{{short description|Geologic formation in Antarctica}} {{Infobox rockunit | name = Snow Hill Island Formation | image = Snow Hill Island Formation paleoenvironment recon.jpg | caption = Artist's reconstruction of the paleoenvironment of the Snow Hill Island Formation | type = [[Geological formation]] | age = Late [[Campanian]]-Early [[Maastrichtian]]<br />{{fossilrange|71.2|70.8}} {{period fossil range|Cretaceous|71.2|70.8|earliest=71.2|latest=70.8}} | period = Campanian | prilithology = [[Sandstone]] | otherlithology = [[Mudstone]] | namedfor = | namedby = | region = [[James Ross Island]], [[James Ross Island group]] | country = [[Argentine Antarctica]], [[British Antarctic Territory]], [[Chilean Antarctic Territory]] | coordinates = {{coord|63.9|S|57.9|W|display=inline,title}} | paleocoordinates = {{coord|61.8|S|68.5|W|display=inline}} | unitof = [[Marambio Group]] | subunits = Gamma & Herbert Sound Members | underlies = [[López de Bertodano Formation]] | overlies = [[Santa Marta Formation]] | thickness = | extent = | area = | map = Geologic map of Seymour Island, Antarctica.png | map_caption = Geologic map of Seymour Island, Antarctica with Snow Hill Island Formation in dark green }}

The '''Snow Hill Island Formation''' is an [[Maastrichtian|Early Maastrichtian]] geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] found on [[James Ross Island]], [[James Ross Island group]], [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite journal|year=2013|title=Palynoassemblages Associated with a Theropod Dinosaur from the Snow Hill Island Formation (lower Maastrichtian) at the Naze, James Ross Island, Antarctica|last1=di Pasquo|first1=M.|last2=Martin|first2=J.E.|volume=45|pages=135–154|journal=Cretaceous Research|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2013.07.008|bibcode=2013CrRes..45..135D |hdl=11336/80121|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Remains of a [[Paraves|paravian]] [[Theropoda|theropod]] ''[[Imperobator]] antarcticus''<ref name=Ely2019>Ely & Case, 2019</ref> have been recovered from it, as well as the [[elasmaria]]n ornithopods ''[[Trinisaura]] santamartaensis'', [[List of informally named dinosaurs#Biscoveosaurus|"Biscoveosaurus"]] and ''[[Morrosaurus]] antarcticus'', the [[ankylosauria]]n ''[[Antarctopelta]] oliveroi'', and the shark ''[[Notidanodon]]'' sp. Alongside these described genera are also the remains of indeterminate [[Elasmosauridae|elasmosaurids]],<ref name=OGorman2012_p2>O'Gorman, 2012, p.2</ref> [[lithostrotia]]n titanosaurs and an indeterminate [[pterosaur]].<ref name=":162">{{Cite journal |last1=Reguero |first1=Marcelo A. |last2=Gasparini |first2=Zulma |last3=Olivero |first3=Eduardo B. |last4=Coria |first4=Rodolfo A. |last5=FernáNdez |first5=Marta S. |last6=O´Gorman |first6=José P. |last7=Gouiric-Cavalli |first7=Soledad |last8=Hospitaleche |first8=Carolina Acosta |last9=Bona |first9=Paula |last10=Iglesias |first10=Ari |last11=Gelfo |first11=Javier N. |last12=Raffi |first12=MaríA E. |last13=Moly |first13=Juan José |last14=Santillana |first14=Sergio N. |last15=CáRdenas |first15=Magalí |date=2022 |title=Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Vertebrates From The James Ross Basin, West Antarctica: Updated Synthesis, Biostratigraphy, And Paleobiogeography |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652022000201202&tlng=en |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=94 |issue=suppl 1 |article-number=e20211142 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765202220211142 |pmid=35674550 |issn=1678-2690}}</ref>

In the Herbert Sound Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, bivalves, [[ammonite]]s, and fish were found.<ref name=OGorman2012_p3>O'Gorman, 2012, p.3</ref>

==Paleofauna==

=== Invertebrates === ==== Corals ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" !Genus !Species !Presence !Material !Notes !Images |- |''[[Astreopora]]'' |''?A. sp.'' |Gamma Member<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Videira-Santos |first=R. |last2=Scheffer |first2=S. |last3=Ponciano |first3=L. C. M. O. |last4=Weinschütz |first4=L. C. |last5=Figueiredo |first5=R. G. |last6=Rodrigues |first6=T. |last7=Kellner |first7=A. W. A. |date=2020 |title=First description of scleractinian corals from the Santa Marta and Snow Hill Island (Gamma Member) formations, Upper Cretaceous, James Ross Island, Antarctica |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/86349495/A200728000002.pdf |journal=Advances in Polar Science |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=205-214}}</ref> |Imprints |[[Acroporidae]] [[scleractinia]]n |[[File:Coral (Astreopora myriophthalma), parque nacional Ras Muhammad, Egipto, 2022-03-28, DD 105.jpg|center|thumb|184x184px|Specimen of the same genus]] |- | rowspan="3" | ''[[Fungiacyathus]]'' |''F. deltoidophorus'' | Karlsen Cliffs Member<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Videira-Santos |first1=Roberto |last2=Tobin |first2=Thomas S. |last3=Scheffler |first3=Sandro Marcelo |date=2022-08-14 |title=New occurrences of caryophylliid and fungiacyathid scleractinian corals from the Santa Marta and Snow Hill Island formations (Upper Cretaceous, Antarctica) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002026 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=140 |language=en |article-number=105338 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105338 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005338V |s2cid=251576799 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> |Imprints | rowspan="3" | [[Fungiidae]] [[scleractinia]]n | rowspan="3" | [[File:Fungiacyathus sandoi (MNHN-IK-2009-1738).jpeg|thumb|185x185px|Specimen of the same genus|center]] |- | ''F. antarcticus'' |Nordenskjöld's hut<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Fossil Scleractinian Corals from James Ross Basin, Antarctica {{!}} Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-ae/Fossil+Scleractinian+Corals+from+James+Ross+Basin%2C+Antarctica-p-9781118668009 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Wiley.com |language=en}}</ref> |Imprints |- |''F. larseni'' |Nordenskjöld's hut<ref name=":16" /> |Imprints |- |[[Scleractinia]] |Unidentifiable |Karlsen Cliffs Member<ref name=":0" /> |Imprints | | |}

==== Arthropoda ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" !Genus !Species !Presence !Material !Notes !Images |- |''[[Angarestia]]'' | ''A. australensis'' |East side of Leal Bluff |Specimens<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Feldmann |first1=Rodney M. |last2=Tshudy |first2=Dale M. |last3=Thomson |first3=Michael R. A. |date=1993 |title=Late Cretaceous and Paleocene Decapod Crustaceans from James Ross Basin, Antarctic Peninsula |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/late-cretaceous-and-paleocene-decapod-crustaceans-from-james-ross-basin-antarctic-peninsula/2B0AE25A038F7CD96313911BD9F460EE |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=S28 |pages=1–41 |doi=10.1017/S0022336000062077 |bibcode=1993JPal...67S...1F |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> |A [[Glypheidae]] lobster | |- |''[[Cristafrons]]'' |''C. praescientis'' |East side of Leal Bluff |Specimens<ref name=":14" /> |A [[Raninidae]] crab | |- |''[[Hadrocarcinus]]'' |''H. wrighti'' |East side of Leal Bluff |Specimens<ref name=":14" /> |A [[Necrocarcinidae]] crab | |- |''[[Hoploparia]]'' |''H. stokesi'' |East side of Leal Bluff; Humps Island |Specimens<ref name=":14" /> |A [[clawed lobster]] | |}

==== Mollusks ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" !Genus !Species !Presence !Material !Notes !Images |- |''[[Cymatoceras]]'' |''C. spp.'' |Santa Marta Cove |Shells<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Tobin |first1=Thomas S. |last2=Flannery |first2=David |last3=Sousa |first3=Francis J. |date=2018-04-01 |title=Stratigraphy, sedimentology and paleontology of Upper Cretaceous deposits of Day Nunatak, Snow Hill Island, Antarctica |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667117304111 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=84 |pages=407–419 |bibcode=2018CrRes..84..407T |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.12.006 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> |A [[Nautilidae|Nautilid]] | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Diplomoceras]]'' | ''D. cylindraceum'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> | rowspan="2" |A [[Diplomoceratidae]] ammonite | rowspan="2" |[[File:Diplomoceras.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Reconstruction|center]] |- | ''D. lambi'' |Day Nunatak; Cape Lamb |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |- |''[[Eutrephoceras]]'' |''E. spp.'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |A [[Nautilidae|Nautilid]] | |- |''[[Gunnarites]]'' | ''G. antarcticus'' |Vega Island; Day Nunatak; Santa Marta Cove |Shells<ref name=":162"/><ref name=":132">{{Cite journal |last1=Hooker |first1=J.J. |last2=Milner |first2=A.C. |last3=Sequeira |first3=S.E.K. |date=1991 |title=An ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of West Antarctica |journal=Antarctic Science |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=331–332 |bibcode=1991AntSc...3..331H |doi=10.1017/s0954102091000391 |issn=0954-1020}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> |A [[Kossmaticeratidae]] ammonite | |- |''[[Jacobites (Genus)|Jacobites]]'' |''J. crofti'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |A [[Kossmaticeratidae]] ammonite | |- |''[[Laevidentalium]]'' |''L.? sp.'' |Paso San José, Point 96 |Shells<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Videira-Santos |first=Roberto |last2=Scheffler |first2=Sandro Marcelo |last3=Kellner |first3=Alexander Wilhelm Armin |date=2021 |title=New occurrences of mollusks from the Santa Marta and Snow Hill Island (Gamma Member) formations, Upper Cretaceous, James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula |url=https://doi.org/10.5212/terraplural.v.15.2117732.027 |journal=Terr Plural |volume=15 |pages=e2117732 |doi=10.5212/terraplural.v.15.2117732.027 |issn=1982-095X}}</ref> |A [[Laevidentaliidae]] scaphopodan |[[File:Laevidentalium coruscum (MNHN-IM-2012-27736).jpeg|center|thumb|Extant member of the genus]] |- |''[[Maorites]]'' |''M. seymourianus'' |Day Nunatak; Al's Bird Site; Vega Island |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |A [[Kossmaticeratidae]] ammonite | |- |''[[Oistotrigonia]]'' |O. ''pygoscelium'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |A [[Pterotrigoniidae]] bivalve | |- | rowspan="2" |[[Pinna (bivalve)|''Pinna'']] |''P. frenexiae'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> | rowspan="2" |A [[Pinnidae]] bivalve | rowspan="2" |[[File:Pinna nobilis 001.jpg|thumb|Extant specimen|center|236x236px]] |- |''P. anderssoni'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |- |''[[Pseudophyllites]]'' |''P. loryi'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |A [[Tetragonitidae]] ammonite | |- |''[[Struthiochenopus]]'' |''S. hurleyi'' |Day Nunatak |Shells<ref name=":15" /> |An [[Aporrhaidae]] gastropod | |}

=== Vertebrates === ==== Fish ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" !Genus !Species !Presence !Material !Notes !Images |- |[[Albuliformes]] |Indeterminate |Santa Marta Cove |Isolated vertebra, IAA-IRJ2000-24<ref name=":17">{{Citation |last1=Kriwet |first1=J. |title=Late Cretaceous Antarctic fish diversity |date=2006-01-01 |work=Cretaceous–Tertiary High-Latitude Palaeoenvironments: James Ross Basin, Antarctica |volume=258 |page=0 |editor-last=Francis |editor-first=J. E. |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsl/books/edited-volume/1630/chapter-abstract/107425926/Late-Cretaceous-Antarctic-fish-diversity?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2025-05-13 |publisher=Geological Society of London |isbn=978-1-86239-197-0 |last2=Lirio |first2=J. M. |last3=Nuñez |first3=H. J. |last4=Puceat |first4=E. |last5=Lécuyer |first5=C. |editor2-last=Pirrie |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Crame |editor3-first=J. A.}}</ref> | | |- |''[[Antarctichthys]]'' |''A. longipectoralis'' |Santa Marta Cove | MN 7838-V, single and incomplete specimen<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gallo |first=Valéria |last2=de Figueiredo |first2=Francisco J. |last3=Brum |first3=Arthur Souza |last4=Soares |first4=Marina Bento |last5=Sayão |first5=Juliana Manso |last6=Pinheiro |first6=André Eduardo Piacentini |last7=Figueiredo |first7=Rodrigo Giesta |last8=Lopes |first8=Ricardo Tadeu |last9=de Araújo |first9=Olga Maria Oliveira |last10=Kellner |first10=Alexander W. A. |date=2025-08-11 |title=First dercetid fish from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-03570-y |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=26650 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-03570-y |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> |A [[Dercetidae]] fish | |- |''[[Apateodus]]'' |''cf. A. sp.'' |Santa Marta Cove |teeth<ref name=":17" /> |[[Alepisauriformes]] fish | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Callorhinchus]]'' |''C. sp.'' |Santa Marta Cove |teeth<ref name=":162"/><ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last1=Otero |first1=Rodrigo A. |last2=Gutstein |first2=Carolina Simon |last3=Vargas |first3=Alexander |last4=Rubilar-Rogers |first4=David |last5=Yury-Yañez |first5=Roberto |last6=Bastías |first6=Joaquin |last7=Ramírez |first7=Cristián |date=2014 |title=New Chondrichthyans from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) of Seymour and James Ross Islands, Antarctica |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-chondrichthyans-from-the-upper-cretaceous-campanianmaastrichtian-of-seymour-and-james-ross-islands-antarctica/EEF4DCDBBE9EF35015CCC2103CE96160 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=411–420 |doi=10.1666/13-041 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref> | rowspan="2" |A Chimaera | rowspan="2" | |- |''Cf. C. sp.'' |Cape Lamb |Teeth<ref name=":162"/><ref name=":18" /> |- |''[[Centrophoroides]]'' |''C. sp.'' |Santa Marta Cove |Teeth<ref name=":162"/><ref name=":18" /> |A [[Squalidae]] shark | |- | ''[[Chimaera]]'' |''C. zangerli'' | Santa Marta Cove, James Ross Island |Teeth<ref name=":162"/> |A chimaera |[[File:Chimaera ogilbyi.jpg|thumb|Extant member of the genus|center]] |- |''[[Chlamydoselachus]]'' |''C. thompsoni'' | Santa Marta Cove, James Ross Island | Complete dentition<ref name=":17" /> | A frilled shark |[[File:Chlamydoselachus anguineus2.jpg|thumb|Extant member of the genus|center]] |- |''[[Cretalamna]]'' |''C. appendiculatta'' |Santa Marta Cove |Teeth<ref name=":18" /> |An [[Otodontidae]] shark | |- | ''[[Edaphodon]]'' |''E. snowhillensis'' | Herbert Sound Member<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Gouiric-Cavalli |first1=Soledad |last2=Cabrera |first2=Daniel A. |last3=Cione |first3=Alberto L. |last4=O'Gorman |first4=José P. |last5=Coria |first5=Rodolfo A. |last6=Fernández |first6=Marta |date=2015-09-03 |title=The first record of the chimaeroid genus Edaphodon (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from Antarctica (Snow Hill Island Formation, Late Cretaceous, James Ross Island) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=35 |issue=5 |article-number=e981128 |bibcode=2015JVPal..35E1128G |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.981128 |issn=0272-4634 |s2cid=129091192 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/53488}}</ref> |MLP 13- I-26-1, complete dentition<ref name=":3" /> | A large species of chimaera | |- |''[[Enchodus]]'' |''E. sp.'' |Santa Marta Cove |IAA-IRJ2000-32, IAA-IRJ2000-33, teeth<ref name=":17" /> |[[Enchodontidae]] fish |[[File:Enchodus petrosus.png|thumb|Restoration|center]] |- |[[Ichthyodectiformes]] |Indeterminate |Vega island |MLP 15-XI-7-11, body scale patch<ref name=":162"/> | | |- |[[Lamniformes]] |Indeterminate |Santa Marta Cove |(IAA-IRJ2000-9 to IAA-IRJ2000-10, BAS DJ.172.11, teeth<ref name=":17" /> | | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Notidanodon]]'' |''N. dentatus'' | Santa Marta Cove; Vega Island |(MLP 95-IV-1), lateral tooth embedded in the hosting rock<ref name=":162"/> | rowspan="2" | A cow shark | rowspan="2" | |- |''N. sp.'' |Santa Marta Cove<ref name=":112">{{Cite journal |last1=Salgado |first1=Leonardo |last2=Gasparini |first2=Zulma |date=2006 |title=Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica) |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/28/1/reevaluation-d-un-dinosaure-ankylosaurien-du-cretace-superieur-de-l-ile-de-james-ross-antarctique |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=119–135}}</ref> | |- |''[[Paraorthacodus]]'' |''P. antarcticus'' |Santa Marta Cove |IAA-IRJ2000-19; BAS DJ.136.2, teeth<ref name=":17" /> |A [[Synechodontiformes|Synechodontiform]] | |- |[[Rhinochimaeridae]] |Indeterminate |Santa Marta Cove |Teeth<ref name=":18" /> | | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Scapanorhynchus]]'' |''S. spp.'' |Santa Marta Cove | IAA-IRJ2000-11<ref name=":17" /> | rowspan="2" |A [[Mitsukurinidae]] shark | rowspan="2" |[[File:Scapanorhynchus lewisii.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction|center]] |- |''Cf. S. sp.'' |Santa Marta Cove |Teeth<ref name=":162"/> |- |[[Sphenocephalidae]] |Indeterminate |False Island Point |DJ. 360.8, small, incomplete, and poorly-preserved specimen that lack its skull and the anterior part of the body<ref name=":162"/> | | |- |''[[Sphenodus]]'' |''S. sp.'' |Santa Marta Cove |IAA-IRJ2000-17 and IAA-IRJ2000-18, teeth<ref name=":17" /> |An [[Orthacodontidae|Orthacodontid]] | |- |''[[Squatina]]'' |''S. cf.hassei'' |Santa Marta Cove |IAA-IRJ2000-10-IAA-IRJ2000-16<ref name=":17" /> |An [[Angelshark]] |[[File:Squatina australis.jpg|thumb|Extant member of the genus|center|241x241px]] |}

==== Pterosaurs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" !Genus !Species !Presence !Material !Notes !Images |- |[[Pterodactyloidea]] |gen. et sp. Indet. | Camp Lamb, Vega Island |MN 7801-V, a wing [[Metacarpal bones|metacarpal]] IV<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=KELLNER |first1=ALEXANDER W.A. |last2=RODRIGUES |first2=TAISSA |last3=COSTA |first3=FABIANA R. |last4=WEINSCHÜTZ |first4=LUIZ C. |last5=FIGUEIREDO |first5=RODRIGO G. |last6=SOUZA |first6=GEOVANE A. DE |last7=BRUM |first7=ARTHUR S. |last8=ELEUTÉRIO |first8=LÚCIA H.S. |last9=MUELLER |first9=CARSTEN W. |last10=SAYÃO |first10=JULIANA M. |date=2019 |title=Pterodactyloid pterosaur bones from Cretaceous deposits of the Antarctic Peninsula |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=91 |issue=suppl 2 |article-number=e20191300 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765201920191300 |issn=1678-2690 |pmid=31800676 |s2cid=208642733 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |A [[pterosaur]] with an estimated wingspan of 4 to 5 meters<ref name=":2" /> | |}

==== Dinosaurs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" !Genus !Species !Presence !Material !Notes !Images |- |''[[Antarcticavis]]'' |''A. capelambensis''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cordes-Person |first=Amanda |last2=Acosta Hospitaleche |first2=Carolina |last3=Case |first3=Judd |last4=Martin |first4=James |date=2020 |title=An enigmatic bird from the lower Maastrichtian of Vega Island, Antarctica |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667118304944 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=108 |article-number=104314 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104314}}</ref> |Cape Lambe Member, [[Vega Island]] |A partial skeleton (SDSM 78147) consists of two thoracic vertebrae, the sternum keel, the right coracoid and shoulder blade, the sternal part of the left coracoid, the right upper arm, parts of the left upper arm, the proximal right ulna, the proximal left ulna and radius (articulated), the proximal right carpometacarpus, the proximal left carpometacarpus, the distal left carpometacarpus, the synsacrum, the right and left thighs, the proximal right tibiotarsus, the right and left distal tibiotarsus, and the proximal right tarsometatarsus |An [[avialan]] of uncertain phylogenetic placement | |- |''[[Antarctopelta]]'' |''A. oliveroi'' |Santa Marta Cove<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal |last1=Soto Acuña |first1=Sergio |last2=O. Vargas |first2=Alexander |last3=Kaluza |first3=Jonatan |date=2024-03-30 |title=A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica: reappraisal of <em>Antarctopelta oliveroi</em> (Ankylosauria: Parankylosauria) |url=https://aps.chinare.org.cn/EN/10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036 |journal=Advances in Polar Science |language=en |doi=10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036 |issn=1674-9928 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201015351/https://aps.chinare.org.cn/EN/10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036 |archive-date=2024-12-01}}</ref> |A partial skeleton (MLP 86-X-28-1) consists of three isolated teeth, part of the lower jaw with another tooth in situ, some other skull fragments, vertebrae of the neck, back, hips and tail, some shoulder and hip bones (scapula, ilium) a thigh bone (femur), foot and hand bones (five metapodials and two phalanges), and numerous pieces of armor<ref name=":102" /><ref name=":112" /> |A [[parankylosaur]] |[[File:Antarctopelta LMR.jpg|center|thumb|243x243px|Life restoration of ''Antarctopelta oliveroi'']] |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''"[[Biscoveosaurus]]"'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |Indeterminate | style="background:#fbdddb;" |Cape Lamb Member<ref>Lamanna, Matthew C.; Case, Judd A.; Roberts, Eric M.; Arbour, Victoria M.; Ely, Ricardo C.; Salisbury, Steven W.; Clarke, Julia A.; Malinzak, D. Edward; West, Abagael R.; O'connor, Patrick M. (2019). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335243724_Late_Cretaceous_non-avian_dinosaurs_from_the_James_Ross_Basin_Antarctica_description_of_new_material_updated_synthesis_biostratigraphy_and_paleobiogeography Late Cretaceous non-avian dinosaurs from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica: description of new material, updated synthesis, biostratigraphy, and paleobiogeography]". ''Advances in Polar Science''. '''30''' (3): 228–250. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.13679/j.advps.2019.0007.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stilwell |first1=Jeffrey D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HReElufXeboC&dq=biscoveosaurus&pg=PA110 |title=Frozen in Time: Prehistoric Life in Antarctica |last2=Long |first2=John A. |date=2011-10-12 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=978-0-643-10402-0 |language=en}}</ref> | style="background:#fbdddb;" |NHMUK PV R 36760, dentaries, teeth, a braincase, parts of the maxillae, forelimb elements, assorted vertebrae, and the pectoral girdle | style="background:#fbdddb;" |An ornithopod | style="background:#fbdddb;" | |- | rowspan="3" |[[Elasmaria]] |Indeterminate |Santa Marta Cove |Two isolated ungual phalanges (MLP 07-III-2-1 and MLP 07-III-2-2)<ref name=":162" /> | rowspan="3" | | rowspan="3" | |- |Indeterminate |Fortress Hill |Limb, foot<ref name=":122">{{Cite report |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20071047SRP083 |title=A dromaeosaur from the Maastrichtian of James Ross Island and the Late Cretaceous Antarctic dinosaur fauna |last1=Case |first1=Judd A. |last2=Martin |first2=James