{{Short description|Sindhi separatist movement in Pakistan}} thumb|Sindhudesh flag mostly used by Sindhi nationalist organizations. The '''Sindhudesh movement''' is a separatist movement that advocates to create a country for the ethnolinguistic group Sindhi by establishing a sovereign state called '''Sindhudesh''' ({{langx|sd|{{Naskh|سنڌو ديش}}}}, {{Literally|Country of Sindhis}}) in the region of Sindh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Syed|first1=G. M.|title=Sindhudesh : A Study in its Separate Identity Through the Ages|url=http://gmsyed.org/sindhudesh/saeen-book3.htm|publisher=G.M. Syed Academy|page=These days a pragmatic situation has become dynamically alive in Pakistan. It is the exhilarating political idea of creating a new independent state of Sindh. So the sons of the soil, in full cooperation should increase the momentum for the demand and efforts to create Sindhu Desh with the new Sindhis who have settled down in this land permanently|access-date=13 May 2018|archive-date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104151006/http://gmsyed.org/sindhudesh/saeen-book3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Dawn_sindhi">{{cite news|title=Analysis: Sindhi nationalists stand divided|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1148698|access-date=13 May 2018|publisher=Dawn|date=4 December 2014|archive-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917094032/https://www.dawn.com/news/1148698|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Express Tribune">{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/354308/pakistan-day-jsqm-leader-demands-freedom-for-sindh-and-balochistan/|title=pakistan-day-jsqm-leader-demands-freedom-for-sindh-and-balochistan|work=Express Tribune|date=24 March 2012|access-date=3 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216001628/http://tribune.com.pk/story/354308/pakistan-day-jsqm-leader-demands-freedom-for-sindh-and-balochistan/|archive-date=16 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="Thenews.com.pk">{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98354-JST-demands-Sindhs-independence-from-Punjabs-occupation |title=JST demands Sindh's independence from Punjab's 'occupation' |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |access-date=2012-06-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507012803/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-98354-JST-demands-Sindhs-independence-from-Punjabs-occupation |archive-date=2012-05-07 }}</ref><ref name="BanuaziziWeiner1988">{{cite book|author1=Ali Banuazizi|author2=Myron Weiner|title=The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan; [this Vol. Had Its Origin in a Conference on "Islam, Ethnicity and the State in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan" ... Held in November 1982, in Tuxedo, New York]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6cmuTfzvZEC&pg=PA283|year=1988|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2448-6|pages=283–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429120633/https://books.google.com/books?id=l6cmuTfzvZEC&pg=PA283|archive-date=2018-04-29}}</ref>
The movement was founded by G. M. Syed, after Bangladesh's independence. He gave a new direction to Sindhi nationalism, founded the Jeay Sindh Tehreek in 1972 and presented the idea of Sindhudesh.<ref name="dawnSohailSangi">{{cite web|last1=Sohail|first1=Sangi|author-link1=Sohail Sangi|title=Analysis: Sindhi nationalists stand divided|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1148698|website=dawn.com|date=4 December 2014|publisher=Dawn|access-date=20 May 2018|archive-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917094032/https://www.dawn.com/news/1148698|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Siddiqi2012">{{cite book|author=Farhan Hanif Hanif Siddiqi|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b0epgzkrz8C&pg=PA88|access-date=16 July 2012|date=4 May 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-33696-6|pages=88–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704222726/http://books.google.com/books?id=0b0epgzkrz8C&pg=PA88|archive-date=4 July 2014}}</ref> Sindhi nationalists claims the Kutch region of India, the Lasbela District of Balochistan, and South Punjab as part of Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faiz |first1=Asma |title=In Search of Lost Glory: Sindhi Nationalism in Pakistan |date=2021 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=9781787386327 |page=288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh |access-date=2022-08-29 |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183306/https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh |url-status=live }}</ref>
No Sindhi nationalist party has ever voted into power in Sindh at any level of government.<ref>{{cite journal |title = Center-Periphery Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan: Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Punjabis |last = Wright |first = Theodore P. Jr. |journal = Comparative Politics |publisher = City University of New York |issn = 0010-4159 |volume = 23 |issue = 3 |year = 1991 |pages = 299–312 |doi = 10.2307/422088 |jstor = 422088 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title = Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan |last = Rahman |first = Tariq |journal = Asian Survey |publisher = University of California Press |issn = 1533-838X |volume = 37 |issue = 9 |year = 1997 |pages = 833–9 |doi = 10.2307/2645700 |jstor = 2645700 }}</ref> In recent years, several Sindhi nationalists have deserted the ideology and joined mainstream politics due to disillusionment within ranks, and lack of public support.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1352060|title=Romance of Sindhudesh fast fading away as workers desert nationalism|work=Dawn|date=17 August 2017|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225071146/https://www.dawn.com/news/1352060|archive-date=25 February 2018}}</ref> Some nationalist parties and associations are banned for supposed terrorist, anti-state and sabotage activities by the Pakistani government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bolantimes.com/sindh-govt-orders-police-to-crack-down-on-nationalists/|title=Sindh govt orders police to crack down on nationalists - Bolan Times|website=www.bolantimes.com|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920043958/http://www.bolantimes.com/sindh-govt-orders-police-to-crack-down-on-nationalists/|archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
