Solanum pseudocapsicum

{{short description|Species of plant}} {{Speciesbox |image = Solanum pseudocapsicum04.jpg |image_caption = Fruiting plant |genus = Solanum |species = pseudocapsicum |authority = L. }}

thumb|Dried fruits with seeds of ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' '''''Solanum pseudocapsicum''''' is a nightshade species with mildly poisonous fruit.<ref>"Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa" - Watt & Brandwijk (E&S Livingstone, 1962)</ref> It is commonly known as the '''Jerusalem cherry''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=SOPS|taxon=Solanum pseudocapsicum|accessdate=17 November 2015}}</ref> '''Madeira winter cherry''', or, ambiguously, "winter cherry". These perennials can be grown decoratively as house plants, but in some areas of South Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand it is regarded as a weed.

==Overview== The plant is perennial in zones up to USDA 8. Native to Peru and Ecuador, they can survive frosts and cold weather. They generally live up to 10 years, producing fruit usually in their second or third year, and every year after that. The poisonous fruit is extremely similar to cherry tomatoes in taste and texture, and are therefore easily confused with them.

The Jerusalem cherry's poison is primarily solanocapsine, which is similar to other alkaloids found in their genus, such as solanine. Although the toxin is poisonous, it is generally not life-threatening to humans. It may cause gastric problems, including vomiting and gastroenteritis as referenced in the obsolete scientific name ''S. ipecacuanha'' (roughly "ipecac nightshade").<ref>{{cite book |author=D. G. Spoerke & S. C. Smolinske |year=1990 |title=Toxicity of Houseplants |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida}}</ref>

Jerusalem cherries are possibly poisonous to cats<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Cat Fanciers' Association |url=http://www.cfainc.org/articles/plants.html |title=Plants and your cat |date=December 1997 |access-date=September 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326074750/http://www.cfainc.org/articles/plants.html |archive-date=March 26, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and some birds.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Peteducation.com |year=1997 |url=http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=15&cat=1912&articleid=2236 |title=Bird safety: poisonous and safe plants for birds |accessdate=September 29, 2008}}</ref> Though Jerusalem cherry is distributed by certain birds in the wild – both where native and where introduced, e.g., in Australia by the pied currawong (''Strepera graculina'') – most popular pet birds, namely parrots and relatives, are not immune to its poison.

==Taxonomy== Supposedly, the plant described as '''''Solanum capsicastrum''''' and called '''false Jerusalem cherry''' is a closely related but distinct species, and the trade name "winter cherry" is also held to apply to this exclusively. It is said to be recognizable by more mediocre size, and/or a greyish hue to the foliage and/or stems, and/or fruit that have a pronounced yellow hue when unripe and whose pulp is not or less poisonous (though the seeds still are, making the whole fruit still inedible), and/or higher frost hardiness. But these supposed differences are inconsistently given in various horticultural sources, and no botanical source has in recent times distinguished between the two. Indeed, these taxa are now generally held to refer to the same species, and the "false Jerusalem cherry", if it is at all distinguishable, seems to be a chemotype at best, or just a motley collection of cultivars.<ref name = ss2004>{{cite web |publisher=Solanaceae Source |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?spnumber=4772 |title=''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' |date=July 2004 |accessdate=September 29, 2008}}</ref>

