{{Short description|Korean historian (1880–1936)}} {{family name hatnote|Shin||lang=Korean}} {{Infobox person | name = Sin Ch'aeho | native_name = 신채호 | image = 단재신채호.jpg | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1880|12|08}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1936|02|21|1880|12|08}} | birth_place = Chungcheong, Sannaeri, Joseon | death_place = Port Arthur, Empire of Japan | module = {{infobox philosopher | embed = yes | region = Eastern philosophy | era = {{nowrap|19th-{{\}}20th-century philosophy}} | school_tradition = {{unbulleted list|style=white-space:nowrap; |Korean Confucianism |Korean nationalism|Left-wing nationalism|Anarchism}} | main_interests = {{hlist |Nationalist Historiography |Korean mythology |Revolutionary Theory}} | alma_mater = {{unbulleted list |National Confucian Academy (''Seonggyungwan'')}} | notable_ideas = {{longitem|''Juche'', Korean ethnic nationalism.}} | awards = Presidential Order of Merit for National Foundation (1962) (PH)<ref name=Bae-jisook>{{cite web|last1=Bae|first1=Ji-sook|title=Independence Fighter to Get Family Register|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/03/117_40470.html|website=The Korea Times|date=March 2009|access-date=25 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625144348/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/03/117_40470.html|archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> }} | module2 = {{Infobox Korean name/auto | child=yes | hangul = %신채호 | hanja = 申采浩 | hangulho = %_단재 | hanjaho = 丹齋 }} }} '''Sin Ch'aeho''', or '''Shin Chae-ho''' or '''Sin Chaeho''' ({{Langx|ko|신채호}}; December 8, 1880 – February 21, 1936), was a Korean independence activist, historian, anarchist, nationalist, and a founder of Korean nationalist historiography (민족 사학, ''minjok sahak''; sometimes shortened to ''minjok'').<ref name=Choe-Yongho>{{cite journal|last1=Ch'oe|first1=Yŏng-ho|title=An outline history of Korean historiography|journal=Korean Studies|date=1980|volume=4|pages=1–27|doi=10.1353/ks.1980.0003|s2cid=162859304}}</ref>{{rp|7}}<ref name=Park-Soyang>{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=So-yang|title=Speaking with the Colonial Ghosts and Pungsu Rumour in Contemporary South Korea (1990-2006): The Pungsu (Feng Shui) Invasion Story Surrounding the Demolition of the Former Japanese Colonial-General Building and Iron Spikes|journal=Journal for Cultural Research|date=Jan 2012|volume=16|issue=1|pages=21–42|doi=10.1080/14797585.2011.633834|s2cid=143580293}}</ref>{{rp|27}}<ref name=Robinson-Iconoclasm>{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Michael|title=Nationalism and the Korean Tradition, 1896-1920: Iconoclasm, Reform, and National Identity|journal=Korean Studies|date=1986|volume=10|pages=35–53|doi=10.1353/ks.1986.0001|s2cid=153349101}}</ref>{{rp|52}} He is held in high esteem in both North<ref name=David-West>{{cite journal|last1=David-West|first1=Alzo|title=Between Confucianism and Marxism-Leninism: Juche and the Case of Chŏng Tasan|journal=Korean Studies|date=2011|volume=35|pages=93–121|doi=10.1353/ks.2011.0007|s2cid=144136781}}</ref>{{rp|112–3}} and South Korea.<ref name=Schmid-Andre>{{cite journal|last1=Schmid|first1=Andre|title=Rediscovering Manchuria: Sin Ch'aeho and the Politics of Territorial History in Korea|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=Feb 1997|volume=56|issue=1|pages=26–46|doi=10.2307/2646342|jstor=2646342|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|26–7}}
Two of his works, ''A New Reading of History'' (''Doksa Sillon''), written in 1908, and ''The Early History of Joseon'' (''Joseon Sanggosa''), published in 1931, are considered key works of nationalist historiography in modern Korea.<ref name="Shin-Yongha">{{cite book|author1-last=Shin|author1-first=Yong-ha|editor1-last=Lee|editor1-first=Seung-Hwan|editor2-last=Korean National Commission for UNESCO|title=Korean Philosophy: Its Tradition and Modern Transformation|date=2004|publisher=Elizabeth, NJ – Hollym|location=Seoul, South Korea|isbn=1565911784|pages=441–461|chapter=The philosophical world of Sin Chae-ho}}</ref>{{rp|445}} He argued that modern Koreans and the people of Manchuria were of a single race which has an ancestral claim to both Korea and Manchuria,<ref name="Schmid-Andre" />{{rp|26}}<ref name="Armstrong-Charles">{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=Charles|title=Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State|journal=Korean Studies|date=1995|volume=19|pages=1–16|doi=10.1353/ks.1995.0017|s2cid=154659765|url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:168680/CONTENT/19.armstrong.