Zygaena

{{Short description|Genus of moths}} {{other uses}} {{redirect|Coelestina|the asteroid|237 Coelestina}} {{Automatic taxobox |image=Zygaena ephialtes.jpg |image_caption=''Zygaena ephialtes'' |taxon=Zygaena |authority=Fabricius, 1775 |synonyms={{Collapsible list|* ''Anthrocera'' Scopoli, 1777 * ''Hesychia'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Agrumenia'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Eutychia'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Anthilaria'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Aeacis'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Thermophila'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Lycastes'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Mesembrynus'' Hübner, [1819] * ''Silvicola'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Hyala'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Santolinophaga'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Peucedanophila'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Lictoria'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Peristygia'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Coelestis'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Polymorpha'' Burgeff, 1926 * ''Yasumatsuia'' Strand, 1936 * ''Bizankoia'' Strand, 1936 * ''Argumenoidea'' Holik, 1937 * ''Cirsiphaga'' Holik, 1953 * ''Coelestina'' Holik, 1953 * ''Libania'' Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956 * ''Usgenta'' Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956 * ''Huebneriana'' Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1957 * ''Burgeffia'' Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1958 * ''Mesembrynoidea'' Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1958 * ''Epizygaena'' Jordan, [1907] }} }}

'''''Zygaena''''' is a genus of moths in the family Zygaenidae.<ref name=LepIndex>{{LepIndex |id=78714 |access-date=19 June 2024 }}</ref><ref name=Savela/> These brightly coloured, day-flying moths are native to the West Palearctic.

<gallery> Zygaena filipendulae - Sechsfleck-Widderchen 01 (HS).jpg Diegrossschmette02seit 0017.jpg </gallery>

==Description== These moths are medium-sized and stocky. The antennae are club-shaped and finely serrated. The forewings have a black background, usually with a metallic sheen, and are spotted with red, yellow, or white. Their venation is characterized by the presence of five radial veins, with the third and fourth emerging from a common stem. The hindwings are red or yellow with a black border, or black with a central spot. The fringes of both wing pairs are usually black, less often grey or yellowish-white. The venation of this pair is characterized by the independent first and second cubital veins. The male genitalia are characterized by ovoid, rounded valves with a well-developed corona and lacking a sacculus . The uncus consists of paired, relatively weakly sclerotized, conical, and hairy appendages. The numerous spines on the aedeagus are located primarily on the dorsal and ventral plates. Females have a long eighth abdominal tergite, a short-lipped ovipositor, and the anterior gonapophyses are longer than the posterior ones. The copulatory pouch may be equipped with a variably developed stigma ( signum ) or this may be absent.<ref>Jerzy S. Dąbrowski: Klucze do oznaczania owadów Polski cz. XXVII Motyle – Lepidoptera, zeszyty 14-15. Ślimakówki – Limacodidae, kraśniki – Zygaenidae. Toruń: PWN, Polskie Towarzystwo Entomologiczne, 1998</ref>

