{{Short description|Genus of lichen}} {{italic title}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = Solenopsora holophaea Penharn.jpg | image_caption = ''Solenopsora holophaea'', France | taxon = Solenopsora | authority = A.Massal. (1855) | type_species = ''Solenopsora requienii'' | type_species_authority = A.Massal. (1855) | synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/> | synonyms = *''Catillaria'' sect. ''Placodiella'' {{small|Zahlbr. (1926)}} *''Diphratora'' {{small|Trevis. ex Jatta (1900)}} *''Diphratora'' sect. ''Ricasolia'' {{small|(A.Massal.) Jatta (1900)}} *''Lecania'' sect. ''Placolecania'' {{small|J.Steiner (1896)}} *''Placodiella'' {{small|(Zahlbr.) Szatala (1941)}} *''Placolecania'' {{small|(J.Steiner) Zahlbr. (1906)}} *''Ricasolia'' {{small|A.Massal. (1855)}} }}
'''''Solenopsora''''' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Catillariaceae.<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> It has 15 species, with a mostly Northern Hemisphere distribution.
==Taxonomy== The genus was circumscribed by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1855, with ''Solenopsora requienii'' assigned as the type species.<ref name="Massalongo 1855"/> However, this species had previously been described in 1840 by Camille Montagne, as ''Parmelia holophaea''.<ref name="Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1840"/>
==Description== ''Solenopsora'' lichens produce thalli of various morphologies, including crust-like (crustose), scaley (squamulose), and leafy (foliose). Depending on the species, the apothecia may be immersed on the substrate, emergent on the substrate surface, or somewhat elevated on a stalk (''stipitate''). A combination of microscopic characteristics define the genus ''Solenopsora''. They all have asci that contain eight spores, and are of the ''Catillaria''-type. This means that they have a prominent, amyloid tholus (the thickened inner part of the tip of an ascus) that lacks any internal differentiation such as an axial body. They have simple (i.e. unbranched) paraphyses with an internal brown pigmentation and club-shaped tips. Their ascospores are colourless and translucent (hyaline), and contain a single septum.<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/>
''Catillaria'' is a closely related genus that differs mainly in having a thallus that is always crustose, and apothecia with a proper margin.<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/>
==Habitat and distribution== Most ''Solenopsora'' species are found in the Northern Hemisphere, including Asia, Europe, western North Africa, North America, and the Canary Islands.<ref name="Verdon & Rambold 1998"/> Three species are known from Australia.<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/> Eight species occur in Europe.<ref name="Guttová et al. 2014"/>
==Species== {{As of|2024|December}}, Species Fungorum accepts 15 species of ''Solenopsora'':<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/> *''Solenopsora candicans'' {{small|(Dicks.) J.Steiner (1915)}}<ref name="Steiner 1915"/> *''Solenopsora cesatii'' {{small|(A.Massal.) Zahlbr. (1919)}} *''Solenopsora chihuahuana'' {{small|B.D.Ryan & Timdal (2011)}} *''Solenopsora cladonioides'' {{small|B.D.Ryan & Timdal (2011)}} *''Solenopsora cyathiformis'' {{small|(Szatala) van den Boom (2004)}} *''Solenopsora elixiana'' {{small|Verdon & Rambold (1998)}}<ref name="Verdon & Rambold 1998"/> – Queensland; La Réunion; Taiwan *''Solenopsora grisea'' {{small|(Bagl.) Kotlov (2004)}}<ref name="Kotlov 2004"/> *''Solenopsora holophaea'' {{small|(Mont.) Samp. (1921)}}<ref name="Sampaio 1921"/> *''Solenopsora isidiata'' {{small|van den Boom & Ertz (2012)}}<ref name="Van den Boom & Ertz 2012"/> *''Solenopsora liparina'' {{small|(Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1919)}} *''Solenopsora olivacea'' {{small|(Dufour) H.Kilias (1981)}}<ref name="Kilias 1981"/> *''Solenopsora requienii'' {{small|A.Massal. (1855)}} *''Solenopsora sordida'' {{small|(C.W.Dodge) D.J.Galloway (2004)}}<ref name="Galloway 2004"/> – New Zealand *''Solenopsora tasmanica'' {{small|Kantvilas (2004)}}<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/> – Tasmania *''Solenopsora vulturiensis'' {{small|A.Massal. (1856)}}<ref name="Massalongo 1856"/> – Western Australia; Europe; Macaronesia
==References== {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1840">{{cite book |last1=Barker-Webb |first1=P. |last2=Berthelot |first2=S. |year=1840 |title=Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries |volume=3 |page=113 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41468377}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |author=Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+ |title=''Solenopsora'' |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7JFY |work=Catalog of Life Version 2021-04-05 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="Galloway 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Galloway |first1=D.J. |year=2004 |title=Notes on some lichen names recorded from the Snares Islands, southern New Zealand |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=55 |pages=21–25}}</ref>
<ref name="Guttová et al. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Guttová |first1=Anna |last2=Zozomová-Lihová |first2=Judita |last3=Timdal |first3=Einar |last4=Kučera |first4=Jaromír |last5=Slovák |first5=Marek |last6=Piknová |first6=Katarína |last7=Paoli |first7=Luca |title=First insights into genetic diversity and relationships of European taxa of ''Solenopsora'' (Catillariaceae, Ascomycota) with implications for their delimitation |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2014 |pages=203–223 |doi=10.1111/boj.12200|doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Kantvilas 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Kantvilas |first1=Gintaras |title=A new species of ''Solenopsora'' from Tasmania |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1017/S0024282904014057|s2cid=85652729 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kilias 1981">{{cite journal |last1=Kilias |first1=H. |year=1981 |title=Revision gesteinbewohnender Sippen der Flechtengattung ''Catillaria'' Massal. in Europa (Lecanorales, Lecideaceae) |journal=Herzogia |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |pages=209–448 (see p. 409)|doi=10.1127/herzogia/5/1981/209 |s2cid=249730962 }}</ref>
<ref name="Kotlov 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Kotlov |first1=Y.V. |year=2004 |title=Preliminary checklist of lichen family Catillariaceae |journal=Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii |volume=37 |pages=234–252}}</ref>
<ref name="Massalongo 1855">{{cite book |last1=Massalongo |first1=Abramo Bartolommeo |year=1855 |title=Frammenti lichenografici |publisher=Ramanzini |location=Verona |pages=1–27}}</ref>
<ref name="Massalongo 1856">{{cite journal |last1=Massalongo |first1=Abramo Bartolommeo |year=1856 |title=Sertulum lichenologicum |journal=Lotos Prague |volume=6 |pages=74–83 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Sampaio 1921">{{cite journal |last1=Sampaio |first1=G. |year=1921 |title=Novas contribuições para o estudo dos líquenes portugueses |journal=Brotéria Série Botânica |volume=19 |pages=12–35 |language=pt}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Solenopsora'' A. Massal., Framm. Lichenogr.: 20 (1855) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=5052 |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="Steiner 1915">{{cite journal |last1=Steiner |first1=J. |year=1915 |title=Adnotationes lichenographicae |journal=Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift |volume=65 |issue=10–12 |pages=278–292|doi=10.1007/BF01660996 |s2cid=12308910 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/246133 }}</ref>
<ref name="Van den Boom & Ertz 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Van den Boom |first1=P. |last2=Ertz |first2=D. |year=2012 |title=Lichens and lichenicolous fungi from El Hierro (Canary Islands), a survey, including five new species |journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=59–97|doi=10.7872/crym.v33.iss1.2012.059 |s2cid=84210950 }}</ref>
<ref name="Verdon & Rambold 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Verdon |first1=V. |last2=Rambold |first2=G. |year=1998 |title=A new species in the genus ''Solenopsora'' (Catillariaceae, Lecanorales) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=69 |pages=399–408 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0069/0399.htm}}</ref>
<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
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Category:Lecanorales Category:Lecanorales genera Category:Lichen genera Category:Taxa described in 1855 Category:Taxa named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo