{{short description|Organized component of a social movement}}
A '''social movement organization''' ('''SMO''') is an organized component of a social movement.
SMOs are generally seen as the components of a social movement. The movement's goals can be much more narrow, or much broader, than the SMOs' goals.
==Description==
The term SMO entered literature through the work of Mayer N. Zald and Roberta Ash (Zald, Mayer N. and Roberta Ash, ''Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change.'' Social Forces 44:327-341, 1966).<ref name="RosenbergTurner1981">{{cite book|author1=Morris Rosenberg|author2=Ralph H. Turner|author3=American Sociological Association. Section on Social Psychology|title=Social psychology: sociological perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov9lAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=21 August 2012|year=1981|publisher=Basic Books, Inc.|isbn=978-0-465-07904-9|page=464}}</ref> In social movement theory, a social movement organization is an organized component of a social movement (SM). An SMO is usually only a part of a particular social movement; in other words, a specific social movement is usually composed of many social movement organizations – formal organizations that share the movement's goals.<ref name="ZMC21"/> Social movement organizations usually have coordinating roles in social movements, but do not actually employ or direct most of the participants, who are part of a wider social movement community. Social movement organizations carry out the tasks that are necessary for any social movement to survive and to be successful.
==Examples==
The civil rights movement was a social movement composed of specific social movement organizations such as the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).<ref name="ZMC21">Mayer N. Zald, John D. McCarthy, ''Social Movements in an Organizational Society: Collected Essays'', Transaction Publishers, 1997, {{ISBN|0-88738-802-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ep-QUUNbJaMC&pg=PA21&vq=SMI&dq=Social+Movements+in+an+Organizational+Society&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1_1&sig=ACfU3U2cQeXvC4scpXiEpD_gD-4uN7ABCw Google Print, p. 21]</ref> These are just three SMOs amongst the hundreds of organizations that helped shape the civil rights movement.
Similarly we can consider Veganism, where organizations such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) advocate for vegan lifestyles along with its other aims. But PETA is not the only group to advocate for vegan diets and lifestyles; there are numerous other groups actively engaged toward this end.<ref name="Maurer">Maurer, Donna. 2002. Vegetarianism: Movement or Moment? Philadelphia: Temple University Press. {{ISBN|1-56639-936-X}}</ref> Thus, the social movement is the general push toward veganism (an effort with numerous motivations) and PETA is only a single SMO working within the broader social movement.<ref name="Maurer"/>
The peace movement is composed of many groups that want peace – groups that classify as SMOs such as Peace Action (SANE/FREEZE), Fellowship of Reconciliation and others.<ref>Melvin F. Hall, ''Poor People's Social Movement Organizations: The Goal is to Win'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, {{ISBN|0-275-94704-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_6jstm_irqYC&pg=PA6&dq=%22social++movement+organization%22&ei=xQh-SInLCp6ujgGQ6bjtDw&sig=ACfU3U2KMpuEXeA_SIpK7QWtjwlgNEO1AA#PPA6,M1 Google Print, p.6]</ref> The Ku Klux Klan is yet another SMO – part of the white supremacist movement.<ref>John Lofland, ''Social Movement Organizations: Guide to Research on Insurgent Realities'', Aldine Transaction, 1996, {{ISBN|0-202-30553-8}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3n4Tfm1i8z4C&pg=PA1&vq=%22social++movement+organizations%22&dq=%22social++movement+organizations%22&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=4&sig=ACfU3U3woevi_Ib2rkKdKC_vcOWX8tDfvg Google Print, p.1]</ref> Al-Qaeda, acting as a coordinating body for a large number of loosely connected anti-American organizations and individuals, is another example of a social movement organization.
==Social Movement Industry (SMI)==
An organizational equivalent of a particular social movement – a collection of all SMOs focused on a given field – is known as a Social Movement Industry (SMI).<ref name="ZMC21"/> Social Movement Industries are similar to social movements in scope but are seen as having more structure.<ref>Kevin Michael DeLuca, ''Image Politics: The New Rhetoric of Environmental Activism'', Routledge, 2005, {{ISBN|0-8058-5848-2}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sioqUpkrA_wC&pg=PA30&dq=difference+between+a+social+movement+and+a+social++movement+industry&sig=ACfU3U1JFQqGIQfOJaK4DeibySbI88sKTw Google Print, p.30]</ref> Social movement industries can be combined into one Social Movement Sector in the society.<ref>Suzanne Staggenborg, ''The Pro-choice Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict'', Oxford University Press US, 1994 {{ISBN|0-19-508925-1}}, [https://archive.org/details/prochoicemovemen0000stag_j0h7/page/189 <!-- quote=difference between a social movement and a social movement industry. --> Google Print, p. 189]</ref>
==See also== * Interest group * Community organization
== References ==
=== Citations === {{Reflist|30em}}
=== Bibliography === * Crabtree, Charity. "Where Culture, Structure, and the Individual Meet: A Social Movement Organization in Action" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Marriott Hotel, Loews Philadelphia Hotel, Philadelphia, PA, Aug 12, 2005 [http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p23013_index.html Online] * Jo Freeman, ''A Model for Analyzing the Strategic Options of Social Movement Organizations'', n The Dynamics of Social Movements ed. by Mayer N. Zald and John D. McCarthy, Cambridge, Mass.: Winthrop Publishers, 1979, pp. 167–189. [http://www.jofreeman.com/socialmovements/analyzesoc.htm Revised edition online]. * Jo Freeman, ''CRISES AND CONFLICTS IN SOCIAL MOVEMENT ORGANIZATIONS'', Chrysalis: A Magazine of Women's Culture, No. 5, 1978, pp. 43–51. * Manuel Hensmans, ''Social Movement Organizations: A Metaphor for Strategic Actors in Institutional Fields'', Organization Studies, Vol. 24, No. 3, 355-381 (2003) [http://oss.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/24/3/355 SAGE] * Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, ''The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts'', Blackwell Publishing, 2003, {{ISBN|0-631-22196-4}} * Mayer N. Zald and Roberta Ash, ''Social Movement Organizations: Growth, Decay and Change'', Social Forces, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Mar., 1996), pp. 327–341, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2575833 JSTOR] * Zald, Mayer N. and McCarthy, John D., ''Social Movement Industries: Competition and Cooperation Among Movement Organizations'', 1979, working paper, [http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/50975]
==External links== * [http://www.pineforge.com/leonguerrerostudy/policy_guide/studying_a_social_movement_organization.htm Policy Guide: Studying a Social Movement Organization]
Category:Social movements Category:Types of organization Category:Civil affairs Category:Non-profit organizations Category:Political science terminology