== History and Diaspora == === History === In 1972 G. M. Syed proposed the formation of an independent nation for the Sindhis under the name ''Sindhudesh''. He was the first nationalist politician in Pakistan to call for the independence of Sindh in a Pakistan.<ref name="Siddiqi2012" /> The movement for Sindhi language and identity led by Syed drew inspiration from the Bengali language movement.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Harry|last1=Goulbourne|title=Race and Ethnicity: Solidarities and communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIg_9GI9a8gC|year=2001|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-22501-4|page=251|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429120633/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIg_9GI9a8gC|archive-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> In post independence Pakistan, the strategy followed by the Pakistani state led Syed to come to a conclusion that the Sindhis would not be given due importance in the country.<ref name="Siddiqi2012" />{{Sindhis}}With his political base largely weakened after election, Syed later advanced his position towards openly demanding separation from Pakistan and the build-up of an independent Sindhudesh in his books ''Heenyar Pakistan khey tuttan khappey'' (Now Pakistan Should Disintegrate) and ''Sindhu Desh — A Nation in Chains''.<ref>{{cite journal |title = Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining |last = Jalal |first = Ayesha |journal = International Journal of Middle East Studies |publisher = Cambridge University Press |issn = 1471-6380 |volume = 27 |issue = 1 |year = 1995 |pages = 73–89 |doi = 10.1017/S0020743800061596 |jstor = 176188 |s2cid = 162731882 }}</ref>
==== Reemergence of Sindhi Nationalism ==== After the assassination of former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto, ethnic unrest arose.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Levesque |first=Julien |date=2021-11-12 |title=Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social Construction of the “Idea of Sindh” |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_1.xml |journal=Journal of Sindhi Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1163/26670925-bja10001|doi-access=free }}</ref> Sindhi nationalists judged the country was being used to the advantage of people from non-Sindhi ethnic groups, alleged Punjabi dominance in the defence sector<ref>{{cite web |last=Guerin |first=Orla |date=2010-06-22 |title=BBC News — Karachi faces growing Taliban menace |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10354433 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126154906/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10354433 |archive-date=2011-01-26 |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> and believe this to be the cause of recent troubles in Sindh (see Sindhi nationalism).<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-01-05 |title=PAKISTAN: Bhutto's Murder Rekindles Ethnic Suspicions — IPS |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40685 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005051122/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40685 |archive-date=2011-10-05 |access-date=2012-06-05 |publisher=Ipsnews.net}}</ref>
===Diaspora=== ==== Sindhis in India ==== {{main article|Sindhis in India|Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi diaspora}} Sindhis in India,<ref>{{cite book|author=Suranjan Das|title=Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-t6WPdnAlgC|year=2001|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-898855-87-3|page=144|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429120633/https://books.google.com/books?id=S-t6WPdnAlgC|archive-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> most of whom had to be relocated out of Sindh after Partition, leaving behind their property as evacuee trusts under reciprocal government supervision.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} After the Partition of India, approximately 10 million Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India, while nearly an equal number of Muslims migrated to newly created Pakistan from India. Hindu Sindhis were expected to stay in Sindh following the partition, as there were good relations between Hindu and Muslim Sindhis. At the time of partition there were 1,400,000 Hindu Sindhis most were concentrated in cities such as Hyderabad, Karachi, Shikarpur, and Sukkur.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Abraham |first=Bobins |date=8 December 2018 |title=Here's The Untold Story Of Sindhudesh - A 'Country' Of Sindhi People Lost In Pakistan |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/world/here-s-the-untold-story-of-sindhudesh-a-country-of-sindhi-people-lost-in-pakistan-266859.html |url-status=live |access-date=May 19, 2020 |website=www.indiatimes.com |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622181457/https://www.indiatimes.com/news/world/here-s-the-untold-story-of-sindhudesh-a-country-of-sindhi-people-lost-in-pakistan-266859.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-04-27 |title=Jihadists Brutalized Hindus for 80 years, then played victim: Gujarat Riots |url=https://news-communique.com/index.php/2020/04/27/jihadists-brutalized-hindus-for-80-years-then-played-victim-gujarat-riots/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520052544/https://news-communique.com/index.php/2020/04/27/jihadists-brutalized-hindus-for-80-years-then-played-victim-gujarat-riots/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sindhi Hindus in Gujarat">{{cite web |date=2011-03-05 |title=Sindhi Hindus in Gujarat |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/128170/sindhi-hindus-in-gujarat |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925224757/https://tribune.com.pk/story/128170/sindhi-hindus-in-gujarat |url-status=live }}</ref>