E. |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo |date=2007 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |issue=2007-1047-SRP-083 |language=en}}</ref> |- |Indeterminate |Vega Island |BMNH BAS R.2450<ref name=":132" /> |- |[[Gaviiformes]] |Indeterminate |Vega Island |MLP 98-I-10-47: incomplete tarsometatarsus; MLP 98-I-10-50: incomplete right tarsometatarsus; MLP 98-I-10-51: proximal end of left femur<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acosta Hospitaleche |first1=Carolina |last2=Gelfo |first2=Javier N. |date=2015-10-01 |title=New Antarctic findings of Upper Cretaceous and lower Eocene loons (Aves: Gaviiformes) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0753396915000671 |journal=Annales de Paléontologie |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=315–324 |bibcode=2015AnPal.101..315A |doi=10.1016/j.annpal.2015.10.002 |hdl=11336/53690 |issn=0753-3969 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | | |- |''[[Imperobator]]'' |''I. antarcticus'' |Cape Lamb Member, Naze Peninsula<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ely |first1=Ricardo C. |last2=Case |first2=Judd A. |date=2019-09-01 |title=Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=101 |pages=1–16 |bibcode=2019CrRes.101....1E |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=146325060 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |A single specimen that contains skull fragments possibly from the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary as well as a caudal vertebra, teeth, and pedal elements, UCMP 276000<ref name=":122" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Motta |first1=Matías |last2=Agnolín |first2=Federico |last3=Brissón-Egli |first3=Federico |last4=Novas |first4=Fernando |date=2024 |title=Unenlagiid Affinities for Imperobator Antarcticus (Paraves: Theropoda): Palaeobiogeographical Implications |journal=Ameghiniana |doi=10.5710/amgh.13.11.2024.3604 |issn=0002-7014}}</ref> |A potential [[Unenlagiinae]] [[paravian]] |[[File:Imperobator TD.png|center|thumb|''Imperobator'' as an Unenlagiid]] |- |[[Lithostrotia]] |Indeterminate |Loma Verde, near Santa Marta Cove |11-II-20-1, incomplete middle caudal vertebra<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cerda |first1=Ignacio A. |last2=Paulina Carabajal |first2=Ariana |last3=Salgado |first3=Leonardo |last4=Coria |first4=Rodolfo A. |last5=Reguero |first5=Marcelo A. |last6=Tambussi |first6=Claudia P. |last7=Moly |first7=Juan J. |date=2011-12-16 |title=The first record of a sauropod dinosaur from Antarctica |journal=Naturwissenschaften |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=83–87 |doi=10.1007/s00114-011-0869-x |hdl=11336/52393 |issn=0028-1042 |pmid=22173579}}</ref> |Non-[[Saltasaurinae]] | |- |''[[Morrosaurus]]'' |''M. antarcticus'' |Cape Lamb Member<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Rozadilla |first1=Sebastián |last2=Agnolin |first2=Federico L. |last3=Novas |first3=Fernando E. |last4=Aranciaga Rolando |first4=Alexis M. |last5=Motta |first5=Matías J. |last6=Lirio |first6=Juan M. |last7=Isasi |first7=Marcelo P. |date=2016-01-01 |title=A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667115300677 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=57 |pages=311–324 |bibcode=2016CrRes..57..311R |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009 |issn=0195-6671 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/46572}}</ref> |Fragmentary right hind limb<ref name=":19" /> |An elasmarian ornithopod |[[File:Morrosaurus.jpg|center|thumb|246x246px|Life restoration of ''Morrosaurus antarcticus'']] |- |[[Neornithes]] |Indeterminate |Vega Island |MLP 98-I-10-25, left tarsometatarsus<ref name=":162" /> | | |- |[[Ornithurae]] |Indeterminate |Cape Lamb |AMNH FARB 30920, thoracic vertebra<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acosta Hospitaleche |first=Carolina Ileana Alicia |last2=Irazoqui |first2=Facundo Martín |last3=Bona |first3=Paula |last4=Paulina Carabajal |first4=Ariana |date=2024 |title=Review of the Cretaceous avian diversity of Antarctica: a changing scenario for the evolution of early Neornithine birds |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/235423 |journal=Advances in Polar Science |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1-13 |doi=10.12429/j.advps.2023.0025 |issn=1674-9928}}</ref> | | |- |[[Theropoda]] |Indeterminate |Cape Lamb |MLP 15-I-7-2, isolated pedal phalax (digit III?)<ref name=":162" /> | | |- |''[[Trinisaura]]'' |''T. santamartaensis'' |Santa Marta Cove, in the lower levels of the formation<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Coria |first1=Rodolfo A. |last2=Moly |first2=Juan J. |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo |last4=Santillana |first4=Sergio |last5=Marenssi |first5=Sergio |date=2013-04-01 |title=A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667112001784 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=41 |pages=186–193 |bibcode=2013CrRes..41..186C |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004 |issn=0195-6671 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11336/76749}}</ref> |MLP08-III-1-1, disarticulated and partial skeleton that includes one incomplete dorsal vertebra, three sacral centra, seven caudal vertebrae; two incomplete dorsal rib shafts, one proximal haemal arch, incomplete right scapulocoracoid, incomplete right humerus, two metacarpals, both ilia, right pubis, right ischium, right femur, right distal tibia, incomplete metatarsal III, first phalanx of pedal digit III, two phalanges of pedal digit IV, and indeterminate fragments |An elasmarian ornithopod |[[File:Trinisaura2.jpg|center|thumb|Life restoration of ''Trinisaura'']] |- |}

==== Plesiosaurs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;" |- ! Genus !! Species !! Presence !Material!! Notes !! Images |- |[[Aristonectinae]] |Indeterminate |Santa Marta Cove |SGO.PV.6579, fragmentary postcranial skeleton preserving eight fragmentary caudal centra, two articular propodial heads (likely femora), an epipodial (likely a fibula), ventral portion of the right ilium, partial left pubis, and several rib portions<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Rubilar-Rogers |first=David |date=2013 |title=Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica |url=https://www.academia.edu/8115619 |journal=Gondwana Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=722–734 |doi=10.1016/J.GR.2013.07.016}}</ref> | | rowspan = 100| [[File:Vegasaurus molyi.png|center|thumb|''[[Vegasaurus]]'']] |- | rowspan="5" |[[Elasmosauridae]] |Indeterminate |Monolithic Lake; Santa Marta Cove |"MLP 11-II-20-4, one cervical vertebra preserving a partial rib; MLP 86-X-28-3, two cervical vertebrae; MLP 86-X-28-(2–6), 10 posterior cervical vertebrae articulated with three pectoral vertebrae, part of two dorsal vertebrae, ribs, and indeterminate fragments"<ref>O'Gorman, J.P. 2012. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259527973_The_oldest_elasmosaurs_Sauropterygia_Plesiosauria_from_Antarctica_Santa_Marta_Formation_upper_Coniacian_Santonianupper_Campanian_and_Snow_Hill_Island_Formation_upper_Campanianlower_Maastrichtian_James The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-?upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-?lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island]. Polar Research 31. 1–10. Accessed 2019-04-13. doi:10.3402/polar.v31i0.11090</ref> | rowspan="5" | |- |Indeterminate |Santa Marta Cove |SGO.PV.6508, one isolated cervical vertebral centrum<ref name=":8" /> |- |Indeterminate |W Santa Marta Cove |MN 7820-V, four vertebral centra and fragments of another six centra<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brum |first1=Arthur S. |last2=Simões |first2=Tiago R. |last3=Souza |first3=Geovane A. |last4=Pinheiro |first4=André E. P. |last5=Figueiredo |first5=Rodrigo G. |last6=Caldwell |first6=Michael W. |last7=Sayão |first7=Juliana M. |last8=Kellner |first8=Alexander W. A. |date=2022 |title=Ontogeny and evolution of the elasmosaurid neck highlight greater diversity of Antarctic plesiosaurians |journal=Palaeontology |volume=65 |issue=2 |doi=10.1111/pala.12593 |bibcode=2022Palgy..6512593B |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> |- |Indeterminate |Cape Lamb |MLP 98-I-10-20, an incomplete postcranial skeleton (juvenile)<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=O'Gorman |first1=José P. |last2=Olivero |first2=Eduardo B. |last3=Cabrera |first3=Daniel A. |date=2012 |title=Gastroliths associated with a juvenile elasmosaur (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae) from the Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian), Vega Island, Antarctica |journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=531–541 |doi=10.1080/03115518.2012.688673 |bibcode=2012Alch...36..531O |hdl=11336/94843 |issn=0311-5518|hdl-access=free }}</ref> |- |Indeterminate |Vega Island |SDSM 78156 (a nearly complete, articulated torso, partial paddles, and neck and tail sections)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=James E. |last2=Sawyer |first2=J. Foster |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo |last4=Case |first4=Judd A. |date=2007 |title=Occurrence of a young elasmosaurid plesiosaur skeleton from the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Antarctica |journal=Open-File Report |page=51 |doi=10.3133/ofr20071047srp066 |bibcode=2007usgs.rept...51M |issn=2331-1258}}</ref> |- |[[Plesiosauria]] |Indeterminate |The Naze |DJ.355.140, half of large water-worn vertebra, either anterior trunk or distal cervical vertebra<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=James E. |last2=Crame |first2=J. Alistair |date=2006 |title=Palaeobiological significance of high-latitude Late Cretaceous vertebrate fossils from the James Ross Basin, Antarctica |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=109–124 |doi=10.1144/gsl.sp.2006.258.01.08 |bibcode=2006GSLSP.258..109M |issn=0305-8719}}</ref> | |- |[[Plesiosauroidea]] |Indeterminate |The Naze; Cape Lamb |MLP 78-XI-1-2; MLP 78-XI-1-1, vertebrae and fragments<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Del Valle |first1=Rodolfo Augusto |last2=Medina |first2=Francisco A. |last3=Gasparini |first3=Zulma |date=1977 |title=Nota preliminar sobre el hallazgo de reptiles fósiles marinos del suborden Plesiosauria en las islas James Ross y Vega, Antártida |url=https://naturalis.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/entities/publication/235ca5f2-54a3-4acd-b6fb-36e7428b58e0 |journal=Contribución del Instituto Antártico Argentino |volume=212 |pages=1–13}}</ref> | |- | ''[[Vegasaurus]]'' | ''V. molyi'' | Cape Lamb member, Vega Island | MLP 93-I-5-1, postcranial skeleton preserving a complete cervical region with 54 cervical vertebrae, three pectoral vertebrae, 17 dorsal vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, anterior and medial caudal vertebrae, pectoral and pelvic girdles, forelimbs and hind limbs, ribs, and gastroliths<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Gorman |first1=José P. |last2=Salgado |first2=Leonardo |last3=Olivero |first3=Eduardo B. |last4=Marenssi |first4=Sergio A. |date=2015-05-04 |title=''Vegasaurus molyi'', gen. et sp. nov. (Plesiosauria, Elasmosauridae), from the Cape Lamb Member (lower maastrichtian) of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctica, and remarks on Wedellian Elasmosauridae |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=35 |issue=3 |article-number=e931285 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2014.931285 |bibcode=2015JVPal..35E1285O |hdl=11336/53416 |issn=0272-4634|hdl-access=free }}</ref> | A [[plesiosaur]] |- | rowspan="2" |[[Weddellonectia]] |Indeterminate |Cape Lamb |MLP 15-I-7-6, partial skull comprising caudal half of pterygoids, basisphenoid, basioccipital, squamosal, exoccipitalopisthotic; cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal centra; cervical and dorsal ribs, partially preserved coracoid, two partially preserved propodials<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=O'Gorman |first1=José P. |last2=Coria |first2=Rodolfo A. |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo |last4=Santillana |first4=Sergio |last5=Mörs |first5=Thomas |last6=Cárdenas |first6=Magalí |date=2018 |title=The first non-aristonectine elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia; Plesiosauria) cranial material from Antarctica: New data on the evolution of the elasmosaurid basicranium and palate |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=89 |pages=248–263 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.03.013 |bibcode=2018CrRes..89..248O |hdl=11336/83625 |issn=0195-6671|hdl-access=free }}</ref> | |- |Indeterminate |Cape Lamb |AMNH FARB 30877 is a largely articulated partial skeleton.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Gorman |first=José P. |last2=O'Connor |first2=Patrick M. |last3=Roberts |first3=Eric M. |last4=Lamanna |first4=Matthew C. |date=2025-05-15 |title=An Elasmosaurid Plesiosaur with Preserved Skull Material from the Upper Cretaceous Cape Lamb Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=62 |issue=1 |doi=10.5710/amgh.17.12.2024.3619 |issn=0002-7014}}</ref> | |- |}

==== Mosasaurs ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ |- !Genus !Species !Presence !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Liodon]]'' |''L. sp.'' |Cape Lamb |Teeth<ref name=":162"/> | rowspan="2" |A [[Mosasaur]] | rowspan="100" |[[File:Taniwhasaurus.jpg|center|thumb|''[[Taniwhasaurus]]'']] |- |''Cf. L. sp.'' |Cape Lamb |Teeth<ref name=":162"/> |- |''[[Mosasaurus]]'' |''M. cf. M. lemonnieri'' |Cape Lamb |Teeth<ref name=":162"/> |A [[Mosasaur]] |- |''[[Plioplatecarpus]]'' |''cf. P. sp.'' |Cape Lamb |MLP 93-I-3-5, small tooth<ref name=":9" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Taniwhasaurus]]''<ref>Fernando E. Novas; Marta S. Fernandez; Zulma B. de Gasparini; Juan M. Lirio; Héctor J. Nuñez; Pablo Puerta (2002). "Lakumasaurus antarcticus, n. gen. et sp., a new mosasaur (Reptilia, Squamata) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica". Ameghiniana. 39 (2): 245–249. hdl:11336/136746. S2CID 128304133.</ref> |''T. antarcticus'' |Santa Marta Cove; Al's Bird Site |IAA 2000-JR-FSM-1, containing a skull measuring 72&nbsp;cm (28&nbsp;in) long, teeth, some vertebrae, and rib fragments | rowspan="2" |A [[tylosaur]] |- | valign="top" |''cf. T. antarcticus'' |Al's Bird Site |MLP 93-I-3-7, a tooth crown<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fernández |first1=Marta S. |last2=Gasparini |first2=Zulma |date=2012 |title=Campanian and Maastrichtian mosasaurs from Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia, Argentina |journal=Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=93–102 |doi=10.2113/gssgfbull.183.2.93 |issn=1777-5817}}</ref> |- |[[Tylosaurinae]] |Indeterminate |Vega Island |Juvenile skull<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=J. E. |date=2002 |title=Juvenile marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula and their relationships to other such occurrences in Central South Dakota and Belgium |url=https://www.phylonimbus.com/references/article/13844/juvenile-marine-reptiles-from-the-late-cretaceous-/ |journal=Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science |volume=81 |pages=53–57}}</ref> | |- |}