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Shin also studied Korean mythology.<ref name="Robinson-Iconoclasm" />{{rp|53}} During his exile in China, Shin joined the Eastern Anarchist Association and wrote anti-imperialist and pro-independence articles in various outlets; his anarchist activities lead to his arrest and subsequent death in prison, February 21, 1936.<ref name="Shin-Yongha" />{{rp|447}}<ref name="Robinson-National-Identity">{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Michael|title=National Identity and the Thought of Sin Ch'aeho: Sadaejuŭi and Chuch'e in History and Politics|journal=Journal of Korean Studies|date=1984|volume=5|pages=121–142|doi=10.1353/jks.1984.0003|s2cid=144453287}}</ref>{{rp|128}}[[File:Sinchaeho-statue.jpg|thumb|120px|Statue of Sin Ch'aeho in Seoul's Grand Park.]]
== Biography ==
=== Early years === Sin was born on December 8, 1880. His grandfather was an official in the royal advisory department. His pen name was "Dansaeng", which he later changed to "Danjae". Sin was taught various Neo-Confucian books and concepts by his grandfather, and later enrolled in the Confucian academy Sungkyunkwan,<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|441–2}} receiving a doctoral degree in 1905.<ref name=Kuiwon>{{cite web|author1=Kuiwon|title=Shin Chaeho – On the road to mount Baekdu|url=http://koreabridge.net/post/shin-chaeho-–-road-mount-baekdu-kuiwon|website=Koreabridge}}</ref> Sin, to a limited capacity, read Italian literature and history and published some Italian-related works; There is some speculation that Dante might be an influence on Sin Ch'aeho's work, in particular ''Dream Sky'' (1916).<ref name=Park-DreamSky>{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Sang-jin|title=The literary value of Sin Ch'ae-ho's ''Dream Sky'': A marginal alteration of Dante's ''Comedy''|journal=Acta Koreana|date=Dec 2012|volume=15|issue=2|pages=311–340|doi=10.18399/acta.2012.15.2.003|doi-access=}}</ref>{{rp|313}}
Sin went on to work for the editorial boards for two newspapers, the ''Hwangsŏng Sinmun'' and the ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'', and became the leader of the underground "patriotic enlightenment" group, the ''Sinminhoe''.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|443}} His group would later migrate to Manchuria in 1910<ref name=Armstrong-Charles />{{rp|3}} and attract such radicals as Yi Tong-hwi, a Korean Bolshevik who participated in "The Conspiracy case of 1911,"<ref name=Suh-Daesook>{{cite book|last1=Suh|first1=Dae-sook|title=The Korean Communist Movement 1918–1948|date=1967|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} which was an effort to assassinate Japanese Governor-General Terauchi, leading to the arrests of several ''Sinminhoe'' members and eventually the dissolution of the ''Sinminhoe''.<ref name=Tikhonov-Racism>{{cite journal|last1=Tikhonov|first1=Vladimir|title=The Race and Racism Discourses in Modern Korea 1890s–1910s|journal=Korean Studies|date=2012|volume=36|pages=31–57|doi=10.1353/ks.2012.0008|s2cid=154181698}}</ref>{{rp|46}}
=== Abroad === Sin went into voluntary exile in August 1910 when Japan declared its annexation of Korea.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ban |first=Byung Yool |date=2016 |title=Danjae Sin Chae-ho's Nationalist {{as written|Actv|ities [sic]}} in the Russian Maritime Province |url=https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002139238 |journal=한국학논총 |language=ko |volume=46 |issn=1225-9977}}</ref><ref name="Shin-Yongha" />{{rp|444–5}} He traveled to the Shinhanchon Korean enclave in Vladivostok, where he became the head writer for the newspapers ''Haejo Sinmun'' and ''Taeyangbo''.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=권업회[勸業會] |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_o400410&code=kc_age_40 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=우리역사넷}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=정 |first=진석 |date=2020-08-02 |title=[제국의 황혼 '100년전 우리는'] [144] 연해주의 抗日신문과 언론인들 |url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/03/22/2010032202046.