Adalbert Seitz described them thus: <blockquote>"Small, stout, black insects, sometimes with metallic gloss. Antenna very strongly developed; the club being considerably incrassate distally. Tongue long and strong. Legs rather short. Forewing elongate oval, black or red, rarely spotted with white or yellow. Hindwing small, usually red, seldom black. —Larva strongly humpbacked, very soft, downy-haired. Pupa in a paper-like silky cocoon, the sheaths of legs and wings being loosely soldered together. The moths are mostly local, their stations being often restricted to a mountain, a meadow, etc. They appear mostly in large numbers at their special localities, swarming about flowers, which they suck, for instance ''Scabious'', Thistles, ''Eryngium'', etc., their flight being slow and straight on. The body of these insects contains, as in the other Zygaenids, a yellow, acrid, oily liquid which renders them nauseous, protecting them not only against their enemies among the vertebrates, but apparently even against predatory insects, for instance Asilidae. Like all insects protected by the body-juices, they are extremely tenacious of life, enduring considerable wounds as well as resisting strong poison for some time (cyanide of potassium). They conceal themselves in no way, mostly resting conspicuously on stalks or sprigs, hardly taking to the wing when touched, so that one can often pick them off by the long antennae. The latter are not concealed beneath the wings when at rest, as in other Heterocera, but are held straight forward. The main locality for the genus are the Mediterranean coast districts, of Europe as well as of the Atlas countries and the Levant where the Zygaenae occur in a great abundance of forms, which partly intergrade and are found in immense numbers of specimens. There are often several individuals of different species on a flower, which easily explains that hybridisation obtains here more often than in any other group of Lepidoptera. However, such copulations appear to be mostly without result. The Zygaenae are best killed by injection of some strong tobacco juice With the help of the hollow needle of a morphia syringe.As in all protected Lepidoptera the specifically distinct forms are without exception very common at their localities, the commercial value depending solely on the accessibleness of these places. The number of species is largest in South Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor [including the Iranian plateau ] , thence decreasing rapidly in all directions but extending into the Punjab and the Nepalese valleys of the Himalayas and into Western Siberia. The species are on the whole very similar to one another and also very constant, varying only in certain directions. There occur of nearly all species individuals for instance with yellow instead of red markings. The normally six-spotted species may exceptionally have five spots, and inversely. In species which bear a red belt the latter may sometimes be absent, and in non-belted forms the belt may appear in rare cases. The spots of the forewing may be edged with white and merged. Lastly, the marginal band of the hindwing may be so widened as to more or less displace the red ground-colour. These various aberrations have in may cases received names.<ref>Jordan, 1913, in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 6: 22., The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges. [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Seitz-Schmetterlinge-Erde_2_1913_Text_en_0001-0496.pdf pdf ] {{PD-notice}}</ref></blockquote>