== Plants == {{paleobiota-key-compact}} [[File:Nothofagus menziesii kz14.jpg|thumb|Local environments were similar to Modern forested areas rich in ''[[Nothofagus]]''.]]

During the Campanian–Maastrichtian, the Antarctic Peninsula supported temperate, humid forests dominated by podocarps, araucarian conifers, and a diversifying group of angiosperms. Key angiosperm families included [[Nothofagaceae]], [[Monimiaceae]], [[Cunoniaceae]], [[Proteaceae]], [[Myrtaceae]], [[Lauraceae]], [[Atherospermataceae]], [[Winteraceae]], and extinct ''[[Sassafras]]''-like forms.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last1=Poole |first1=Imogen |title=Cretaceous and Cenozoic vegetation of Antarctica integrating the fossil wood record |date=2006-01-01 |work=Cretaceous–Tertiary High-Latitude Palaeoenvironments: James Ross Basin, Antarctica |volume=258 |page=0 |editor-last=Francis |editor-first=J. E. |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsl/books/edited-volume/1630/chapter-abstract/107425586/Cretaceous-and-Cenozoic-vegetation-of-Antarctica |access-date=2025-05-12 |publisher=Geological Society of London |isbn=978-1-86239-197-0 |last2=Cantrill |first2=David J. |editor2-last=Pirrie |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=Crame |editor3-first=J. A.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Barreda |first1=Viviana D. |last2=Palazzesi |first2=Luis |last3=Olivero |first3=Eduardo B. |date=2019 |title=When flowering plants ruled Antarctica: evidence from Cretaceous pollen grains |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.15823 |journal=New Phytologist |language=en |volume=223 |issue=2 |pages=1023–1030 |doi=10.1111/nph.15823 |pmid=30924945 |bibcode=2019NewPh.223.1023B |hdl=11336/120926 |issn=1469-8137|hdl-access=free }}</ref> Another important group is [[Asteraceae]], with ''[[Dasyphyllum]]''-like pollen, the oldest fossils ever found for the family.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Barreda |first1=Viviana D. |last2=Palazzesi |first2=Luis |last3=Tellería |first3=Maria C. |last4=Olivero |first4=Eduardo B. |last5=Raine |first5=J. Ian |last6=Forest |first6=Félix |date=2015 |title=Early evolution of the angiosperm clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112 |issue=35 |pages=10989–10994 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1423653112 |doi-access=free |pmc=4568267 |pmid=26261324|bibcode=2015PNAS..11210989B }}</ref> At The Naze area, [[Podocarpaceae]]-''[[Nothofagus]]'' rainforests thriving in lowland areas under cool-temperate, frost-free, and high-rainfall conditions, with understories rich in other angiosperms and ferns.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=di Pasquo |first1=Mercedes |last2=Martin |first2=James E. |date=2013 |title=Palynoassemblages associated with a theropod dinosaur from the Snow Hill Island Formation (lower Maastrichtian) at the Naze, James Ross Island, Antarctica |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667113001171 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=45 |pages=135–154 |bibcode=2013CrRes..45..135D |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2013.07.008 |hdl=11336/80121 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Smaller components, likely endemic, included lycophytes, bryophytes, [[Proteaceae]], [[Liliaceae]], [[Palmae]] or [[Microthyriaceae]], and various herbaceous or shrubby dicotyledons.<ref name=":11" /> Forests were structurally similar to modern [[Valdivian temperate forests]]. These plants were primarily found in riparian floodplains, with bryophyte-lycophyte rich swamps and [[Chlorophyta]]-rich lake margins, while influence of marine waters can be seen by [[Dinoflagellate]]s. The climate was highly humid and seasonal, as evidenced by distinct growth rings in ''[[Agathoxylon]]'' fossil wood from Lachman Crags and The Naze, indicating a temperate but variable environment.<ref name=":11" /> The flora reflects a transition from gymnosperm-dominated to mixed angiosperm-conifer ecosystems under polar greenhouse conditions.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":11" />

=== Pteridophytes, lycophytes, and bryophytes === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%" !Taxa !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Baculatisporites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> |''B. comaumensis'' |Santa Marta Cove; The Naze |Spore |[[Osmundaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Biretisporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''B. potoniaei'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Calamospora]]''<ref name=":11" /> |sp. |The Naze |Spore |[[Equisetales]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Camarozonosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''C. ohioensis'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Ceratosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''C. equalis'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cyatheacidites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> |''C. annulatus'' |Santa Marta Cove; The Naze |Spore |[[Dicksoniaceae]] (''[[Lophosoria]]'') |[[File:Lophosoria quadripinnata-ampe.JPG|center|thumb|190x190px|''[[Lophosoria]]'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cyatheacidites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''C. archangelskii'' |The Naze |Spore |[[Cyatheaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Cyathidites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> |''C. australis'' |The Naze |Spore |[[Cyatheaceae]] | rowspan="2" |[[File:Cyathea arborea kz08.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|''[[Cyathea]]'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''C. minor'' |Santa Marta Cove; The Naze |Spore |[[Cyatheaceae]] (''[[Cyathea]]'') |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Deltoidospora]]''<ref name=":1" /> |sp. |Santa Marta Cove |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Densoisporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''D. velatus'' |The Naze |Spore |Lycophyte affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Dictyotosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''D. speciosus'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Echinosporis]]''<ref name=":1" /> |sp. |Santa Marta Cove |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Gleicheniidites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''G. circinidites'' |Santa Marta Cove |Spore |[[Gleicheniaceae]] (aff. ''[[Gleichenia]]'') | rowspan="2" |[[File:Gleichenia japonica urajiro gunraku.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|''Gleichenia'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''G. senonicus'' |The Naze |Spore |[[Gleicheniaceae]] (aff. ''[[Gleichenia]]'') |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Herkosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |sp. |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Ischyosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''I. volkheimeri'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''cf. [[Klukisporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''K. scaberis'' |The Naze |Spore |[[Lygodiaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Laevigatosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''L. ovatus'' |Santa Marta Cove; The Naze |Spore |[[Polypodiaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Leiotriletes]]''<ref name=":1" /> |sp. |Santa Marta Cove |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Lycopodiumsporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''L. eminulus'' |The Naze |Spore |[[Lycopodiaceae]] (''[[Lycopodium]]'') | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Millerocaulis]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koppelhus |first1=Eva |last2=Vera |first2=Ezequiel I. |last3=Coria |first3=Rodolfo A. |last4=Currie |first4=Philip J. |last5=Reguero |first5=Marcelo A. |date=2025-07-01 |title=A new species of the fossil fern Millerocaulis (Osmundales: Osmundaceae) from the Snow Hill Island Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034666725000582 |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=338 |article-number=105337 |bibcode=2025RPaPa.33805337K |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105337 |issn=0034-6667}}</ref> |''M. santamartaensis'' |Santa Marta Cove |Fossil stem (hand specimens, slides) |[[Osmundaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Peromonolites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''P. bowenii'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Perotrilites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''P. majus'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Polypodiisporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''P. favus'' |The Naze |Spore |[[Polypodiaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |sp. |The Naze |Spore |[[Polypodiaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Retitriletes]]''<ref name=":1" /> |''R. austroclavatidites'' |Santa Marta Cove; The Naze |Spore |[[Lycopodiaceae]] (''[[Lycopodium]]'') |[[File:Sprossender Bärlapp Lycopodium annotinum-003.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|''Lycopodium'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Stereisporites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> |''S. antiquasporites'' |Santa Marta Cove; The Naze |Spore |[[Sphagnaceae]] (moss) | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Stereisporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''S. regium'' |The Naze |Spore |Moss affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Todisporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''T. major'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''T. minor'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Trilites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /> |''T. parvallatus'' |The Naze; Santa Marta Cove |Spore | rowspan="2" |[[Dicksoniaceae]] (''[[Dicksonia]]'') | rowspan="2" |[[File:Dicksonia squarrosa kz15.jpg|center|thumb|285x285px|''Dicksonia'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''T. tuberculiformis'' |Santa Marta Cove |Spore |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Triporoletes]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''T. radiatus'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Tuberculatosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''T. parvus'' |The Naze |Spore |Fern affinity | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Verrucosisporites]]''<ref name=":1" /> |sp. 2 |Santa Marta Cove |Spore |Fern affinity | |}

=== Gymnosperms (conifers) === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%" !Taxa !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Agathoxylon]]''<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Gothan |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baPQCgAAQBAJ&dq=Snow+Hill+Island+fossil+wood&pg=PP1 |title=Die fossilen Hölzer von der Seymour- und Snow Hill-Insel |date=1908-10-10 |publisher=Alexander Doweld |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Teresa De Las Mercedes |date=2012 |title=Estudio preliminar de maderas fósiles cretácicas de la Formación Santa Marta, Isla James Ross, Antártica |url=https://www.academia.edu/63784197 |journal=Actas Congreso Geológico Chileno |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=764–765}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Askin |first=Rosemary A. |date=1990-10-30 |title=Campanian to paleocene spore and pollen assemblages of Seymour Island, Antarctica |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003466679090061M |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |series=Proceedings of the Seventh International Palynological Congress - Part II |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=105–113 |doi=10.1016/0034-6667(90)90061-M |issn=0034-6667}}</ref> |''A. pseudoparenchymatosum'' |Seymour Island; Caleta Santa Marta |Wood |[[Araucariaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. arayai'' |Caleta Santa Marta; Byers Peninsula |Wood |[[Araucariaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Araucaria]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Césari |first1=S. N. |last2=Marenssi |first2=S. A. |last3=Santillana |first3=S. N. |date=2001-06-01 |title=Conifers from the Upper Cretaceous of Cape Lamb, Vega Island, Antarctica |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667101902605 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=309–319 |bibcode=2001CrRes..22..309C |doi=10.1006/cres.2001.0260 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> |''A. antarctica'' |Cape Lamb |Cone and wood |[[Araucariaceae]] |[[File:Millones de años contra tí.jpg|thumb|Extant representatives of the genus|center]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Araucariacites]]''<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> |''A. australis'' |Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Araucariaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cycadopites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Askin |first=Rosemary A. |date=1989 |title=Endemism and heterochroneity in the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) to Paleocene palynofloras of Seymour Island, Antarctica: implications for origins, dispersal and palaeoclimates of southern floras |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/abs/10.1144/gsl.sp.1989.047.01.09 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=107–119 |doi=10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.09}}</ref> |spp. |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Cycadales]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Dacrycarpites]]''<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> |''D. australiensis'' |Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Dacrycarpus]]'') |[[File:Kahikatea.jpg|center|thumb|367x367px|''Dacrycarpus'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Dacrydiumites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |spp. |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Dacrydium]]'') | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Dilwynites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''D. granulatus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Araucariaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Equisetosporites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |sp. |The Naze |Pollen |[[Ephedrales]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Lygistepollenites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''L. balmei'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Dacrydium]]'') | rowspan="2" |[[File:Dacrydium cupressinum tree.jpg|center|thumb|337x337px|''[[Dacrydium]]'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Lygistepollenites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''L. florinii'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Dacrydium]]'') |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Microcachryidites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> |''M. antarcticus'' |Santa Marta Cove; Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Microcachrys]]'') |[[File:Microcachrys_tetragona_112011800.jpg|center|thumb|136x136px|''[[Microcachrys]]'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Microcachryxylon]]''<ref name=":6" /> |''M. gothani'' |Cerro Naze |Wood |[[Podocarpaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Phyllocladidites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> |''P. mawsonii'' |Santa Marta Cove; Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Lagarostrobos]]'') |[[File:Lagarostrobos franklinii 61295704.jpg|center|thumb|253x253px|''Lagarostrobos'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |spp. |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Phyllocladus]]'') | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Phyllocladoxylon]]''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13" /> |''P. antarcticum'' |Seymour Island; Brandy Bay |Wood |[[Podocarpaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="8" |''[[Podocarpidites]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> |''P. elegans'' |Santa Marta Cove |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Podocarpus]]'') | rowspan="8" |[[File:Podocarpus totara 211881200.jpg|center|thumb|253x253px|''Podocarpus'' ]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. major'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. marwickii'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. microreticuloidata'' |Santa Marta Cove |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Podocarpus]]'') |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. otagoensis'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. rugulatus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. verrucosus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |spp. |Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="3" |''[[Podocarpoxylon]]''<ref name=":6" /> |''P. sp. 1'' |Caleta Santa Marta |Wood |[[Podocarpaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. sp. 2'' |Caleta Santa Marta |Wood |[[Podocarpaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''P. sp. 3'' |Caleta Santa Marta |Wood |[[Podocarpaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Podosporites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |spp. |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Podocarpaceae]] (''[[Microcachrys]]''/''[[Microstrobos]]'') |[[File:Pherosphaera hookeriana.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|''Pherosphaera'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Trichotomosulcites]]''<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''T. subgranulatus'' |Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Araucariaceae]] | |}

