Smith-class destroyer

{{short description|Destroyer class of the US Navy}} {{Use American English|date=January 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}} {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=USSFlusserDD20.jpg |image_caption=USS ''Flusser'' }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview |name= ''Smith'' class |builders= *Bath Iron Works, ME (2) *William Cramp & Sons, PA (1) *New York Shipbuilding, NJ (1) |operators=20px United States Navy

|class_before={{sclass|Truxtun|destroyer|4}} |class_after={{sclass|Paulding|destroyer|4}} |subclasses=''Flusser'' |built_range=1908–1910 |in_commission_range=1909–1919 |total_ships_building= |total_ships_planned= |total_ships_completed=5 |total_ships_canceled= |total_ships_active= |total_ships_laid_up= |total_ships_lost= |total_ships_scrapped=5 |total_ships_preserved= }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |type=Destroyer |displacement=*{{convert|700|LT}} (normal) * {{convert|902|LT}} (full load) |length= {{convert|293|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}} |beam= {{convert|26|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on}} |draught= |draft={{convert|8|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on}} |capacity={{convert|304|LT}} coal (fuel) |power=*4 × Mosher coal-fired boilers * 3 × Parsons direct-drive steam turbines * {{convert|10000|shp|kW|lk=on|abbr=on}} (design) |propulsion=*3 × shafts |speed={{convert|28|kn|lk=in}} (design) |range={{convert|2800|nmi|km}} at {{convert|10|kn}} |complement=*4 officers * 83 enlisted men |sensors= |EW= |armament=*5 × {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on|0}}/50 caliber guns * 3 × 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, six torpedoes |armor= |notes= }} }} The '''''Smith''-class destroyers''' were the first ocean-going torpedo-boat destroyers in the United States Navy, and the first to be driven by steam turbines instead of the reciprocating engines fitted in the sixteen earlier and much smaller torpedo-boat destroyers ordered under the Act of 4 May 1898. {{USS|Flusser|DD-20|2}} and {{USS|Reid|DD-21|2}} are sometimes considered to be '''''Flusser''-class ships'''. Also, since ''Flusser'' was completed first, some period documentation refers to the entire class as ''Flusser''s.<ref name=Friedman1>Friedman, pp. 22–28, 454–455</ref>

The first three of the class were ordered under the Act of 29 June 1906 "to have the highest practical speed, and to cost, exclusive of armament, not to exceed seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars each". The remaining pair were ordered under the Act of 7 March 1907 "to have the highest practical speed, and to cost, exclusive of armament, not to exceed eight hundred thousand dollars each".<ref name=Friedman1/>

All of the ships served as convoy escorts in World War I, and several attacked U-boats. The latter four vessels were all sold in November 1919 following the end of World War I; ''Smith'' survived another two years as a bombing target until scrapped.<ref name=DesHist1>[https://destroyerhistory.org/early/smithclass/ DestroyerHistory.org ''Smith'' class destroyer]</ref>

==Design==

These were the first turbine-powered destroyers in US service, and the last to be coal-fired. Surprisingly, turbines were dictated by cost; when bids were opened, all of the turbine-powered proposals were lower than all of the reciprocating proposals.<ref name=Friedman1/> The ''Smith''s were greatly enlarged {{sclass|Truxtun|destroyer|5}}s; at 900 tons full load they were 50% larger. The extra displacement went into increased armament and more powerful machinery to maintain the ''Truxtun''s' {{convert|28|kn|adj=on|lk=in}} speed. The raised forecastle improved seaworthiness. Also, the coal capacity was increased to 304 tons, nearly half the total full load displacement of the previous class. The increased size and range meant that these were the US Navy's first truly ocean-going destroyers, capable of operating with battleships on long voyages. The seizure of the Philippines in the Spanish–American War and the acquisition of Hawaii, both in 1898, had shown the need for long-range ships. Shortly before the ''Smith'' class entered service, the Great White Fleet of 1907–09 demonstrated that the US Navy was prepared to operate far from home. Ironically, these destroyers would quickly be nicknamed "flivvers" (after the small and shaky Model T Ford) for their small size when the subsequent "thousand tonners" ({{sclass|Cassin|destroyer|5}} through {{sclass|Sampson|destroyer|4}}es) entered service in 1913.<ref>[https://destroyerhistory.org/early/flivvers/ DestroyerHistory.org Flivver type destroyers]</ref>

It was recognized that destroyers would now be fighting other destroyers rather than torpedo boats, and that destroyers also needed more offensive (aka torpedo) capability to take over the torpedo boats' role, while retaining the range and seakeeping qualities to operate with the battle fleet.<ref name=Friedman1/> This was the beginning of the multiple missions that US destroyers would eventually be expected to perform, including anti-submarine warfare beginning in World War I and anti-air warfare beginning in the 1930s.

===Armament===

Compared with the ''Truxtun''s, the gun armament was increased to five {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}}/50 caliber guns;<ref>[http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_3-50_mk2.htm DiGiulian, Tony, early 3"/50 USN guns at NavWeaps.com]</ref> smaller guns were deleted to maximize the number of larger guns. This followed a trend set by the rearmament of the British {{sclass2|River|destroyer|1||1903}}s in 1906, which reflected the "all big gun" design of the battleship {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}. A third {{convert|18|in|mm|adj=on|0}} torpedo tube was added, and one torpedo reload per tube was provided. In 1911 it was noted that torpedoes fired from the stern mount at a ship's speed much above 20 knots ran erratically due to the stern wave deflecting them.<ref name=Friedman1/>

In 1916, all had their single torpedo tubes replaced by twin mounts (with no reloads) while one 3-inch gun was removed.<ref name=DesHist1/> This was an easy upgrade, as the new design twin mounts actually weighed less than the older single mounts.<ref name=Friedman1/> They were equipped with one or two depth charge racks for convoy escort during World War I.<ref>Friedman, p. 68</ref>

===Engineering===

Unlike the earlier 16 destroyers, these turbine-driven vessels were triple-screw. The ships' steam turbines were direct drive and arranged in a similar manner to Sir Charles Parsons' ''Turbinia'', with a high-pressure turbine on the center shaft exhausting to two low-pressure turbines on the outboard shafts.<ref name=Register1/> Cruising turbines were also fitted on the outboard shafts to improve fuel economy at low speeds, a problem that would plague turbine-powered ships until fully geared turbines and higher steam pressures and temperatures were introduced during World War I.<ref name=Conways1>Gardiner and Gray, p. 121</ref> To attempt to find a middle ground between the turbines' high efficient speed and the propellers' low efficient speed, the maximum shaft speed was 724 rpm, over twice that of a modern ship.<ref name=Friedman1/>

All had two widely spaced pairs of funnels except for ''Smith'', which had the first and fourth funnels separated from the middle pair.

''Smith'' had four Mosher coal-fired boilers supplying steam to three steam turbines totaling {{convert|10000|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} (design).<ref name=Friedman1/> She made {{convert|28.35|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on|1}} on trials at {{convert|9946|shp|kW|abbr=on}}. Normal coal capacity was 304 tons.<ref name=Friedman1/>

{{clear}}

==Ships in class== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Ships of the ''Smith'' destroyer class<ref name=DesHist1/><ref name=Register1>Bauer and Roberts, p. 169</ref> |- ! scope="col" | Name ! scope="col" | Hull no. ! scope="col" style="max-width: 9em;" | Shipyard ! scope="col" style="max-width: 6em;" | Laid down ! scope="col" style="max-width: 6em;" | Launched ! scope="col" style="max-width: 6em;" | Comm-<br>issioned ! scope="col" style="max-width: 6em;" | Decomm-<br>issioned ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Fate |- ! scope="row" | {{USS|Smith|DD-17|2}} ! scope="row" | DD-17 |William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia | 18 March 1908 | 20 April 1909 | 26 November 1909 | 2 September 1919 | Bombing target until <br>sold 20 December 1921 to Joseph G. Hitner for scrapping |- ! scope="row" | {{USS|Lamson|DD-18|2}} ! scope="row" | DD-18 |William Cramp & Sons | 18 March 1908 | 16 June 1909 | 10 February 1910 | 15 July 1919 | Sold November 1919 for scrapping |- ! scope="row" | {{USS|Preston|DD-19|2}} ! scope="row" | DD-19 |New York Shipbuilding, Camden, New Jersey | 28 April 1908 | 14 July 1909 | 21 December 1909 | 17 July 1919 | Sold November 1919 to T. A. Scott of New London, Connecticut for scrapping |- ! scope="row" | {{USS|Flusser|DD-20|2}} ! scope="row" | DD-20 |Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine | 3 August 1908 | 20 July 1909 | 28 October 1909 | 14 July 1919 | Sold November 1919 for scrapping |- ! scope="row" | {{USS|Reid|DD-21|2}} ! scope="row" | DD-21 |Bath Iron Works | 3 August 1908 | 17 August 1909 | 3 December 1909 | 31 July 1919 | Sold November 1919 to T. A. Scott of New London, Connecticut for scrapping |}

==See also== {{Commons category|Smith class destroyers}}

==References== {{Reflist}} * {{DANFS}}

==Bibliography== * {{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | author-link = K. Jack Bauer |author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Friedman | first = Norman | author-link = Norman Friedman | title = US Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2004 | location = Annapolis | isbn = 1-55750-442-3 | edition = Revised }} * {{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Robert | author2 = Gray, Randal | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | year = 1985 | location = London | isbn = 0-85177-245-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Silverstone | first = Paul H. | title = U.S. Warships of World War I | publisher = Ian Allan | year = 1970 | location = London | isbn = 0-71100-095-6 }}

==External links== * [http://www.destroyers.org/Class/c-Smith.htm Tin Can Sailors @ Destroyers.org – ''Smith'' class destroyer] * [https://destroyerhistory.org/early/smithclass/ DestroyerHistory.org ''Smith'' class destroyer] * [https://destroyerhistory.org/early/flivvers/ DestroyerHistory.org Flivver type destroyers] * [https://www.navsource.net/archives/05idx.htm NavSource Destroyer Photo Index Page] * [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNUS_3-50_mk2.htm DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com 3"/50 Mks 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8] * [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTUS_PreWWII.htm DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com Pre-WWII US Torpedoes] * [http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm US Navy Torpedo History, part 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915054904/http://www.history.navy.mil/museums/keyport/html/part2.htm |date=15 September 2014 }}

{{Smith class destroyer}} {{WWI US ships}}

Category:Smith-class destroyers Category:Destroyer classes Category:World War I destroyers of the United States