==Species== '''Subgenus ''Mesembrynus''''' Hübner, [1819] {{Columns-list|colwidth=25em| *''manlia''-group **''Zygaena seitzi'' Reiss, 1938 Zagros Mountains, Iran <ref name="Reiss, H 1938">Reiss, H. 1938. Die Zygaenen der Umgebung von Chirz (Provinz Fars) in Südiran. ''Entomologische Rundschau'' 55: 1–291</ref> **''Zygaena nocturna'' Ebert, 1974 Ardakan, Iran <ref>Ebert, 1974 Zwei neue Taxa der Gattung ''Zygaena'' (''Mesembrynus'') aus Iran nebst einigen Bermerkungen zur Problematik nachtaktiven Verhaltens ''Beitr. nat. Forsch. SüdwDtl''. 33 : 163-168</ref> **''Zygaena kermanensis'' Tremewan, 1975 Iran <ref>Tremewan, W.G. 1975. On ''Zygaena'' Fabricius (Lep., Zygaenidae) from Iran. ''Entomologist's gazette'' 26: 229-248</ref> **''Zygaena turkmenica'' Reiss, 1933 Kopet Dag<ref>Reiss, H. 1933 Ueber einige seltene asiatische Zygaenen (Lep.) ''Int. Ent. Zs''. 26 (43): 475-478, (44): 487-498, (45): 499-505</ref> **''Zygaena cacuminum'' Christoph, 1877 **''Zygaena speciosa'' Reiss, 1937 Alborz Mountains<ref>Reiss, H. 1937 Neues über die Zygaenenfauna des Elbursgebirges und ihre Beziehungen zu den Faunen Nordafrikas und der Pyrenäenhalbinsel ''Ent. Rdsch'' 54 : 452-456,466-469</ref> **''Zygaena cuvieri'' Boisduval, [1828] **''Zygaena tamara'' Christoph, 1889 **''Zygaena manlia'' Lederer, 1870 **''Zygaena araxis'' Koch, M. 1936 Ordubad Azerbaijan <ref name="ReferenceA">Koch, M. 1936 Neue Zygaenenformen aus Asien ''Dt. ent. Z. Iris'' 50 : 40-43, pl. 2</ref> **''Zygaena fredi'' Reiss, 1938 South Iran <ref name="Reiss, H 1938">Reiss, H. 1938. Die Zygaenen der Umgebung von Chirz (Provinz Fars) in Südiran. ''Entomologische Rundschau'' 55: 1–291</ref> **''Zygaena mirzayansi'' Hofmann, A. & Keil,T. 2010 Zagros Mountains, Iran <ref>Hofmann, A.; Keil, T. 2011: Contribution to the knowledge of the genus ''Zygaena'' Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Zygaenidae). Part IX: On two newly discovered ''Mesembrynus taxa'' from the central and southern Zagros range. ''Nota lepidopterologica'' 33(2): 233–248.</ref> **''Zygaena rubricollis'' Hampson, 1900 Chitral, India <ref>Hampson, 1900 The moths of India. Supplementary paper to the volumes in "The fauna of Britis India". Series II. Part I-IV J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 13 (1): 37-51, pl. B (1900), (2): 223-235 (1900)</ref> **''Zygaena hindukuschi'' Koch, M. 1937 Afghanistan <ref>Koch, M., 1937 ''Zygaena'' Fab. I ''Ent. Zs''. 51 (2): 19-20, (4): 36-40, (5): 46, (6): 61-64, (7): 71-7</ref> **''Zygaena halima'' Naumann, 1977 Afghanistan <ref>Naumann, C.M. 1977. ''Zygaena'' (''Mesembrynus'') n. sp. und einige Bemerkungen zur stammes- geschichtlichen Gliederung der Gattung ''Zygaena'' F. (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae). ''Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen'' 29(1/2): 35–40</ref> **''Zygaena wyatti'' Reiss & Schulte, 1961 Afghanistan <ref>Reiss, H & Schulte, A, 1961 ''Zygaena wyatti'' spec. nov ''Ent. Zs''. 71 : 56-58</ref> **''Zygaena aisha'' Naumann, & Naumann, 1980 Kerman, Iran <ref>Naumann, C. M & Naumann, S. 1980 Neue Zygaenen aus den Aufsammlungen W. Eckweiler's aus dem Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae) ''Mitt. Ent. Ges. Basel'' (n.f.) 30 (2) : 47-54</ref> **''Zygaena ginnereissi'' Hofmann, A. 2000 Iran <ref name="ReferenceB">Hofmann, 2000 Contribution to the knowledge of the genus ''Zygaena'' Fabricius, 1775 in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part II ''Linneana Belg''. 