Sudak

{{Short description|Town in Crimea}} {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]] | official_name = Sudak | native_name = Судак ''Sudaq'' | image_shield = COA Sudak.svg | image_flag = | image_skyline = Sudak, Crimea.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Sudak | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Vladimir Serov | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] (occupied by [[Russia]]) | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous republic]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea|Crimea]] (de jure) | subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Feodosia Raion]] (de jure) | pushpin_map = Crimea#Ukraine#Black Sea | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sudak (red dot) within Crimea##Location of Sudak within Ukraine##Location of Sudak within the Black Sea Region | pushpin_relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|44|51|5|N|34|58|21|E|region:RU|display=inline,title}} | timezone = [[Moscow Time|MSK]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | area_total_km2 = 15 | elevation_m = 50 | population_total = 16492 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 1086.6 | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 98000 — 98015 | area_code = +7-36566 | blank_name = [[List of renamed cities in Ukraine|Former names]] | blank_info = Soldaia (until 1475), Sougdeia, Sidagios | blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank1_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]] | website = | footnotes = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 12 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | subdivision_type3 = [[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal subject]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Municipality]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Crimea]] (de facto) | subdivision_name4 = [[Sudak Municipality]] (de facto) }}

'''Sudak''' ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]: {{Lang|uk|Судак}}; {{langx|crh|Sudaq}}; {{langx|el|Σουγδαία}}; sometimes spelled '''Sudac''' or '''Sudagh''') is a city, multiple former Eastern Orthodox bishopric and double Latin Catholic [[titular see]]. It is of regional significance in [[Crimea]], a territory recognized by most countries as part of [[Ukraine]] but annexed by [[Russia]] as the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]]. Sudak serves as the administrative center of [[Sudak Municipality]], one of the regions Crimea is divided into. It is situated {{convert|57|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the west of [[Feodosia]] (the nearest railway station) and {{convert|104|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east of [[Simferopol]], the republic's capital. Population: {{Crimea-census2014|16,492|punct=.}}

A city of [[Classical antiquity|antiquity]], today it is a popular resort, best known for its [[Genoese fortress, Sudak|Genoese fortress]], the best preserved on the northern shore of the [[Black Sea]].

== History == [[File:Khazar map1.PNG|left|thumb|300px|Map of the [[Khazar Khaganate]] and surrounding states, c. 820 CE. Area of direct Khazar control shown in dark blue, sphere of influence in purple. Other boundaries shown in dark red.]]

===Foundation and early Middle Ages=== The date and circumstances of the city's foundation are uncertain. The first written reference to the city dates to the 7th century (in the ''[[Ravenna Cosmography]]''<ref name="ODB">{{cite encyclopedia | last = Pritsak | first = Omeljan | title = Sougdaia | page = 1931 | editor-last=Kazhdan | editor-first=Alexander | editor-link=Alexander Kazhdan | encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] | location=New York and Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-19-504652-6}}</ref>), but later local tradition places its foundation in 212 CE, and archaeological evidence supports its foundation in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times. The city was in all likelihood founded by the [[Alans]], as its name in Greek sources, ''Sougdaia'' is a cognate of the adjective ''sugda'' ("pure, holy") or derives from the word ''sugded''/''sogdad'' in the [[Ossetian language]].<ref name="EHW">{{cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11829 | last = Papageorgiou | first = Angeliki | title = Sougdaia | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Black Sea | access-date = 24 June 2017}}</ref>

In the early Middle Ages, the city appears to have been under very loose [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] control, like other cities in the region.<ref name="EHW"/> Archaeological remains indicate considerable construction activity near the shore in the 6th century.<ref name="ODB"/> Under Byzantine influence, the city was subject to [[Christianization]], and became the seat of a bishopric under the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]], attested for the first time in the [[Second Council of Nicaea]] in 787. Although a Greek-speaking population was probably settled in the city, the area remained dominated by the Alans: a 9th-century hagiography of [[Apostle Andrew]] places "Upper Sougdaia" elsewhere, between [[Zichia]] and the [[Cimmerian Bosporus]], "in the land of the Alans", while the hagiographer of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius|Constantine the Philosopher]] mentions the tribe of ''Sougdoi'', situated between the [[Principality of Iberia|Iberians]] and the [[Crimean Goths]], which the historian [[Francis Dvornik]] identifies as the Alans.<ref name="ODB"/>