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=The Chosun Ilbo |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=정 |first=진석 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQeOAwAAQBAJ |title=한국 신문 역사 |publisher=커뮤니케이션북스 |year=2013 |isbn=978-89-6680-184-8 |pages=75–76 |language=ko |trans-title=History of Korean Newspapers}}</ref> He moved to China in 1913,<ref name=":1" /> and traveled the country.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|444–5}} Sin never returned to Korea,<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|27}} and since he refused to file for citizenship with the Empire of Japan he became stateless.<ref name=Bae-jisook /> The March First Independence Movement, in 1919 spurred him to join the Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|445}} Sin quickly became frustrated with the Provisional Government,<ref name=Robinson-National-Identity />{{rp|123–4}} culminating in a clash with interim leader Syngman Rhee (''I Seung-man'') and Sin leaving to embrace anarchism<ref name=Tikhonov-Masculinizing>{{cite journal|last1=Tikhonov|first1=Vladimir|title=Masculinizing the nation: Gender ideologies in traditional Korea and in the 1890s–1900s Korean elightenment discourse|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=2007|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1029–1065|doi=10.1017/s0021911807001283|url=https://zenodo.org/record/896106}}</ref>{{rp|34}} and draft the "Declaration of Korean Revolution" for the Righteous Brotherhood (''Uiyeoldan'') in 1923.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|445}} Sin went on to join the Eastern Anarchist Association (동방 무정부주의 연맹; 東方無政府主義聯盟) in 1926.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|446}}
=== Arrest and death === Sin was arrested by the Japanese Military Police in Taiwan in May 1928 for the attempted smuggling of 12,000 yuan in forged banknotes out of Taiwan under the pseudonym "Yu Byeong-taek" (유병택; 柳烟澤) in an effort to help fund the Eastern Anarchist Association's general activities and bomb factory.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|446}} He was sentenced to a 10-year prison term by the Dalian District Court to be served in Lüshun Prison.<ref name=Daejeon-Historical-Figures>{{cite web|title=Historical Figures 중구청 사이트|url=http://www.djjunggu.go.kr/html/en/culture/culture_0306.html|website=Daejeon Jung-gu|access-date=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420053445/http://www.djjunggu.go.kr/html/en/culture/culture_0306.html|archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> Sin died while in solitary confinement at Lüshun Prison of a brain hemorrhage on 21 February 1936.<ref name=Daejeon-Historical-Figures /><ref>''Korea Times'', Dec. 3, 1994. Cited by Bruce Cumings (2005), ''Korea's Place in the Sun'' (updated edition), New York and London: W. W. Norton.</ref>{{rp|156}}<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|447}} The Republic of Korea posthumously awarded Sin with the "Presidential Order of Merit for National Foundation" in 1962 and citizenship on April 13, 2013.<ref name=Bae-jisook />
== Thought ==
=== The ''Minjok'' and Korean ethnic nationalism === Sin Ch'aeho wrote extensively on a theory of ethnic history which sought to challenge traditional border concepts in Korea and encourage Korean nationalism. This theory is broadly referred to as the Korean ''minjok'' (민족; 民族);<ref name=Schmid-between-empires>{{cite book|last1=Schmid|first1=Andre|title=Korea Between Empires, 1895–1919|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|188}} An early form of the ''minjok'' is found in his article "New History Reader."<ref name=Lee-KiBaik>{{cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Ki-Baĭk|title=Nationalism in Tanjae's Historical Study|journal=Korea Journal|date=September 1979|volume=19|issue=9|pages=4–10}}</ref>{{rp|6–7}} Sin's ''minjok'' works contested the traditional conception of Korea as a geographically defined "peninsular nation" (반도 국; ''pandoguk''), which was born out of politics associated with the ''Mandate of Heaven'' in classical Chinese political philosophy.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|29}} This Chinese hegemony was interpreted as Sinocentric by Sin, and others, as it placed border control in the hands of the Chinese Court.<ref name=Park-Soyang />{{rp|27}}<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|29–30}}
Sin's ''minjok'' historiographical work traced a nation's history by its racial genealogy and lineage, relying on heritable race and culture.<ref name=Jager-romantic>{{cite journal|last1=Jager|first1=Sheila Miyoshi|title=Women, resistance, and the divided nation: The romantic rhetoric of Korean reunification|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=Feb 1996|volume=55|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.2307/2943634|jstor=2943634|doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|16}} The ''minjok'' was defined by the terms of its history, and history was shaped by the ''minjok'', hence these two concepts were reciprocal and inseparable. For Sin, "if one dismisses the ''minjok'', there is no history"; to ignore or to down-play the ''minjok'' was to devitalize history itself.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|32}}
Within the greater ''minjok'' history of a nation there was a host race, the ''chujok'' (주족); the identification of the ''chujok'' was necessary for tracing the authentic history of a nation, and solidified an ethnocentric national history. For Korea, the ''chujok'' was the ancient Korean-Manchurian Kingdom of the Buyeo (부여; 夫餘),<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|32}} which, by Sin's estimate, began 5,000 years ago with the birth of Dangun, the legendary son of a bear who was transformed into a human by the god Whanin.<ref name=Jager-romantic />{{rp|16}} By combining mythology and genealogy, a common ancestry of Koreans and Manchurians was traced, effectively making them family.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|33}} Sin thereby attempted to erase the geographical border between Korea and Manchuria in favour of ethnic re-unification.<ref name=Schmid-between-empires />{{rp|231}}
Distinct from the ''minjok'' was the state, the ''gukga'' (국가; 國家; or ''kukka''). The ''minjok'' as a more basal concept than the ''gukga'' and did not substantially change between generations, whereas the ''gukga'' could change between kingdoms, government, and rules.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|40}}
By defining the ''minjok'' as a rich and powerful ethnic history, Sin constructed an anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism social defence. Largely, the goal was rejection of both Chinese and Japanese governmental oversight and influence.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|42}} Contemporaneous Japanese historians also argued that Koreans and Manchurians were the same group, but their efforts were to prove Korea was historically indistinct from other nations and thus mitigate Korea's importance.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|30}}
==== Social Darwinism ==== Sin is sometimes called a social Darwinist, a popular concept in the early 20th century. Within Sin's work, the Manchurian-Korean Buyeo ''minjok'' is interpreted as the standard of measure for historical progress in Korea.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|34}} Sin described a racial history of conflict between the various races of East Asia, as well as a political history. Towards this progress, Sin's ''minjok'' project was laid out in terms of racial victories: specifically for the Buyeo, victory would be complete reunification of the race and then-on defending against cultural assimilation and imperialism.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|35}}
This "Darwinian-Spencerian" framework, which prized ethnic nationalism and purity, allowed Sin to write a race-centred history of Korea that attempted to shut down the Japanese colonial justifications by conjoining ethnic history and progress, necessarily making harmful the adulteration of Korean society with Japanese culture, not a progressive one.<ref name=Schmid-between-empires />{{rp|34–5}} This is somewhat analogous to Nordicism, or progressivist ethnography, but from a Korean-centric perspective.
Sin did not describe Korea as the "victor" of these racial battles. Sin described a slow fall of the ''minjok'', primarily attributing a high point to King Muyeol of Silla, and then descent through the fall of Balhae and slow fracturing of Korean social unity through politics and war. Sin praised the Koryeo and Choseon dynasties, but insisted that the successes that they brought were only partial, lamenting that if scholars "are searching for a full unification, it cannot be found after Tangun."<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|35–6}}
==== Juche ==== Sin Ch'aeho is often credited as the primary source in the ''Juche'' (주체; 主體; meaning ''Self-reliance'' or ''Autonomy''; sometimes spelt ''Chuch'e'') political ideology. ''Juche'' aspires towards a country's complete autonomy, both in a national sense and in an historical sense.<ref name=Jager-romantic />{{rp|5}} However, it is not clear whether the North Korean ''Juche'' is modelled upon or is merely similar to Sin's ''Juche''.<ref name=Schmid-between-empires />{{rp|270–2}} Scholars such as Sheila Miyoshi Jager have written that strong references about the history of North Korean ideology are uncommon, but similarities in language, symbolism, and the concepts make Sin a good candidate as an influence on Kim Il Sung and his own ''Juche'' state ideology.<ref name=Jager-romantic />{{rp|5}} Sin's ''Juche'' concept is also specifically Korean; however it bears a likeness to Japanese ''Kokutai'' (국체; ''Kukche'').<ref name=Robinson-Sadaejuui-Chuche>{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=Michael|title=National identity and thought of Sin Ch'aeho: Sadaejuŭi and Chuch'e in history and politics|journal=Journal of Korean Studies|date=1984|volume=5|pages=121–142|doi=10.1353/jks.1984.0003|s2cid=144453287}}</ref>{{rp|135}}
=== Anarchism === Sin Ch'aeho's anarchist philosophy is largely ignored by contemporary Korean scholars.<ref name=Schmid-between-empires />{{rp|272}} One of his later works, ''The Dream Sky'', is considered one of these anarchist-themed works, and explores themes of "clear understanding," an individual's "own way", and praises "human struggle" as a righteous path. The book also challenged literary standards by ending on an ellipsis and breaking historical continuity by borrowing characters from Korean history.<ref name=Park-DreamSky />{{rp|324–5}}
=== Legacy === In South Korea, after the emancipation from Japan, Sin was not considered an important author. The term ''minjok'' was decried as politically unacceptable by Sin's old acquaintance from the Provisional Government, and now the first president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee. The new South Korean government favoured the term ''kukka'' (국가), which implied loyalty to the Republic of Korea, over Sin's ''minjok'' (민족). In the 1960s, Rhee's political regime ended and anti-imperialism sentiments redoubled, followed by scholars pursuing a new autonomous history of Korea, and revived the term ''minjok''. By 1980, Sin Ch'aeho had become a powerful figure in Korean historiography, but concepts like ''minjok'', among others, are interpreted in ways that favour the South Korean Government over the North's.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|40–1}}
The Park military regime in South Korea pushed for capitalist economic development, noting that dismantling the North Korean communist state would do the ''minjok saengjon'' good. Following nationalist trends, some South Korean ''Minjung'' movements made appeals to national self-reliance (''minjok juchesung'').<ref name=Sung-truth-politics>{{cite journal|last1=Sung|first1=Min-kyu|title=The 'truth politics' of anti-North Koreanism: the post-ideological cultural representation of North Korea and the cultural criticisms of Korean nationalism|journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies|date=2009|volume=10|issue=3|pages=439–459|doi=10.1080/14649370902949457|s2cid=143693682}}</ref>{{rp|442–3}}
North Korea also sponsored re-reading Sin, among other Korean authors. In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Kim Il Sung is said to be the leader of the ''minjok'', and follows similar genealogical tracings of Koreans into ancient Korean-Manchuria.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|39–40}}<ref name=Schmid-between-empires />{{rp|271}}
Sin Ch'aeho is held in high esteem by North Korea<ref name=David-West />{{rp|112–3}} and made a lasting impact on the Korean perception of Japan and imperialism generally.<ref name=Park-Soyang />{{rp|27}} Two of his works, ''Doksa Sillon'' ("A New Reading of History"), written in 1908, and ''Joseon Sanggosa'' ("The Early History of Joseon"), published in 1931, are particularly important in the nationalist historiography of modern Korea.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|446}}<ref name=Armstrong-Charles />{{rp|3}}
A consequence of Sin's nationalistic thought might be the discouragement of the Korean diaspora—the closer a Korean was to Korean soil the closer they were to their cultural "space." For Sin, space, culture, and patriotism became inseparable.<ref name=Schmid-between-empires />{{rp|239}} A worry of some Koreans is their ethno-cultural continuation, and the loss of "Korean-ness" as Koreans either travel abroad or adopt foreign customs.<ref name=Burgess-Koreanness-Japan>{{cite journal|last1=Burgess |first1=Chris |title='Loss' and 'Recovery' of Voice amongst Korean International Marriage Migrants: Discourses of Korean-ness in Contemporary Japan |journal=Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies |date=2007 |volume=7 |url=http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/2007/Burgess.html |access-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425134235/http://www.japanesestudies.org.uk/discussionpapers/2007/Burgess.html |archive-date=April 25, 2009 }}</ref>
== Criticism ==
=== Standards of education === Sin Ch'aeho's high standards of education and early enrollment of children in school (at age 4) were criticized as excessive. He responded that some four-year-olds already knew the ''Thousand Character Classic'' and that some had already begun the ''Children's First Learning Programme'' (''Tongmong sŏnsŭp''). He also argued that historical standards of education were steeper than the contemporary standards.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|453}} All the while, Sin believed all Korean citizens should learn both Hangul and Hanja to aid in preserving Korean identity, rather than subject themselves to the Chinese language system, and to study Korean patriotic literature.<ref name=Shin-Yongha />{{rp|458–9}}
=== Concerns with ''Minjok'' thought === As part of the ''minjok'' historiography, Sin rebuked some scholars for focusing too much on geography and borders rather than ''minjok'' ethnic boundaries; he called these scholars "territorial historians". However, his own works consistently employed territorial terms, boundaries, borders that only differ by how Sin justified them by a very ancient Korea, while the "territorial historians'" terms are usually traced to younger Chinese courts. This is aggravated by the fact that Sin had few, if any, compelling references for his historical claims, making his boundaries largely arbitrary or folk-history based.<ref name=Schmid-Andre />{{rp|31}}
=== Dream Sky borrowed from Dante's Divine Comedy === Sin Ch'aeho's ''Dream Sky'' at times resembles Dante's ''Divine Comedy''. If Sin had knowingly presented a Korean-ized ''Divine Comedy'' as an authentic work of Korean fiction, it would be an adulteration of the ''minjok'' historiography project by Sin's own standards of ethno-cultural autonomy. Whether or not Sin even read Dante's ''Divine Comedy'' is purely speculative.<ref name=Park-DreamSky />{{rp|313}}
== Bibliography == Sin Ch'aeho wrote at least 12 novels and 28 poems (17 Chinese, 3 Sijo style); he also wrote essays on literary criticism, articles published in newspapers and journals, historical books, and a translation of ''Three Great Founders of Italy'' from Chinese into Korean.