=== Angiosperms === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="center" width="100%" !Taxa !Species !Locality !Material !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Amosopollis]]''<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''cruciformis'' |Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Anacolosidites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Olacaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Battenipollis]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''sectilis'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Clavatipollenites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Chloranthaceae]] (cf. ''[[Ascarina]]'') |[[File:Ascarina lucida 49924782.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|''[[Ascarina]]'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cranwellia]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''striata'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Loranthaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Cranwellipollis]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''palisadus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Ericipites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''scabratus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Ericaceae]] | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Eucryphiaceoxylon]]''<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Pujana |first1=Roberto R. |last2=Santelli |first2=María B. |last3=Alvarez |first3=Maximiliano J. |last4=Raffi |first4=María E. |last5=Santillana |first5=Sergio N. |date=2025-10-01 |title=Angiosperm fossil woods, Cryptocaryeae (Lauraceae) and Cunoniaceae, with marine borers from Day Nunatak, Western Antarctica (Snow Hill Island Formation, Upper Cretaceous) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667125000692 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=174 |article-number=106146 |bibcode=2025CrRes.17406146P |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106146 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> |''E. eucryphioides'' |Day Nunatak |Wood |[[Cunoniaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Forcipites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sabulosus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp. cf. F. longus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Gambierina]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''rudata'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Haloragacidites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''harrisii'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Casuarinaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Hedycaryoxylon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poole |first=Imogen |last2=Gottwald |first2=Helmut |date=2001 |title=Monimiaceae sensu lato, an element of Gondwanan polar forests: Evidence from the late Cretaceous-early tertiary wood flora of Antarctica |url=https://www.publish.csiro.au/sb/sb00022 |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=207–230 |doi=10.1071/sb00022 |issn=1446-5701}}</ref> |''tambourissoides'' |Eastern side of Lachman Crags |Wood |[[Monimiaceae]] (cf. ''[[Tambourissa]]'') |[[File:Tambourissa religiosa IMG 1686.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|''[[Tambourissa]]'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Illicioxylon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poole |first=Imogen |last2=Gottwald |first2=Helmut |last3=Francis |first3=Jane E. |date=2000-08-01 |title=Illicioxylon, an Element of Gondwanan Polar Forests? Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary Woods of Antarctica |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305736400912083 |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=86 |issue=2 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.1006/anbo.2000.1208 |issn=0305-7364}}</ref> |''tenuiradiatum'' |Lachman Crags |Wood |[[Illiciaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Ilexpollenites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Aquifoliaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Lewalanipollis]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''senectus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. Persoonioideae, Proteoideae) | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Liliacidites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''cf. kaitangataensis'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Liliaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''spp.'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Liliaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Longapertites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''sp.'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Arecaceae]] | |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Longexylon]]''<ref name=":7" /> |''L. oliveroi'' |Day Nunatak |Wood |[[Lauraceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Monosulcites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''palisadus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Monocotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''spp.'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Monocotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Myricipites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''harrisii'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Myricaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Myrtaceidites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''spp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Myrtaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="8" |''[[Nothofagidites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> |''americanus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) | rowspan="10" |[[File:Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides kz02.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|Extant ''[[Nothofagus]]'' specimen]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''cf. lachlaniae'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''cf. nanus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''dorotensis'' |Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''saraensis'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''senectus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp. 3'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''spp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Nothofagaceae]] (cf. Nothofagus) |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Nothofagoxylon]]''<ref name=":5" /> |''N. scalariforme'' |Seymour Island |Wood |[[Nothofagaceae]] (Nothofagus) |-style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Nothofagus]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Romero |first1=Edgardo |last2=Amenábar |first2=Cecilia R. |last3=Zamaloa |first3=María C. |last4=Concheyro |first4=Andrea |date=2019-07-03 |title=Nothofagus and the associated palynoflora from the Late Cretaceous of Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula |url=https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/129672/edition/113183/content |journal=Polish Polar Research |language=pl |pages=227–253 |doi=10.24425/ppr.2019.129672 |hdl=11336/108549 |issn=0138-0338 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> |''N. "sp. 1"'' |Vega Island |Fossil leaves |[[Nothofagaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="4" |''[[Peninsulapollis]]''<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''askiniae'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''gillii'' |Seymour Island; The Naze |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. ''[[Beauprea]]'') | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. ''[[Beauprea]]'') | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''truswelliae'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. ''[[Beauprea]]''?) | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Periporopollenites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''polyoratus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Polycolpites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''langstonii'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Pedaliaceae]] (cf. ''Josephinia'') | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="3" |''[[Propylipolis]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''pseudomoides'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. [[Carnarvonia araliifolia|''Carnarvonia'']]?) | rowspan="3" |[[File:Carnarvonia araliifolia 174625174.jpg|center|thumb|253x253px|[[Carnarvonia araliifolia|''Carnarvonia'']]]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''reticuloscabratus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. [[Grevilleoideae]]) |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp. 1'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Propylipolis]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp. aff. P. amolosexinus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="5" |''[[Proteacidites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''parvus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. ''[[Bellendena montana]]'') | rowspan="5" |[[File:Bellendena_montana_-_Walls_of_Jerusalem.jpg|center|thumb|136x136px|[[Bellendena montana|''Bellendena'']]]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''scaboratus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] (cf. ''[[Bellendena montana]]'') |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp. 2'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''spp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''tenuiexinus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Psilatricolporites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp. C'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Quadraplanus]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''brossus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Rousea]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''georgensis'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Simpsonipollis]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Spinitricolpites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Stellidiopollis]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''annulatus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Striatricolporites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sp. D'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Tetracolporites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''verrucosus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="6" |''[[Tricolpites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''confessus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Gunneraceae]] | rowspan="6" |[[File:Gunnera_leaves,_Coleton_Fishacre_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2427461.jpg|center|thumb|171x171px|[[Gunnera macrophylla|''Gunnera'']]]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''reticulatus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Gunneraceae]] (cf. ''[[Gunnera]]'') |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp. L'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Gunneraceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''pachyexinus'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Gunneraceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''sp. M'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Gunneraceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''spp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Gunneraceae]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Triorites]]''<ref name=":11" /> |''orbiculatus'' |The Naze |Pollen |[[Dicotyledonae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Triporopollenites]]''<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> |''sectilis'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''spp.'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Proteaceae]] | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Tubulifloridites]]''<ref name=":10" /> |''lilliei'' |Seymour Island |Pollen |[[Asteraceae]] (cf. ''[[Dasyphyllum]]'') |[[File:Dasyphyllum capitulum Minas Gerais Brazil.jpg|center|thumb|190x190px|''[[Dasyphyllum]]'']] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Winteroxylon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poole |first=Imogen |last2=Francis |first2=Jane E. |date=2000-03-01 |title=The First Record of Fossil Wood of Winteraceae from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305736499910491 |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=307–315 |doi=10.1006/anbo.1999.1049 |issn=0305-7364}}</ref> |''jamesrossi'' |Eastern side of Lachman Crags |Wood |[[Winteraceae]] | |}

== See also == * [[Chorrillo Formation]] * [[Dorotea Formation]] * [[List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Antarctica]] * [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]] * [[López de Bertodano Formation]] * [[Sobral Formation]] * [[South Polar region of the Cretaceous]]

== References == {{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography === * {{citation |last1=Ely |first1=Ricardo C. |last2=Case |first2=Judd A. |year=2019 |title=Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=101 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003|bibcode=2019CrRes.101....1E }} * {{citation |last=O'Gorman |first=J.P |year=2012 |title=The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-?upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-?lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259527973 |journal=[[Polar Research]] |volume=31 |pages=1–10 |access-date=2019-04-13 |doi=10.3402/polar.v31i0.11090}} * {{citation |last1=Pirrie |first1=D. |last2=Crame |first2=J.A. |last3=Lomas |first3=S.A. |last4=Riding |first4=J.B. |year=1997 |title=Late Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Admiralty Sound region, James Ross Basin, Antarctica |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=109–137 |doi=10.1006/cres.1996.0052|bibcode=1997CrRes..18..109P }}

== Further reading == * D. Néraudeau, A. Crame, and M. Kooser. 2000. Upper Cretaceous echinoids from James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Géobios 33(4):455–466 {{doi|10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80079-0}} * R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuna, A. O. Vargas, D. Rubilar Rogers, R. E. Yury Yanez and C. S. Gutstein. 2013. Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Gondwana Research {{doi|10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.016}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of Antarctica]] [[Category:Cretaceous System of Antarctica]] [[Category:Campanian Stage]] [[Category:Sandstone formations]] [[Category:Mudstone formations]] [[Category:Paleontology in Antarctica]] [[Category:James Ross Island group]]