The period between the 8th and 11th centuries is obscure, but the available evidence points to a sharp decline in Sougdaia's fortunes. Archaeological evidence shows that the 6th-century constructions were abandoned in the 8th/9th century, while later Russian legends (probably apocryphal) claim that the city was captured by the [[Rus' (people)|Rus']] chieftain, [[Bravlin]], at around the same time. Byzantine control lapsed, and the city probably came under [[Khazar]] suzerainty thereafter, which lasted until the early 11th century.<ref name="EHW"/><ref name="ODB"/> In the early 10th century, the local see was promoted to an [[archbishopric]].<ref name="EHW"/>

===High and late Middle Ages=== The 11th–14th centuries represent a period of prosperity for the city, as shown in archaeological evidence of renewed activity both in the harbour as well as the hinterland and the area of the citadel. It became an important location for trading on the [[Silk Road]] in the 12th and 13th centuries, as a terminus for Black Sea trade. The 14th-century Arab traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] even compares its harbour with that of [[Alexandria]].<ref name="ODB"/> The 13th-century chronicler [[Ibn al-Athir]] writes of it as the "city of the [[Kipchaks|Qifjaq]] from which (flow) their material possessions. It is on the Khazar Sea. Ships come to it bearing clothes. The Qifjiqs buy from them and sell them slaves. Burtas furs, beaver, squirrels ..."<ref>H. B. Paksoy, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j56OM_uRA8wC&q=Central+Asian+Monuments Central Asian Monuments], p.31.</ref>

By the mid-11th century, Sougdaia had returned to Byzantine control, probably following the defeat of the Khazar warlord [[Georgius Tzul]] in 1016. An inscription of 1059 mentions Leo Aliates, "''[[strategos]]'' of [[Cherson (theme)|Cherson]] and Sougdaia".<ref name="EHW"/><ref name="ODB"/> By the end of the century, however, the city passed under [[Cumans|Cuman]] control, which lasted until the 13th century. In {{circa|1222}} the [[Sultanate of Rum|Seljuk Turks]] besieged it, followed by destructive raids by the [[Mongol Empire]] in 1223 and 1238. Finally, in {{circa|1249}} the city came under the control of the Mongol [[Golden Horde]], although it retained considerable autonomy. Contemporary sources place its population at the time to 8,300, including Greeks, Alans, Mongols, Armenians, Latins, and Jews.<ref name="EHW"/><ref>Members of the [[Marco Polo|Polo]] family and other Venetian merchants having resided in the town since the 12th century.</ref>

[[File:Caffa and Theodoro 2.svg|thumb|300px|left|Crimea in the middle of the 15th century]] Under Tatar rule, the city was governed by the notables of the city and the 18 villages surrounding it. In the Greek sources they are mentioned by the Byzantine title ''[[sebastos]]'', while the Latin sources use the Latinized Greek term ''proti'' ("first men").<ref name="EHW"/> Sometime between 1275 and 1282, the local see, which after being united with [[Phoulloi]] in the late 11th century was known as ''Sougdophoulloi'', was raised to the status of a [[metropolitan see]].<ref name="EHW"/>

The city's prosperity was increased by the establishment of [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] commercial colonies in the Crimea during the late 13th century, but at the same time, the area was drawn into the constant disputes between these two rival cities.<ref name="EHW"/> In the early 14th century, the city was eclipsed by the Genoese colonies of [[Tanais|Tana]] and [[Kaffa (city)|Kaffa]]: the Florentine merchant [[Francesco Balducci Pegolotti]], who visited the area in {{circa|1330}}, neglects to mention the city altogether.<ref name="ODB"/> At about the same time, the Tatars converted to Islam, which led to a deterioration of their relations with the Greek-speaking and Christian inhabitants of the city, many of whom were forced to leave it.<ref name="EHW"/>

As a result, on 19 July 1365, the Genoese from Kaffa seized the city, which became a Genoese trading colony. The Genoese refortified the city, constructing the citadel that is still visible today, and induced a large part of the deported Greeks to return.<ref name="EHW"/> Genoese rule lasted until 1475, when the Ottoman [[Grand Vizier]] [[Gedik Ahmed Pasha]] captured it after a long siege.<ref name="EHW"/>

===Ottoman and modern periods=== [[File:Немецкая кирха, Судак, Крым.jpg|thumb|Lutheran Church, 1887 (German colony since 1804)]] The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] took control of ''Soldaia'' and all other Genoese colonies, as well as the [[Principality of Theodoro]] in 1475. Although Sudak was the strategical center of a ''[[qadi|qadılıq]]'', the smallest administrative unit in the Ottoman Empire, the town lost much of its military and commercial importance, until the [[Crimean Khanate]] took over.

In 1771, Sudak was occupied by [[Pyotr Rumyantsev|Rumyantsev's]] army. In 1783, it definitively passed to the [[Russian Empire]], with the rest of [[Crimea]]. Though sometimes contested, it seems that a mass emigration occurred as a result of the ensuing instability in that period. Even [[Pavel Potemkin|Potemkin]] ordered in 1778 the eviction of the Christian population from Crimea. The town rapidly turned into a small village, and according to the 1805 census, Sudak had just 33 inhabitants.

In 1804, the first Russian school of [[viticulture]] was opened there.

The town acquired its present status in 1982. {{Panorama simple |image = File:Sudak panorama.JPG |fullwidth = 4000 |fullheight = 300 |caption = Panorama of Sudak |height = 200 }}

== Ecclesiastical history ==

=== Byzantine metropolis of Sougdaia === It is unknown when the Byzantine see of Sougdaia was established, but it is attested for the first time in 787. It was in the sway of the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]], where it ranked 35th according to the ''[[Notitia Episcopatuum]]'' edited by [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Leo VI the Wise|Leo VI]] ({{reign|886|912}}). In the 10th century it was promoted to an archbishopric. After merging with the nearby see of [[Phoulloi]] towards the end of the 11th century, it was known as ''Sougdophoulloi''. It was raised to metropolitan status in 1275/82.

Its historical bishops were : * St. Stephen, 787 * Constantine, in 997.

See also [[Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh|Russian Orthodox Diocese of Surozh]] for Surozh, the old name of the city as an [[episcopal see]] in the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], which has been nominally transferred to the Russian Orthodox Diocese in [[Great Britain]] and [[Ireland]].

=== Latin bishopric of Soldaia === Under Genoese rule, a Latin Catholic diocese of Soldaia was established in 1390, which has had the following residential bishops : * Bonifacius (19 August 1393 – ? death) * John Greenlaw, [[Friars Minor|O.F.M.]] (18 September 1400 – ?) * Ludovico, [[Dominican Order|O.P.]] (? – 15 December 1427) * Agostino di Caffa, O.P. (23 July 1432 – ? death) * Giovanni di Pera, O.P. (9 July 1456 – ? death) * Leonard Wisbach, O.P. (6 October 1480 – ? death)

It was suppressed circa 1500 after the Ottoman conquest of the Crimea in 1475.

=== Latin titular metropolitan see of Sugdaea === In 1933 the see was nominally restored as titular bishopric of Sugdæa (Sugdaea), which was promoted in 1948 to metropolitan [[titular archbishopric]].

It is vacant for decades, having had a single incumbent : * Titular Archbishop Thomas Roberts, [[Jesuit Order|S.J.]] (1950.12.04 – 1970.12.07), emeritus as former Metropolitan Archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Bombay]] (India) (1937.08.12 – 1950.12.04).

=== Latin titular episcopal see of Soldaia === In 1933 the diocese was nominally restored as a Latin Catholic [[titular bishopric]].

It has been vacant for decades, having had a single incumbent: * Titular Bishop José Romão Martenetz, [[Basilian Order of Saint Josaphat]] (O.S.B.M.) (1958.05.10 – 1971.11.29), as [[Auxiliary Bishop]] of [[Brazil of the Eastern Rite]] (Brazil) (1958.05.10 – 1962.05.30); succeeded as [[Apostolic Exarch]] of Brazil of the Ukrainians (Brazil) (1962.05.30 – 1971.11.29), later Eparch (Bishop) of [[São João Batista em Curitiba of the Ukrainians]] (Brazil) (1971.11.29 – 1978.03.10).