The entire list of now-invalid synonyms of ''S. pseudocapsicum'' is long, and many homonyms are included within it:<ref name = ss2004 /> [[File:Solanum pseudocapsicum3.jpg|thumb|upright|''S. pseudocapsicum'' has large{{vague|how large is large? cm=?|date=December 2010}} flowers, typically borne singly. The synonym ''S. singuliflorum'' and the homonym ''S. uniflorum'' refer to this.]] {{div col|colwidth=24em}} * ''Solanum capsicastrum'' Link ex Schau * ''Solanum capsicastrum'' var. ''caaguazuense'' Chodat * ''Solanum compactum'' Hort. * ''Solanum diffusum'' Link ex Roem. & Schult. (''non'' Ruiz & Pav.: preoccupied) :''S. diffusum'' Roxb. ex Wall. is ''S. virginianum'' L..''S. diffusum'' ssp. ''miozygum'' Bitter and ''S. diffusum'' var. ''miozygum'' (Bitter) J.F.Macbr. are ''S. ternatum''. * ''Solanum diflorum'' Vell. * ''Solanum diflorum'' var. ''angustifolium'' Kuntze :Not to be confused with ''S. angustifolium'' Mill.. * ''Solanum diflorum'' var. ''hygrophilum'' (Schltdl.) Kuntze * ''Solanum diflorum'' var. ''pulverulentum'' Chodat * ''Solanum diphyllum'' Forssk. (''non'' L.: preoccupied) * ''Solanum diphyllum'' var. ''pulverulentum'' Chodat :''S. diphyllum'' Sessé & Moc. is ''S. nudum''. ''S. diphyllum'' Sw. ex Dunal in DC. is an undeterminable ''Lycianthes'' species. ''S. diphyllum'' Osbeck is a ''nomen nudum''. * ''Solanum dunnianum'' H.Lév. * ''Solanum eremanthum'' Dunal * ''Solanum hendersonii'' Hort. ex W.Wight * ''Solanum hermannioides'' Schinz * ''Solanum hyemale'' Salisb. * ''Solanum hygrophilum'' Schltdl. * ''Solanum ipecacuanha'' Chodat * ''Solanum ipecacuanha'' var. ''calvescens'' Chodat * ''Solanum ipecacuanha'' var. ''obovata'' Chodat * ''Solanum jaliscanum'' Greenm. * ''Solanum karstenii'' Dunal :''S. karstenii'' A.Braun & Bouché is ''S. felinum''. * ''Solanum linkianum'' Roem. & Schult. * ''Solanum lucidum'' M.Martens & Galeotti (''non'' Moric.: preoccupied) :''S. lucidum'' Moric. is ''Aureliana fasciculata'' (Vell.) Sendtn.. * ''Solanum mexiae'' Standl. * ''Solanum microcarpum'' Vahl :''S. microcarpum'' Cerv. ex Lag. is ''S. pubigerum'' Dunal. ''S. microcarpum'' Pav. ex Dunal in DC. is ''S. corymbosum'' Jacq.. * ''Solanum montevidense'' Spreng. * ''Solanum plurifurcipilum'' Bitter * ''Solanum singuliflorum'' Steud. * ''Solanum tucumanense'' Griseb. * ''Solanum ulmoides'' Dunal * ''Solanum uniflorum'' Vell. (''non'' Dunal in Poir.: preoccupied) :''S. uniflorum'' Meyen ex Nees is ''S. elaeagnifolium'' Cav.. ''S. uniflorum'' Dunal in Poir. and ''S. uniflorum'' Sessé & Moc. are ''Lycianthes mociniana'' (Dunal) Bitter. ''S. uniflorum'' Lag. is an undeterminable ''Lycianthes'' species. * ''Solanum validum'' Rusby {{div col end}}

[[File:Acı biber.JPG|thumb|right|The species' variable habitus has given rise to many supposed varieties.]] As can be seen by the "false Jerusalem cherry" case, several presumed forms, subspecies and varieties have been described of ''S. pseudocapsicum''. But these are generally also not considered to be taxonomically distinct today:<ref name = ss2004 /> * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''ambiguum'' Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''calvescens'' (Chodat) Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''diflorum'' (Vell.) Bitter * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' ssp. ''diflorum'' (Vell.) Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''hygrophilum'' (Schltdl.) Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''lancifolium'' Moench * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''microcarpum'' (Vahl) Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''microcarpum'' Pers. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''normale'' Kuntze * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''pilosulum'' Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f.? ''pilosum'' Kuntze * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' f. ''pilulosum'' Hassl. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''parvifolium'' Kuntze :Not to be confused with ''S. parvifolium''. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum var. sendtnerianum'' Hassl. :Not to be confused with ''S. sendtnerianum''. * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' "Thurino" RHS (tentative).<ref>[https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/Search-Results?form-mode=true&context=l%3Den%26q%3DSolanum%2Bpseudocapsicum%26sl%3DplantForm&query=Solanum%20pseudocapsicum ''Solanum pseudocapsicum''] at the Royal Horticultural Society website. Retrieved 26 September 2015</ref> * ''Solanum pseudocapsicum'' var. ''typicum'' Hassl.

== References in popular culture == A Jerusalem cherry plant is given as a Christmas gift in Lucy Maud Montgomery's 1935 novel ''Mistress Pat''. It is believed to be a symbol of bad luck, a notion that is apparently confirmed when the Gardiner family's Christmas celebrations go haywire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0201071h.html|title=Mistress Pat: A Novel of Silver Bush|website=Project Gutenberg Australia}}</ref>

The Jerusalem cherry is a plot point in the TV series Into the Dark episode "Pilgrim", in which cannibalistic pilgrims are poisoned with a pie made of Jerusalem cherries, allowing the main characters to momentarily escape.

Alicia Silverstone, an actress best known for starring in the movie ''Clueless'', posted a TikTok of herself eating an unknown, cherry-tomato-like fruit off the street in England in August 2024; fans identified this as a Jerusalem cherry, prompting concerns for her health and spawning many memes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/alicia-silverstone-alarms-fans-eating-poisonous-fruit-tiktok-video-rcna167344 |title=Alicia Silverstone alarms fans by appearing to eat poisonous fruit in TikTok video|website=NBC News|date=21 August 2024 }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== {{Commons category}}{{Wikispecies}} * Invasiveness Assessment - Madeira winter-cherry (''Solanum pseudocapsicum'') in [https://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/invasive_madeira_winter_cherry Victoria]

pseudocapsicum Category:Medicinal plants Category:Flora of Ecuador Category:Flora of Peru Category:Crops originating from Ecuador Category:Crops originating from Peru Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus