024758975#page/n59/mode/2up |publisher=Dublin, Hodges, Smith}}</ref> | |- |30 |Nathalocus | | |A usurper killed by a servant, a story which was the subject of an 1845 poem by James Clerk Maxwell.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Read the eBook the life of James Clerk Maxwell: With a selection from his correspondence and occasional writings and a sketch of his contributions to science by Lewis Campbell online for free (Page 44 of 49) |url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/lewis-campbell/the-life-of-james-clerk-maxwell--with-a-selection-from-his-correspondence-and-o-hci/page-44-the-life-of-james-clerk-maxwell--with-a-selection-from-his-correspondence-and-o-hci.shtml}}</ref> |- |31 |Findochus | |Findocus (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> | |- |32 |Donaldus II | | | |- |33 |Donaldus III | | | |- |34 |Crathilinthus | |Crathlinthus (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> | |- |35 |Fincormachus | | | |- |36 |Romachus | | | |- |37 |Angusianus | | | |- |38 |Fethelmachus | |Fethelmacus (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> | |- |39 |Eugenius I | |Evenus I |Thought to have possibly been the same person as Eochaid Muinremuir father of Erc of Dalriada |}

==Buchanan's ''Fifth Book'', Fergus II to Kenneth II== {| class="wikitable" !Numbering (Buchanan) !Name !Accession date (Buchanan) !Alternate names !Comments |- |40 |Fergusius II | |Fergus II, Fergus the Great |See Fergus Mór. |- |41 |Eugenius II | |Evenus II | |- |42 |Dongardus |452 |Domangart |See Domangart Réti. |- |43 |Constantine I |457 | |Polydore Vergil (''Anglica Historia'', 1555) gives from here a succession close to Buchanan.<ref name="PV">http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/polverg/3eng.html: Polydore Vergil gives the succession as Constantine, Congallus, Goranus, Eugene III, Convallus, Amtillus, Aidan, Kenneth, Eugene IV, Ferquart, Donald, Maldwin, Eugene V, Eugene VI, and Ambercletus.</ref> |- |44 |Congallus I |479 | |See Comgall mac Domangairt. |- |45 |Goranus |501 |Gabhran Goranus,<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Goranus, Gabhran}}</ref> Conranus (Boece).<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |See Gabrán mac Domangairt. |- |46 |Eugenius III |535 | |Father of St Kentigern; see Owain mab Urien. |- |47 |Congallus II |558 |Convallus (Boece).<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |See Conall mac Comgaill. |- |48 |Kinnatellus |574 |Kynnatillus (Boece),<ref name="Boecelist1" /> Cumatillus,<ref>{{Cite web |year=1867 |title=Ecclesiastical chronicle for Scotland |url=https://archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalch01gord#page/2/mode/2up |publisher=Glasgow, John Tweed}}</ref> Amtillus.<ref name="PV" /> | |- |49 |Aidanus |575 | |See Áedán mac Gabráin |- |50 |Kennethus I |605 |Kenneth I Keir (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |See Connad Cerr |- |51 |Eugenius IV |606 | |See Eochaid Buide.<ref name="ODNBEug">{{ODNBweb|id=52471|title=Eugenius I-VIII|first=Henry|last=Summerson}}</ref> |- |52 |Fearchair I<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Fearchair I}}</ref> |626 |Ferquart<ref name="PV" /> |See Ferchar mac Connaid |- |53 |Donaldus IV |638 | |See Domnall Brecc |- |54 |Ferchardus II<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Ferchardus II}}</ref> |652 |Ferquhardus I (Boece),<ref name="Boecelist1" /> Fearchair Fada. |See Ferchar Fota. |- |55 |Maldvinus |670 |Malduinus (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |See Máel Dúin mac Conaill |- |56 |Eugenius V |690 | |See Eochaid mac Domangairt.<ref name="ODNBEug" /> |- |57 |Eugenius VI |694 | |Boece calls him the son of Ferchar |- |58 |Amberkelethus |704 |Ambirkelethus (Boece),<ref name="Boecelist1" /> Ainbhealach, Ambercletus in Polydore Vergil.<ref name="PV" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Read the eBook Polydore Vergil's English history, from an early translation preserved among the mss. of the old royal library in the British museum by Polydore Vergil online for free (page 13 of 30) |url=https://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/polydore-vergil/polydore-vergils-english-history-from-an-early-translation-preserved-among-the-goo/page-13-polydore-vergils-english-history-from-an-early-translation-preserved-among-the-goo.shtml |website=www.ebooksread.com}}</ref> |See Ainbcellach mac Ferchair. |- |59 |Eugenius VII |706 | |Likely duplicates Eugenius VI.<ref name="ODNBEug" /> Also see Eochaid mac Echdach |- |60 |Mordacus |723 | |See Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig. |- |61 |Etfinus |730 |Ethfinus (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |See Áed Find |- |62 |Eugene VIII |761 | |See Eógan mac Muiredaig.<ref name="ODNBEug" /> |- |63 |Fergus III |764 | |See Fergus mac Echdach |- |64 |Solvathius |767 |Selvach.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Selvach}}</ref> |See Selbach mac Ferchair and the legend of Sholto Douglas. Boece calls him the son of Eógan mac Muiredaig |- |65 |Achaius |788 | |See Eochaid mac Áeda Find. Also supposed to have concluded a treaty with the Emperor Charlemagne<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hume |first1=David |last2=Hunter |first2=L. |date=8 January 1820 |title=The history of the house and race of Douglas and Angus |url=http://archive.org/details/historyhouseand00humegoog |publisher=London [L. Hunter] printed for Mortimer and M'Leod, Aberdeen |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> |- |66 |Congallus III |819 |Convallus II (Boece)<ref name="Boecelist1" /> |See Conall Crandomna but at a great chronological distance. Boece calls him the cousin Eochaid mac Áeda Find, son of Domhnall brother of Áeda Find. |- |67 |Dongallus |824 | |Boece calls him the son of Solvathius and that he rejected the offer to cede the kingdom to the Picts and to Alpin, the rightful heir of Achaius, deciding instead to go to gathered his forces at the River Spey, but died. He is also from a collateral line to the Cenel Loairn Mormaers of Moray. Prof Hudon, in 'Kings of Celtic Scotland', has him as the father of Giric. |- |68 |Alpinus | | |See Alpín mac Echdach. |- |69 |Kennethus II | | |See Kenneth MacAlpin. |}

==''Sixth Book'', later kings== *(73) Grig/Gregory the Great: see Giric

==Notes== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links== *[https://books.google.com/books?id=-u-THkaTVMUC&q=%2BEtfinus 1831 English translation of Buchanan] *[http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/ Boece, ''Scotorum Historia'' (1575 edition)] *[http://www.motherbedford.com/ScotKings01.htm Chart] *[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.03.0087%3Asection%3DGathelus-a Holinshed, ''A History of Scotland''] *[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A29962.0001.001/1:12?rgn=div1;view=toc Link to another translation of Buchanan] *[http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/kings.html Links to Buchanan's Latin] *[https://archive.org/details/buikofcronicliso02boec Metrical version of Boece], by William Stewart, edited by William Barclay Turnbull (1858)

;Attribution {{DNB|wstitle=Fergus I}}

*Scotland Kings