Low sodium diet

{{Short description|Diet with reduced sodium intake}} A '''low sodium diet''' is a diet that includes no more than 1,500 to 2,400 mg of sodium per day.<ref>Heart Failure Society of America, [http://www.hfsa.org/pdf/module2.pdf How to follow a low sodium diet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021150437/http://www.hfsa.org/pdf/module2.pdf |date=2013-10-21 }}</ref>

The human minimum requirement for sodium in the diet is about 500 mg per day,<ref>Implementing recommendations for dietary salt reduction: Where are we? DIANE Publishing. {{ISBN|1428929096}}.</ref> which is typically less than one-sixth as much as many diets "seasoned to taste". For certain people with salt-sensitive blood pressure or diseases such as Ménière's disease, this extra intake may cause a negative effect on health.

WHO guidelines<ref>{{cite press release |title=WHO issues new guidance on dietary salt and potassium |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/31-01-2013-who-issues-new-guidance-on-dietary-salt-and-potassium |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=WHO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Guideline Sodium Intake for Adults and Children |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2012 |isbn=978-92-4-150483-6 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=849715509}}</ref> state that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium/day (i.e. about 5 grams; {{frac|1|6}} oz of traditional table salt), and at least 3,510 mg of potassium per day.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jarosz |first1=Mirosław |title=Normy żywienia dla populacji Polski |last2=Rychlik |first2=Ewa |last3=Stoś |first3=Katarzyna |last4=Wierzejska |first4=Regina |last5=Wojtasik |first5=Anna |last6=Charzewska |first6=Jadwiga |last7=Mojska |first7=Hanna |last8=Szponar |first8=Lucjan |last9=Sajór |first9=Iwona |date=2017 |publisher=Instytut Żywności i Żywienia |isbn=978-83-86060-89-4 |location=Warszawa |language=pl |oclc=1022820929}}</ref> In Europe, adults and children consume about twice as much sodium as recommended by experts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Powles |first1=John |last2=Fahimi |first2=Saman |last3=Micha |first3=Renata |last4=Khatibzadeh |first4=Shahab |last5=Shi |first5=Peilin |last6=Ezzati |first6=Majid |last7=Engell |first7=Rebecca E. |last8=Lim |first8=Stephen S. |last9=Danaei |first9=Goodarz |last10=Mozaffarian |first10=Dariush |last11=Group (NutriCoDE) |first11=on behalf of the Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert |date=2013-12-01 |title=Global, regional and national sodium intakes in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis of 24 h urinary sodium excretion and dietary surveys worldwide |journal=BMJ Open |volume=3 |issue=12 |article-number=e003733 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733 |doi-access=free|issn=2044-6055 |pmc=3884590 |pmid=24366578}}</ref>

== Health effects == A low sodium diet has a useful effect to reduce blood pressure, both in people with hypertension and in people with normal blood pressure.<ref name=Coc2013>{{cite journal| last1=He| first1=FJ|last2=Li|first2=J|last3=Macgregor|first3=GA|title=Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| date=30 April 2013|issue=4|article-number=CD004937| doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004937.pub2 |pmid=23633321|pmc=11537250}}</ref> Taken together, a low salt diet (median of approximately 4.4 g/day – approx 1800 mg sodium) in hypertensive people resulted in a decrease in systolic blood pressure by 4.2 mmHg, and in diastolic blood pressure by 2.1 mmHg.<ref name=Coc2013/>

Advising people to eat a low salt diet, however, is of unclear effect in either hypertensive or normal tensive people.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=AJ|last2=Taylor| first2=F| last3=Martin| first3=N|last4=Gottlieb|first4=S| last5=Taylor|first5=RS| last6=Ebrahim| first6=S| title=Reduced dietary salt for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=18 December 2014|volume=2017 |issue=12| article-number=CD009217| doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009217.pub3 |pmid=25519688|pmc=6483405}}</ref> In 2012, the British Journal ''Heart'' published an article claiming that a low salt diet appears to increase the risk of death in those with congestive heart failure, but the article was retracted in 2013.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dinicolantonio|first=JJ|author2=Pasquale, PD |author3=Taylor, RS |author4= Hackam, DG |title=Low sodium versus normal sodium diets in systolic heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Heart|date=Jan 24, 2013| pmid=22914535|doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302337|doi-access=free}} {{Retracted|doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2011-301156.29ret|pmid=23640983|http://retractionwatch.com/2013/05/02/heart-pulls-sodium-meta-analysis-over-duplicated-and-now-missing-data/ ''Retraction Watch''|intentional=yes}}</ref> The article was retracted by the journal when it was found that two of the studies cited contained duplicate data that could not be verified.<ref>{{cite web|last=Marcus|first=Adam|date=2 May 2013|title=Heart pulls sodium meta-analysis over duplicated, and now missing, data| url=https://retractionwatch.com/2013/05/02/heart-pulls-sodium-meta-analysis-over-duplicated-and-now-missing-data/|work=Retraction Watch|access-date=2013-09-29}}</ref>

