Staryi Krym

{{pp-extended|small=yes}} {{Short description|City in Crimea}} {{About|the historical town in Crimea |the settlement of Staryi Krym lying east of Mariupol|Staryi Krym, Donetsk Oblast}} {{Infobox settlement  | official_name = Staryi Krym | native_name = Старий Крим<br>Старый Крым<br>''Eski Qırım'' | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = S-krim-5127.jpg | image_caption = [[Surp Khach Monastery]] | image_flag = FLA Staryi Krym, Krym, Ukraine.svg | image_shield = COA Staryi Krym, Krym.svg | pushpin_map = Crimea # Ukraine # Russia | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Staryi Krym within Crimea | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_label_position =  | coordinates = {{coord|45|1|45|N|35|5|19|E|region:UA|display=it}} | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine (occupied by Russia) | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous republic]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] (''de jure'') | subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Feodosia Raion]] (''de jure'') | area_total_km2 = 9.97 | elevation_m = 300 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 9277 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 1000 | timezone = | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 97345 | area_code = +7-36555 | blank1_name = [[List of renamed cities in Ukraine|Former name]]| | blank1_info = Solkhat (until the 14th century) | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]] | website = {{URL|http://solhat.com/}} | name = | footnotes = {{sup|1}} [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] ([[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262]]) | subdivision_type4 = [[Administrative divisions of Crimea|District]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal subject]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Kirovske Raion|Kirovske District]] (''de facto'') | subdivision_name3 = [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (''de facto'') | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 12 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }}

'''Staryi Krym''' ({{langx|uk|Старий Крим}}; {{langx|crh|Eski Qırım|italic=yes}}; {{langx|ru|Старый Крым}}; {{Langx|hy|Հին Ղրիմ}} {{lit|Old Crimea}} in all four languages) is a small historical city and former bishopric in [[Kirovske Raion|Kirovske (Isliam-Terek) Raion]] of [[Crimea]], Ukraine. It has been occupied by Russia since 2014 (see [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]]). It is located in the Eastern [[Crimean Peninsula]], approximately 25 km (15 mi.) west of [[Feodosiya|Theodosia]]. Population: {{Crimea-census2014|9,277|punct=.}}

== Names == {{Further|Name of Crimea}} During the late 13th century, the town was known as either ''Solkhat'' (''Solkhad'', ''Solghad'', {{lang|ar-Latn|Ṣulġāt}} {{lang|ar|صلغات}}) or as ''Qrım'' ({{lang|ar-Latn|al-Qirim/Kirim}} {{lang|ar|القرم}}).{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Neither name is attested prior to the 13th century, but on the authority of [[al-Qalqashandi]], ''Solkhat'' is the older of the two, dating to the period prior to the Mongol conquest in mid-1238.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Both names coexisted during the 14th century, but the name ''Qırım'' came to displace ''Solkhat'' by the early 15th. The origin of either name is uncertain.<ref>Perhaps a Turkified form of the Italian name ''Solcati'' ({{langx|it|solcata}} – furrow, ditch).{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} An alternative proposal derives it from the name of an [[Armenian Church|Armenian]] monastic complex in Staryi Krym, built in 1338 and known in Armenian as "[[Surb Khach Monastery|Surb Khach]]," {{langx|hy|Սուրբ Խաչ}} or Holy Cross.{{unreliable source?|date=March 2014}} Maksoudian, Krikor (1997). "Armenian Communities in Eastern Europe" in ''The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century''. [[Richard Hovannisian]] (ed.) New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 57. {{ISBN|1-4039-6422-X}}.</ref> Some consider ''Solkhat'' to be related to the Greek ''Colchis''.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}

Before the Mongol period, mention is made in Greek hagiography of the residence of the [[Khazar]] governor of the eastern part of the peninsula, as a fortress named [[Phoulloi|''Phoulla'' or ''Phoullai'']] (Φοῦλλαι, although other sources identify this place with [[Chufut-Kale]])<ref>Vasilev A. A., "The Goths in the Crimea," Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1936, p. 98</ref> along with ''Sugdaia'' ([[Sudak]]); it is likely that the site of this fortress corresponds to the site of ''Solghat''.<ref name="Brill1084">E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 4, [https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA1084 pp. 1084f].</ref>

The name ''Qirim'' may continue the old name ''Cimmerium'' (after the [[Cimmerians]]). The [[Strait of Kerch]] was known as ''Bosporus Cimmerius'' in the [[Roman Crimea|Roman era]] (as reported by [[Ptolemy]], [[Polybius]], and [[Strabo]]), after the city of [[Kimmerikon|Cimmerium]] which stood nearby. The promontory or peninsula on which it stood was known as ''Promontorium Cimmerium'' (Κιμμέριον ἄκρον). The 13th-century toponym ''Qrim'' is likely explained as a corruption of the name ''Cimmerium''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RGMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA153 Cimmerium]. [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] 4th edition (1810).</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Asimov|first=Isaac|title=Asimov's Chronology of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/asimovschronolog00asim_0|url-access=registration|year=1991|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/asimovschronolog00asim_0/page/50 50]|isbn=9780062700360 }}</ref> There are however alternative suggestions, such as derivation from the Greek ''Cremnoi'' (Κρημνοί, in post-classical Koiné Greek pronunciation, Crimni, i.e., "the Cliffs", referenced by Herodotus 4.20.1 and 4.110.2) or from a [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] appellation.<ref>Adrian Room, ''Placenames of the World'', 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&pg=PA96 p. 96]. .</ref>