There are some suggestions for a Sindhi political party in India as an ethnic empowerment movement<ref>{{cite web |title=sindhis seek a sindh movement in india |url=https://timesofindiatestcaptcha.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-sindhis-seek-a-sindh-in-india/articleshow/991654.cms }}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref> for the largest minority group in Gujarat. Proposed by prominent individuals participating in the Chetichand celebration within the Sindhi community in Ahmedabad such as the Chief Minister at the time, Shri Narendra Modi (later 14th Prime minister of India).<ref name=":1" /> Narendra Modi, in his speech gave an example of the Jewish acquisition of Jerusalem and suggested "If those who dream have strength, everything is possible" <ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=2012-03-24 |title=Sindhis want Sindh in India? |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2012/03/24/a-day-would-come-when-sindh-will-be-a-part-of-indianarendra-modi-says-adding-that-a-grand-zulelal-dham-will-be-built-in-kutch/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212095109/https://www.deshgujarat.com/2012/03/24/a-day-would-come-when-sindh-will-be-a-part-of-indianarendra-modi-says-adding-that-a-grand-zulelal-dham-will-be-built-in-kutch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Gandhian carnival at Delhi's doorsteps won pan-Indian support for Sindhudesh.<ref>{{cite web |last=Panag (retd) |first=Lt Gen H. S. |date=2021-02-04 |title=Sikh separatism fighting existential battle but mishandling farmer protest can add fuel |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/sikh-separatism-fighting-existential-battle-but-mishandling-farmer-protest-can-add-fuel/598388/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723134351/https://theprint.in/opinion/sikh-separatism-fighting-existential-battle-but-mishandling-farmer-protest-can-add-fuel/598388/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The concept of Sindhudesh is also supported by the Sindhis in India,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Suranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-t6WPdnAlgC |title=Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia |date=2001 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-898855-87-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2017-01-15 |title=India appears incomplete without Sindh, feels Advani |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2017/01/15/india-appears-incomplete-without-sindh-feels-advani/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723143446/https://www.deshgujarat.com/2017/01/15/india-appears-incomplete-without-sindh-feels-advani/ |url-status=live }}</ref> most of whom had to be relocated out of Sindh after Partition,<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-09-29 |title=Sindhi refugees in Maharashtra to get property ownership rights |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2015/09/29/sindhi-refugees-in-maharashtra-to-get-property-ownership-rights/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723143446/https://www.deshgujarat.com/2015/09/29/sindhi-refugees-in-maharashtra-to-get-property-ownership-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with post-partition migrants to Sindh angry at the "non-co-operation" in the killing of Hindus; and communal hatred multiplied post partition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chitkara |first=M. G. |title=Mohajir's Pakistan |date=1996 |publisher=APH Pub. Corp |isbn=81-7024-746-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=34475881 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Ahmed |first=Adeela |title=The Contours of Pakistan's Relations with Russia |date=2022-06-10 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003250920-13 |work=Pakistan's Foreign Policy |pages=181–192 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003250920-13 |isbn=978-1-003-25092-0 |access-date=2022-07-23 |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316155451/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003250920-13/contours-pakistan-relations-russia-adeela-ahmed |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> according to a Sindhi nationalist organisation "The only backdrop for Sindhudesh movement has been the absence of national capitalist because of the migration of Sindhi Hindus from Sindh to India after partition. That’s why Sindhudesh Movement has been lacking economic, political and diplomatic means to start mass uprising against the decades of slavery, humiliation and oppression. Therefore, the independence of Sindh and establishment of secular republic of Sindhudesh is the need of the history and key to regional peace."<ref>{{cite web |title=ABOUT US – Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz |url=https://voiceofsindhudesh.com/about-us/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=voiceofsindhudesh.com |archive-date=2023-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316155446/https://voiceofsindhudesh.com/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=31 March 2022 |title=Sindhudesh movement appeals to Indian PM for a Government in exile in India |url=https://bharathpost.news/2022/03/31/sindhudesh-movement-appeals-to-indian-pm-for-a-government-in-exile-in-india/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Bharath Post |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403013403/https://bharathpost.news/2022/03/31/sindhudesh-movement-appeals-to-indian-pm-for-a-government-in-exile-in-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sindhi Hindus in Gujarat"/>
== Outfits ==
=== Sindhudesh Liberation Army === {{main article|Sindhudesh Liberation Army}} [[File:Sindudesh flag.jpg|thumb|Alternative flag of Sindhudesh used by the SLA]] The Sindhu Desh Liberation Army or SDLA is an active militant group based in the Sindh province of Pakistan. A series of minor blasts<ref name="tribune1">{{cite web |last=Tunio |first=Hafeez |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/119504/a-case-of-exploding-railway-tracks/ |title=A case of exploding railway tracks – The Express Tribune |date=15 February 2011 |publisher=Tribune.com.pk |access-date=2012-06-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222012840/http://tribune.com.pk/story/119504/a-case-of-exploding-railway-tracks/ |archive-date=2011-02-22 }}</ref> took place on railway lines — the attacks carried out between November 2010, and February 2011 were claimed by the SDLA, who left pamphlets on the scene that mentioned “atrocities” being carried out against Sindh and promising to continue their “struggle” till Sindh was granted “freedom”.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/70987/4-bombs-go-off-destroying-railway-tracks-in-hyderabad/|title=4 bombs go off, destroying railway tracks in Hyderabad - The Express Tribune|date=2 November 2010|website=tribune.com.pk|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920101718/https://tribune.com.pk/story/70987/4-bombs-go-off-destroying-railway-tracks-in-hyderabad/|archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> The attacks were condemned by fellow Sindhi nationalists such as Dr Qadir Magsi of the Jeay Sindh Tarraqi Passand Party, who warned of negative consequences from violence.<ref name="tribune1"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Sindhi separatists announce comeback |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/02/26/city/karachi/sindhi-separatists-announce-comeback/?printType=article |title=Sindhi separatists announce comeback | Pakistan Today | Latest news | Breaking news | Pakistan News | World news | Business | Sport and Multimedia |publisher=Pakistan Today |date=2012-02-26 |access-date=2012-06-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043154/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/02/26/city/karachi/sindhi-separatists-announce-comeback/?printType=article |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
The group is currently active.<ref name="satp">{{cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/terrorist-groups/pakistan|title=Terrorist Groups|work=South Asian Terrorism Portal Index (SATP)|access-date=15 June 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718195548/https://www.satp.org/terrorist-groups/pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz === ''Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz'' is a "merger/integration" of all the nationalist factions of Jeay Sindh or Sindhudesh movement which were functioning separately before the demise of veteran Sindhi nationalist ideologue GM Syed. Bashir Khan Qureshi was first chairman of party till his death and one of the most popular leader of Sindhudesh movement, widely regarded as hero of Sindh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Analysis: Sindhi nationalists stand divided|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1148698|website=DAWN.COM|access-date=9 February 2017|language=en|date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075857/http://www.dawn.com/news/1148698|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> right|frameless
=== Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz === {{main article|Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz}} ''JSMM'' is one of the major<ref name="major parties">{{cite web|title=Pakistan govt, military perpetrating genocidal crackdown of Sindhis|url=http://zeenews.india.com/asia/pakistan-govt-military-perpetrating-genocidal-crackdown-of-sindhis_1976959.html|website=Zee News|access-date=14 February 2017|language=en|date=14 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214095052/http://zeenews.india.com/asia/pakistan-govt-military-perpetrating-genocidal-crackdown-of-sindhis_1976959.html|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="India Times">{{cite web|title=Here's The Untold Story Of Sindhudesh - A 'Country' Of Sindhi People Lost In Pakistan|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/world/here-s-the-untold-story-of-sindhudesh-a-country-of-sindhi-people-lost-in-pakistan-266859.html|website=indiatimes.com|date=6 December 2016 |access-date=13 February 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081328/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/world/here-s-the-untold-story-of-sindhudesh-a-country-of-sindhi-people-lost-in-pakistan-266859.html|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> separatist political party in Sindh, Pakistan, that believes in the separation of Sindhudesh from Pakistan. Founded in the year 2000, by the veteran Sindhi nationalists belonging to the Sindhudesh movement who left JSQM.<ref name="JSMM Launched">{{cite web|title=Nationalist Party JSMM Launched - JSMM|url=http://jsmmsindh.com/2000/11/nationalist-party-launched/|website=JSMM|publisher=Daily Dawn|access-date=13 February 2017|date=27 November 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211181006/http://jsmmsindh.com/2000/11/nationalist-party-launched/|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The founder and the current Chairman of party Shafi Muhammad Burfat is living in exile in Germany under political asylum.<ref name="NewsGram Interview">{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Interview with Shafi Burfat, JSMM Chairman fighting for Sindh separation|url=http://www.newsgram.com/exclusive-interview-with-shafi-burfat-jsmm-chairman-fighting-for-sindh-separation/|website=NewsGram|access-date=13 February 2017|date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003512/http://www.newsgram.com/exclusive-interview-with-shafi-burfat-jsmm-chairman-fighting-for-sindh-separation/|archive-date=14 February 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
=== Jeay Sindh Students' Federation === {{main article|Jeay Sindh Students' Federation}} Jeay Sindh Students’ Federation is the student wing of various separatist organizations struggling for the freedom of Sindhudesh following the ideology of G. M. Syed, founded in 1969. JSSF was a nationalist outfit which emerged from Anti-Unitary System Struggle in the late 1960s and later joined G. M. Syed in his ideology of a separate homeland for Sindhis in 1972. Since then, it has been working as the students’ front of the Jeay Sindh or Sindhudesh movement.<ref name="JSMM">{{cite news |title=Jeay Sindh Students' Federation |publisher=Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz |date=2015-04-17 |access-date=2016-11-12 |url=http://jsmmsindh.com/jeay-sindh-students-federation/ |archive-date=2016-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113034803/http://jsmmsindh.com/jeay-sindh-students-federation/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Sindh National Movement Party === A new left wing party for a politically, culturally, economically and geographically independent Sindh was formed in December 2011. It wants to see Sindh as it was in 1843 before the British conquered it and opposes the development of Zulfikarabad, referring to it as a "''new Israel"''.<ref>{{cite web |author=New left party launched; seeks a stronger Sindh |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/new-left-party-launched-seeks-a-stronger-sindh/ |title=New left party launched; seeks a stronger Sindh | Pakistan Today | Latest news | Breaking news | Pakistan News | World news | Business | Sport and Multimedia |publisher=Pakistan Today |access-date=2012-06-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228033553/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/new-left-party-launched-seeks-a-stronger-sindh/ |archive-date=2012-02-28 }}</ref>
== Public support in Pakistan == Reliable public opinion data on support for Sindhi nationalism or separatism in Pakistan are limited, as no major nationally representative survey has directly measured attitudes toward Sindhi independence or the Sindhudesh movement. However, broader surveys on identity provide relevant context. A 2009 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center found that among ethnic Sindhis, 55 per cent of respondents identified primarily as Pakistani, while 28 per cent identified primarily as Sindhi and 16 per cent identified with both equally, indicating that although ethnic identity remains significant among Sindhis, national identity continues to predominate.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/08/13/chapter-2-religion-law-and-society/ |title=Pakistani Public Opinion: National Identity and Religious Attitudes |author=Pew Research Center |date= |year=2009 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117150157/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/08/13/chapter-2-religion-law-and-society/ |archive-date=17 January 2026}}</ref>
Academic research and political analyses suggest that explicit support for Sindhi separatism has remained marginal. Studies of ethnic nationalism in Pakistan note that Sindhi nationalist groups advocating independence have failed to secure significant electoral success, while mainstream political parties emphasising provincial autonomy within Pakistan continue to dominate Sindh’s electoral politics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |year=2017 |title=Ethnic Nationalism and State Formation in Pakistan |journal=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture |publisher=University of the Punjab |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=1–23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 June 2020 |title=How separatist movements have shaped Pakistan’s internal security challenges |url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/how-separatist-movements-have-created-pakistans-two-and-a-half-front-dilemma |access-date=17 January 2026 |work=The Wire}}</ref> For example, in 2012, a Sindhudesh rally organised by the Sindhi nationalist party Jeay Sindh Tehreek was held in Karachi. The organisers had claimed that the event, described as a "million march", would attract approximately one million participants; however, independent estimates placed attendance at around 3,000 to 4,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2012-03-18 |title=Million march: Jeay Sindh Tehreek gathers 3,000 people, demands a Sindhu Desh |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/351873/million-march-jeay-sindh-tehreek-gathers-3000-people-demands-a-sindhu-desh |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
==See also== *Muhajir Sooba * Human rights abuses in Sindh *Insurgency in Sindh *History of Sindh
==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Sindhi nationalism}}
Category:Separatism in Pakistan Category:Proposed countries