A doctor might prescribe a low sodium diet for patients with diabetes insipidus.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

A 2021 Cochrane review of controlled trials in people with chronic kidney disease at any stage, including those on dialysis, found high-certainty evidence that reduced salt intake may help to lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as albuminuria.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=McMahon |first1=Emma J |last2=Campbell |first2=Katrina L |last3=Bauer |first3=Judith D |last4=Mudge |first4=David W |last5=Kelly |first5=Jaimon T |date=2021-06-24 |editor-last=Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group |title=Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2021 |issue=6 |article-number=CD010070 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD010070.pub3 |pmc=8222708 |pmid=34164803}}</ref> However there was also moderate certainty evidence that some people may experience hypotensive symptoms, such as dizziness, following sudden sodium restriction. It is unclear whether this affects the dosage required for anti-hypertensive medications. The effect of salt restriction on extracellular fluid, oedema, and total body weight reduction was also uncertain.<ref name=":0" />

=== Negative effects === Approximately 15% of adults have inverse salt sensitivity, with blood pressure increasing from eating less salt.<ref name="Felder">{{cite journal |last1=Felder |first1=Robin |last2=Gildea |first2=John |date=2022-06-16 |title=Inverse Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure: Mechanisms and Potential Relevance for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease |journal=Current Hypertension Reports |volume=24 |issue= 9|pages=361–374 |doi=10.1007/s11906-022-01201-9 |pmid=35708819 |pmc=9728138 }}</ref><ref name="Corliss">{{cite web |last=Corliss |first=Julie |date=2024-03-01 |title=Dietary salt and blood pressure: A complex connection |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/dietary-salt-and-blood-pressure-a-complex-connection |website=Harvard Health Publishing |location= |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=2025-04-11}}</ref>

== Food and drink contents == Sodium occurs naturally in most foods. The most common form of sodium is sodium chloride, which may be found sold as—depending on the size and shape of the salt crystals—table salt, sea salt, and kosher salt, among others. Milk, beets, and celery also naturally contain sodium, as does drinking water, although the amount varies depending on the source. Sodium is also added to various food products. Some of these added forms are monosodium glutamate (MSG), sodium nitrite, sodium saccharin, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), and sodium benzoate.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

Because large amounts of salts are given out by regenerative water softeners, over 60 cities in Southern California have banned them because of elevated salt levels in ground water reclamation projects. Water labeled as "drinking water" in supermarkets contains natural sodium since it is usually only filtered with a carbon filter and will contain any sodium present in the source water.<ref name="aquatechnology.net">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aquatechnology.net/frame43251.html |title=''Sodium, Your Health, and Your Drinking Water'' by Gene Shaparenko, Aqua Technology Water Stores |access-date=2008-06-25 |archive-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117002450/http://www.aquatechnology.net/frame43251.html }}</ref>

===High sodium content=== Condiments and seasonings such as Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce, onion salt, garlic salt, and bouillon cubes contain sodium. Processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, and ham, and canned soups and vegetables are all examples of foods that contain added sodium. Fast foods are generally very high in sodium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002415.htm|title=Sodium in diet: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|website=medlineplus.gov}}</ref> Also, processed foods such as potato chips, frozen dinners and cured meats have high sodium content.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

===Low sodium content=== Unprocessed, fresh foods, such as fresh fruits, most vegetables, beef, poultry, fish and unprocessed grains are low in sodium. Low– or no–sodium products, and corresponding versions of products otherwise high in sodium, can be found in stores as well as online. Salt substitutes such as potassium chloride may be used to provide a similar taste to salt while reducing sodium intake, and flavor additives such as monosodium glutamate can help reduce sodium intake by enhancing other flavors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/cooking-with-msg-supersalt-2017-2|title=Everyone should cook with MSG, says food scientist|last=Lubin|first=Gus|website=Business Insider|date=2 February 2017|access-date=27 January 2019}}</ref>

Other foods that are low in sodium include: *Seasonings: Black, cayenne, or lemon pepper, mustard, some chili or hot sauces *Herbs: Dried or fresh garlic, garlic/onion powder (no salt), dill, parsley, rosemary, basil, cinnamon, cloves, paprika, oregano, ginger, vinegar, cumin, nutmeg *Most fresh fruits and vegetables, exceptions include celery, carrots, beets, and spinach{{Citation needed|date=July 2014}} *Dried beans, peas, rice, lentils *Macaroni, pasta, noodles, rice, barley (cooked in unsalted water) *Honey, sugar *Unsalted butter *Unsalted dry curd cottage cheese *Fresh beef, pork, lamb, fish, shrimp, egg *Milk, yogurt *Hot cereals/Porridge *Club soda, coffee, seltzer water, soy milk, tea<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/sodium/art-20045479|title=Tame your salt habit|website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Diets