The name "Crimea" (for the [[Crimean Khanate]], and later also for the peninsula itself{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}) is derived from the name of the city{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}). It became adopted as an alternative term for what used to be known as ''Tauris'' or ''[[Tauric Peninsula]]'' in western languages from the 17th century.<ref>[[Edward Gibbon]], The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 10 (1788), p. 211: "The modern reader must not confound this old Cherson of the Tauric or Crimean peninsula with a new city of the same name".</ref>

Since the annexation of Crimea by [[Catherine II of Russia]] in 1783, the town has been known by the Russian name Staryi Krym (Russian ''staryi'' meaning "old", rendered in Crimean Tatar as ''eski''; also transliterated as ''Staroi Krim'' and variants).<ref>"North-west of Kaffa and east of Karasu bazar is Eski or Staroi Krim (''i.e.'', Old Krim), the Cimmerium of the Greeks, which gave its name to the peninsula." Henry H. Howorth, ''History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th century'', part 2: ''The so-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia'' (1880) [https://archive.org/stream/historymongolss00howogoog#page/n670/mode/1up p. 625]</ref> Although officially the town was renamed ''Levkopol'' after the ancient Greek name of ''Leukopolis'' (White City), this never gained popularity,<ref name="Brill1084"/> perhaps because the town already styled a name from antiquity.

== History == [[File:Bogaevsky Stary Krym.jpg|thumb|left|[[Konstantin Bogaevsky]], Staryi Krym, 1903]] The town was probably the site of an earlier [[Khazar]] fortress before the Mongol conquest of the Crimea in mid-1238. The Mongols under [[Batu Khan]] fortified the town and thereafter it became a capital of the Crimean Yurt (Crimean province of the [[Golden Horde]]) and a home for the Emir of Crimea.

Before the 1270s, Qrim had been a village surrounding a fort at best, but by the early 14th century it had grown into a prosperous city. [[Kaykaus II]] was given Qrim as a fief in c. 1265. Tatar coins were struck in Qrim from 1287/8 (AH 686) and in the same year, an Egyptian architect was sent there to build a mosque to be named after the Egyptian sultan.<ref name="Brill1084"/> From that period remain the [[Ozbek Han Mosque]], built in 1314 by [[Uzbeg Khan]], and the ruins of a [[madrassa]] built in 1332.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crimean Tatar Architecture|publisher=International Committee for Crimea|url=http://www.iccrimea.org/monuments/monuments.html|accessdate=2011-02-20}}</ref> The town prospered during the 14th century, but it was completely destroyed during the civil unrest under [[Mengli Girai]] in the later 15th century. Qrim seems to have retained its position as capital of the newly established [[Crimean Khanate]] for some years, as coins struck here are dated to as late as 1517 (AH 923), after which point in 1532 the capital of the Ottoman vassal state was moved to [[Bakhchysarai|Bağçasaray]], and the city declined into relative obscurity. After the Russian conquest of the Crimean Khanate in the 1770s, the city of Staryi Krym was given the Greek name of ''Leukopolis'' (''Lewkopol''),<ref name=sgk/> but this name never entered common usage.<ref name="Brill1084"/> In 1863, the town had a population of 1,085, of which 43.4% were [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Christian]], 42.8% were [[Eastern Orthodox]], 13.1% were [[Muslim]], and 0.7% were [[Protestant]].<ref name=sgk>{{cite book|author=|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XI|year=1890|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=271}}</ref> In the late 19th century, the inhabitants were mostly employed in gardening, tobacco cultivation and farming.<ref name=sgk/>

In 1812, shortly before [[French invasion of Russia|Napoleon's invasion]], the Countess Jeanne de Gachet, wife of a French [[Émigré|emigrant]] and victim of the [[French Revolution|revolution]], had been living in [[Saint Petersburg]] for some time. She said she was aware of many events at the court of [[Louis XVI]]. [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] then wanted to meet her in person and, once met at her palace, she confessed to him that she was actually the Countess [[Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy|Jeanne de La Motte-Valois]], the sad heroine of the [[Affair of the Diamond Necklace|necklace affair]]. [[Naturalization|Naturalized]] Russian for some secret services rendered to Russian diplomacy, Alexander was the only person she confided in. Having admit her past guilt, as a [[War in the Vendée|Vendean]] she had long followed the heroic bands that had resisted the [[French First Republic|republican]] armies. In 1824, by order of the emperor who did not grant the [[extradition]] of the state criminal requested by the French ambassador, she was exiled to the Crimea with a group of [[Pietism|pietists]], settling permanently in a modest peasant house in the small village of Staryi Krym. Two years later, in the spring, sensing that she was close to death, after having destroyed all the papers and burned the compromising documents in her possession, she asked the Armenians of the church that her body be buried with the clothes she was wearing at the moment, without being stripped. Falling from a horse, she died on April 23, 1826. However, according to local custom, her body had to be washed before burial, so her recommendations were not heeded. It was then that, while cleaning the body, she noticed her branding on her right shoulder and chest, proving her real identity. As a result, by express order of the new Emperor [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]], her belongings were shipped to the Russian capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baronsdebode.wordpress.com/2017/06/16/1-5-3-charles-alexandre-de-bode-illustrated-descendancy/|title=1.5.3. Charles Alexandre de Bode – Illustrated Descendancy|date=16 June 2017 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://gigafox.ru/fr/abortion/demonicheskaya-shpionka-istoriya-nastoyashchei-ledi-vinter---shadowcat-zhanna/|title=Espion démoniaque. L'histoire de la vraie dame hiver - shadowcat|language=fr}}</ref>

Staryi Krym was the city where the famous Russian writer [[Alexander Grin]] lived and died, and now has [[Alexander Grin house museum|a museum dedicated to him]]. The city is home to an important [[cardiology|cardiac]] [[sanatorium]], formerly run by notable heart [[surgery|surgeon]] [[Nikolai Amosov]].

During [[World War II]], the German occupiers operated a ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' prison in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=799|title=SD-Gefängnis Staryj Krym|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=27 December 2022|language=de}}</ref>

== Demographics == {{Historical populations | title = Historical populations | type = UA |align = right |1805| 114 |1863| 1085 |1926| 4738 |1939| 5141 |1989| 9196 |2001| 9960 |2011| 9446 | footnote = Source:<ref name=sgk/>{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} }}

=== Ethnic groups === As of the [[2001 Ukrainian census|Ukrainian national census in 2001]], the town had a population of 9,960 people. The population mostly consists of ethnic [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]] and [[Crimean Tatars]]. The share of ethnic [[Ukrainians]] living in the town barely exceeds 10%, which is the lowest percentage recorded in any major settlement on the whole [[Crimean peninsula]]. The exact ethnic composition was as follows:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua/pop-composition/ethnic-cities | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=2001 Ukrainian census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|Russians|purple|53.79}} {{bar percent|Crimean Tatars|orange|29.17}} {{bar percent|Ukrainians|dodgerblue|10.22}} {{bar percent|Tatars|green|2.80}} {{bar percent|Belarusians|red|0.64}} {{bar percent|Armenians|brown|0.23}} {{bar percent|Azerbaijanis|olive|0.14}} {{bar percent|Poles|yellow|0.11}}}}

== Ecclesiastical history == As Phulli, it was one of the bishoprics in the Roman client-state, later province, of the [[Bosporan Kingdom]], where no imperial metropolis was established, and it faded under heathen rule.

The diocese was nominally restored in 1929, as a Latin Catholic [[titular archbishopric]] (Curiate Italian name Fulli).

It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank: * [[Francis Beckman|Francis Joseph Beckman]] (1946.11.11 – 1948.10.17) * Gabriele M. Reyes (1949.08.25 – 1949.10.13) * Pasquale Mores (1950.01.31 – 1960.05.15) * Willem Pieter Adrian Maria Mutsaerts (1960.06.27 – 1964.08.16)

== Gallery == <gallery> File:Мечеть Узбека.JPG|[[Ozbek Han Mosque]] File:120829 Церква Сурб-Ншан06247.jpg|[[Surp Khach Monastery|Surb Khach]] Armenian monastery File:Starokrymskii sanatorii.jpg|Health resort in Staryi Krym </gallery>

== Notable people == * [[Abraham Kirimi]], medieval Karaite rabbi * [[Leonid Tkachenko (footballer)|Leonid Tkachenko]] (1953–2024), Ukrainian-Russian football player and coach

== Notes == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Staryi Krym}}  * http://www.iccrimea.org/monuments/monuments.html * http://tatarworld.com/history.htm * https://web.archive.org/web/20070929191951/http://www.go2crimea.com/en/index.php?p=31&s=10 * http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/russia/crimeapre1478.html * https://web.archive.org/web/20060214212726/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.tcl?place_id=8092 * [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=666 The murder of the Jews of Staryi Krym] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website. * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0818.htm GCatholic - Phulli, with titular incumbent links]

[[Category:Cities in Crimea]] [[Category:Kirovske Raion]] [[Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine]] [[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]] [[Category:Populated places in the Golden Horde]]