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Title ! Romanization ! Publisher ! Date |- | Liang Qichao (梁啓超), ''Story of Three Heroes in Building Italy'', or ''Three Great Founders of Italy'' (意大利建國三傑傳) (trans. Chinese to Korean) | ''Yìdàlì jiànguó sān jié chuán'' (Pinyin) | ''Kwanghak Sŏp'o'' | 1907 |- | Relationship Between History and Patriotism | | ''Taehan Association Monthly Magazine'' | 1908 |- | Two Principles of History | | ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'' | 1908 |- | The Hero Yi Sun-sin | | ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'' | 1908 |- | ''New History Reader''{{refn|group=a|Reprinted in “Youth” magazine in 1910 under the title ''Kuksa Saron'' (An Unofficial View of Korean History).}} |''Doksa Sinron'', or ''Doksa Sillon'' | ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'' | |- | ''Four Thousand Year History of the Great East'' |''Taedong Sach'ŏnnyŏn Sa'' | | 1908 |- | ''General Ŭlchi Mundŏk'' | ''Kwanghak Sŏp'o'' | | 1908 |- | ''The Tale of the Chivalrous Ch'oe Tot'ong of the Eastern State'', or ''The Biography of Choe Do-tong, Giant in the Eastern Country'' |''Tongguk Kŏgŏl Ch'oe Tot'ong Chŏn'' | | 1909 |- | ''The Oriental Italy'' | | ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'' | 1909 |- | Questions Regarding the History of Korea |''Non Ryŏsa Mup'il'' | ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'' | 1909 |- | ''Historical Anecdotes'' |''Kuksa-ŭi Ilsa'' | ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'' | 1909 |- | A Study of the Ancient ''Sŏnkyo'' Religion of the Eastern State |''Tongguk Kodae Sŏnkyo Ko'' | ''Taehan Maeil Sinbo'' | 1910 |- | A Brief History of Korean Autonomy | | | 1910 |- | ''The Introduction to Ancient History of Tan'gun'' |''Tangi Kosa Chungka Sŏ'' | | 1912 |- | ''Ancient History of Korea'' |''Chosŏn Sanggo Sa'' | Unpublished (draft) | 1915 |- | ''Dream Heaven'', ''Heaven seen in a Dream'', or ''The Dream Sky'' |''Kkum hanŭl'' | Unpublished{{refn|group=a|Published posthumously by The Club of Commemoration for Tanjae Sin Ch’ae-ho (ed.) in ''Series of Sin Ch'ae-ho'' (Seoul: Hyungseol, 1995).}} | 1915 |- | ''History of Korea'' |''Chosŏn Sa'' | | 1918 |- | ''A Compendium of Korean History'' |''Chosŏn Sa T'ongron'' | Unpublished | 1919–1922 (est) |- | ''Culture'' |''Munhwa P'yŏn'' | Unpublished | 1919–1922 (est) |- | ''Ideological Changes'' |''Sasang Pyŏnch'ŏn P'yŏn'' | Unpublished | 1919–1922 (est) |- | ''A Study of Geography'' |''Kwangyŏk Ko'' | Unpublished | 1919–1922 (est) |- | ''Declaration of Korean Revolution'' |''Chosŏn Hyŏkmyŏng Sŏnŏn'' | Unpublished | 1923 |- | Changes in Korea's Ancient Literature and Poetry | | | 1924 |- | On the Method of Interpreting Nouns Described by the ''Idu'' System | | | 1924 |- | ''Idu-mun Myŏngsa Haesŏk-pŏp'' |''Idu-mun Myŏngsa Haesŏk-pŏp'' | ''The Dong-A Ilbo'' | 1925 |- | New Year's Free Notes by a Wanderer | | | 1925 |- | ''Comparative Study of East and West in the “Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms'' |''Samkuk Saki Chung Tongsŏ Yangja Sanghwan Kojŭng'' | ''The Dong-A Ilbo'' | 1925 |- | An Amendment to the Story of ''Tong'i'' in ''Samkikchi'' |''Samkukchi Tong'ijŏ Kyojŏng'' | Unpublished | 1925 |- | ''A Study of P'yŏngyang's River Water'', or ''An Inquiry into the River Paesu in Pyeongyang'' |''Pyŏngyang P'aesu Ko'' | ''The Dong-A Ilbo'' | 1925 |- | ''A Study of the Three Hans in Sequence'', or ''An Inquiry into the Former and Latter Three Han States'' |''Chŏnhu Samhan Ko'' | ''The Dong-A Ilbo'' | 1924–1925 (est) |- | ''The Biggest Incident in One Thousand Years in Korean History'' |''Chosŏn Yŏksasang Ilch'ŏnnyŏnnae Cheil Taesakŏn'' | ''The Dong-A Ilbo'' | 1925 |- | ''King Chatae Who Held Hist Father Under Detention'' |''Purŭl Suhan Ch'adaewang'' | ''{{Ill|Shidae Ilbo|ko|시대일보}}'' | 1926 |- | ''On the Chronology of Koguryŏ and Silla'' |''Kokuryŏ-wa Silla Kŏnguk Yŏndae-e Taehayŏ'' | ''{{Ill|Shidae Ilbo|ko|시대일보}}'' | 1926 |- | ''Taekaya Ch'ŏn'guk Ko'' |''Taekaya Ch'ŏn'guk Ko'' | Unpublished | 1927 |- | ''Chŏng In-hong kong Yakchŏn'' |''Chŏng In-hong kong Yakchŏn'' | Unpublished | 1927 |- | Legends of Ancient Korea |''Chŏson-ŭi Kodae Sinhwa'' | Unpublished | 1927 |- | ''The Great Battle of Two Dragons'', or ''The War of the Dragons'' |''Yong kwa yong ŭi taegyŏkchŏn'' | | 1928 |- | ''Exploratory Studies in Korean History'' |''Joseonsa yongu cho'' | | 1930 |- | The History of Korea{{refn|group=a|Reprinted in 1948 under the title “The Ancient History of Korea”.}} | | ''The Chosun Ilbo'' | 1931–1932 (SP) |- | Cultural History of Ancient Korea | | ''The Chosun Ilbo'' | 1931 |- | To Whom the Great Wall of China Belongs | | ''The Chosun Ilbo'' | 1932 |- | A Study of the History of Tan'gun | | | |- | Best Years of the Korean People | | ''The Chosun Ilbo'' | 1932 |- | The Year of the Death of General Yŏn'gae Somun | | | |- | Some Questions Regarding the History of Korea |''Chosŏn-sa Chŏngni-e Taehun Saŭi'' | | 1920–1929 (est) |- | The Vicissitudes of the Dae Gaya | | Unpublished | |- | A Brief Biography of Jeong In-hong | | Unpublished | |- | ''An appeal to Chosun cultural history'' or ''Myth of the Tangun'' |''Chosŏn sango munhwasa'' | |- | ''Collected works of Sin Ch'aeho'', or ''The Complete Works of Sin "Tanje" Ch'ae-ho'', in 3 Volumes |''Tanje Sin Ch'ae-ho chŏnjip, 3 gwon'' | ''Ulsa Munhwasa'' | 1978 (PPH) |- |}
=== Bibliographical notes === {{Reflist|group=a}}
== See also == {{Portal|Biography|Anarchism|Philosophy}} * Anarchism * Independence Club * Juche * Korea under Japanese rule * Korean diaspora * Korean ethnic nationalism * Korean nationalism * Korean independence movement * National-anarchism
== References == {{Reflist}}
== External links == {{Commons category|Shin Chae-ho}} * [http://www.danjae.com www.danjae.com] {{in lang|ko}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shin, Chaeho}} Category:Shin Chae-ho Category:1880 births Category:1936 deaths Category:20th-century Korean philosophers Category:Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea Category:Historians of Korea Category:Kim Won-bong Category:Korean anarchists Category:Korean anti-imperialists Category:Korean atheists Category:Korean nationalists Category:Korean novelists Category:Korean resistance members Category:Korean writers Category:Left-wing nationalism Category:Members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Category:Stateless nationalists in Asia