==Demographics== As of the [[2001 Ukrainian census]], Sudak had a population of 29,448. More than half of the population were ethnic [[Russians in Ukraine|Russians]]. In an addition to the ethnic Russian majority, the city is also inhabited by big [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] minorities, which combined make up 35% of the population. Smaller minority groups include [[Belarusians in Ukraine|Belarusians]], [[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenians]], [[Tatars]] and [[Poles in Ukraine|Poles]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://datatowel.in.ua/pop-composition/ethnic-cities | title=Національний склад міст }}</ref> {{bar box|title=Ethnic groups in Sudak|titlebar=#ddd|left1=|right1=percent|bars={{bar percent|Russians|purple|59.23}} {{bar percent|Ukrainians|dodgerblue|17.57}} {{bar percent|Crimean Tatars|orange|17.42}} {{bar percent|Belarusians|red|1.31}} {{bar percent|Tatars|green|0.97}} {{bar percent|Armenians|brown|0.47}} {{bar percent|Moldovans|pink|0.14}} {{bar percent|Poles|yellow|0.12}} {{bar percent|Azerbaijanis|olive|0.12}}}}

==Notable people== *[[Zlata Ognevich]] (born 1986), Ukrainian singer *[[Nikolai Ziber]] (1844-1888), Ukrainian economist

== See also == * [[Gazaria (Genoese colonies)]] - the name for Genoese communities in Crimea * [[List of Catholic dioceses in Ukraine]] * [[Roman Crimea]] * [[Krasnokamianka (village)|Krasnokam‘yanka - Qızıltaş - Krasnokamyenka]]

== References == {{Reflist}}

== Sources == *Vus, Oleh; Sorochan, Serhiy. Early Byzantine Burgs on the Coast of the Taurica and the European Bosporus (regarding the Question of the Military Presence of the Romans in the South-Eastern Crimea in the 4th—6th centuries) 2021. https://www.academia.edu/86219660/Early_Byzantine_Burgs_on_the_Coast_of_the_Taurica_and_the_European_Bosporus_regarding_the_Question_of_the_Military_Presence_of_the_Romans_in_the_South_Eastern_Crimea_in_the_4th_6th_centuries_ *Vus, Oleh. Defense doctrine of Byzantium in the Northern Black Sea region: engineering defense of Taurika and the Bosphorus in the late 4th — early 7th centuries. 2010. https://www.academia.edu/85524504/Defense_doctrine_of_Byzantium_in_the_Northern_Black_Sea_region_engineering_defense_of_Taurika_and_the_Bosphorus_in_the_late_4th_early_7th_centuries *Sugdea, Surozh, Soldaia in History and Culture of the Ruthenian Ukraine - Scientific conference materials, Kiev-Sudaq, 2002 ''(prints only)'' {{in lang|ru}} * Sugdea Collection, Kiev-Sudaq (Академпериодика, 2004) {{in lang|ru}} * Miscellaneous publications by A. Yu. Vinogradov * Pius Bonifacius Gams, ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae'', Leipzig 1931, p. 428 * Michel Lequien, ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus'', Paris 1740, Vol. I, coll. 1229-1232 * Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, ''Illyricum Sacrum'', vol. VIII, Venice 1819, p. 126 * Konrad Eubel, ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi'', vol. 1, p. 457; vol. 2, p. 240 * ([http://www.krotov.info/spravki/persons/21person/1976vinogradov.htm Библиотека Якова Кротова]) {{in lang|ru}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Sudak}} * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1630.htm GCatholic Soldaia] * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1666.htm GCatholic Sugdaea] * [http://archeologia.narod.ru/krim/sudak.htm History and monuments of Sudak] {{in lang|ru}} * [http://krim-palomnik.ru/index.php?page=22 Monastery of St. Stephen of Surozh] {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=668 The murder of the Jews of Sudak] during [[World War II]], at [[Yad Vashem]] website.

[[Category:Sudak Municipality]] [[Category:Cities in Crimea]] [[Category:Khazar towns]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Ukraine]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in Russia]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd century]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Russia]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Ukraine]] [[Category:Territories of the Republic of Genoa]] [[Category:Stato da Màr]] [[Category:Feodosiysky Uyezd]] [[Category:Cities of regional significance in Ukraine]] [[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]] [[Category:Sudak| ]]