17 (6) : 227-232</ref> **''Zygaena haematina'' Kollar, 1849 **''Zygaena fusca'' Hofmann, 2000 Iran <ref name="ReferenceB">Hofmann, 2000 Contribution to the knowledge of the genus ''Zygaena'' Fabricius, 1775 in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part II ''Linneana Belg''. 17 (6) : 227-232</ref> **''Zygaena lydia'' Staudinger, 1887 *''purpuralis''-group **''Zygaena brizae'' (Esper, 1800) **''Zygaena rubicundus'' (Hübner, [1817]) **''Zygaena cambysea'' Lederer, 1870 **''Zygaena erythrus'' (Hübner, [1806]) **''Zygaena minos'' ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) **''Zygaena pseudorubicundus'' Klír & Naumann, 2002 Iran <ref>Klir, J. & Naumann, C. 2002 ''Zygaena'' (''Mesembrynus'') ''purpuralis pseudorubincundus'' subsp. nov.: eine weitere eurosibirisch verbreitete ''Zygaena''-Art im Iran (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) ''Ent. Zs.'' 112: 233-236</ref> **''Zygaena purpuralis'' (Brünnich, 1763) **''Zygaena alpherakyi'' Sheljuzhko, 1936 Caucasus <ref>Sheljuzhko, L. 1936 Zur Kenntnis der kaukasischen Zygaenen ''Folia Zool. Hydrobiol''. 9 : 14-21</ref> *''graslini''-group **''Zygaena graslini'' Lederer, 1855 *''cynarae''-group **''Zygaena cynarae'' (Esper, 1789) *''centaureae''-group **''Zygaena centaureae'' Fischer von Waldheim, 1832 **''Zygaena laeta'' (Hübner, 1790) **''Zygaena huguenini'' Staudinger, 1887 *''corsica''-group **''Zygaena corsica'' Boisduval, [1828] *''zuleima''-group **''Zygaena zuleima'' Pierret, 1837 *''favonia''-group **''Zygaena loyselis'' Oberthür, 1876 **''Zygaena favonia'' Freyer, 1844 **''Zygaena aurata'' Blachier, 1905 **''Zygaena sarpedon'' (Hübner, 1790) **''Zygaena contaminei'' Boisduval, 1834 **''Zygaena punctum'' Ochsenheimer, 1808 }}

'''Subgenus ''Agrumenia''''' Hübner, [1819] {{Columns-list|colwidth=25em| *''fausta''-group **''Zygaena excelsa'' Rothschild, 1917 Morocco, Algeria <ref>Rothschild, W 1917 Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthür's ''Faune des Lépidoptères de la Barbarie'', with lists of the specimens contained in the Tring Museum ''Novit. Zool''. 24 (1): 61-120, (2): 325-373, 393-409</ref> **''Zygaena tremewani'' Hofmann & Reiss, 1983 Tunisia <ref>Hofmann, A. & Reiss, G 1983 Beitrag zur Zygaenenfauna Nordafrikas ''Zygaena'' (''Agrumenia'') ''tremewani'' spec.n., eine neue Zygaenenart aus dem Maghreb ''Atalanta'' 14 : 122-136</ref> **''Zygaena alluaudi'' Oberthür, C. 1922 Morocco <ref>Oberthür, 1922 Les Lépidoptères du Maroc ''Étud. Lépid. Comp.'' 19 (1): 13-402, (2): pl. 530-546</ref> **''Zygaena algira'' Boisduval, 1834 **''Zygaena fausta'' (Linnaeus, 1767) *''hilaris''-group **''Zygaena youngi'' Rothschild, 1925 Morocco <ref>Rothschild, W. 1925 List of Lepidoptera collected April to end of June 1925 by E. Hartert et F. Young in Marocco ''Bull. Soc. Sci. nat. Maroc.'' 5 : 324-345</ref> **''Zygaena maroccana'' Rothschild, 1917 Morocco <ref>Rothschild, W. 1917 Supplemental notes to Mr. Charles Oberthür's Faune des Lépidoptères de la Barbarie, with lists of the specimens contained in the Tring Museum ''Novit. Zool''. 24 (1): 61-120, (2): 325-373, 393-409</ref> **''Zygaena marcuna'' Oberthür, 1888 **''Zygaena hilaris'' Ochsenheimer, 1808 *''cocandica''-group **''Zygaena kavrigini'' Grum-Grshimailo, 1887 **''Zygaena truchmena'' Eversmann, 1854 **''Zygaena esseni'' Blom, 1973 Iran <ref>Blom, W.L 1973 A new ''Zygaena'' (Lepidoptera) discovered in Iran ''Ent. Ber. Amst.'' 33 : 168-169</ref> **''Zygaena transpamirini'' Koch, M 1936 Chitral, Hindu Kush North India, Afghanistan.<ref name="ReferenceA">Koch, M. 1936 Neue Zygaenenformen aus Asien ''Dt. ent. Z. Iris'' 50 : 40-43, pl. 2</ref> **''Zygaena magiana'' Staudinger, 1889 **''Zygaena cocandica'' Erschoff, 1874 **''Zygaena pamira'' Sheljuzhko, 1919 Pamirs, Tajikistan, Afghanistan <ref>Sheljuzhko, L. 1919 Neue paläarktische Lepidopteren-Formen ''Neue Beitr. syst. Ins''. 1 (16): 123-128, (17): 129-132</ref> **''Zygaena sogdiana'' Erschoff, 1874 **''Zygaena storaiae'' Naumann, 1974 Afghanistan <ref>Naumann,C.M., 1974 Neue ''Zygaena''-Unterarten aus Afghanistan (Lep., Zygaenidae) ''Ent. Zs''. 84 : 29-36</ref> *''olivieri''-group **''Zygaena ferganae'' Sheljuzhko, 1941 **''Zygaena chirazica'' Reiss, 1938 Iran <ref>Reiss,H. 1938 Die Zygaenen der Umgebung von Chiraz (Provinz Fars) in Südiran ''Ent. Rdsch''. 55 : 249-254,290-292,310-314</ref> **''Zygaena naumanni'' Hille, A. & Keil, T. 2000 Iran <ref>Hille & Keil, 2000 Eine neue ''Zygaena'' aus dem Iran - ''Zygaena naumanni'' n. sp. (Lep., Zygaenidae) ''Ent. Nacr. Ber''. 43 (3/4) : 249-253</ref> **''Zygaena tenhagenova'' Hofmann, 2005 Iran <ref>Hofmann, A. 2005 Neue ''Zygaena''-Taxa aus Südosteuropa, Vorder- und Zentralasien (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) ''Bonner zool. Beitr''. 53 (1/2) : 81-97</ref> **''Zygaena haberhaueri'' Lederer, 1870 **''Zygaena olivieri'' Boisduval, [1828] **''Zygaena sedi'' Fabricius, 1787 *''fraxini''-group **''Zygaena separata'' Staudinger, 1887 **''Zygaena rosinae'' Korb, 1903 **''Zygaena bakhtiyari'' Hofmann & Tremewan, 2005 Iran <ref>Hofmann, A & Tremewan, W. 2005 Contribution to the knowledge of the genus ''Zygaena'' Fabricius, 1775, in Iran (Lepidoptera, Zygaenidae). Part VII: Records from the Zarde Kuh region with the description of a new species ''Linneana Belg''. 20 (1) : 15-21</ref> **''Zygaena sengana'' Holik & Sheljuzhko, 1956 Iran<ref>Holik, O. & Sheljuzhko,L. 1956 Über die Zygaenen-Fauna Osteuropas, Kleinasiens, Irans, Zentralasiens und Sibiriens ''Mitt. Münch. Ent. Ges''. 46 : 93-239</ref> **''Zygaena fraxini'' Ménétriés, 1832 **''Zygaena escalerai'' Poujade, 1900 **''Zygaena formosa'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1852 **''Zygaena peschmerga'' Eckweiler & Görgner, 1981 S.E. Turkey <ref>Eckweiler, W & Görgner, E 1981 Eine neue Art der Gattung ''Zygaena'' Fabricius aus Türkisch-Kurdistan Atalanta 12 (2) : 139-146</ref> **''Zygaena afghana'' Moore, [1860] *''felix''-group **''Zygaena johannae'' Le Cerf, 1923 Morocco <ref>Le Cerf, F. 1923 Lépidoptères nouveaux du Maroc ''Bull. Soc. ent. Fr''. 28 (17) : 224.</ref> **''Zygaena felix'' Oberthür, 1876 **''Zygaena beatrix'' Przegendza, 1932 Algeria, Morocco <ref>Przegendza, A. 1932 Neue Zygaenenrassen ''Ent. Zs''. 46 : 112-117</ref> *''orana''-group **''Zygaena orana'' Duponchel, 1835 *''carniolica''-group **''Zygaena carniolica'' (Scopoli, 1763) **''Zygaena occitanica'' (Villers, 1789) *''exulans''-group **''Zygaena exulans'' – mountain burnet (Hohenwarth, 1792) *''viciae''-group **''Zygaena viciae'' – New Forest burnet ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) **''Zygaena niphona'' Butler, 1877 *''loti''-group **''Zygaena christa'' Reiss & Schulte, 1967 Iran <ref>Reiss, H. & Schulte, A. , 1967 ''Zygaena'' (''Agrumenia'') ''christa'' n. sp. (Lep., Zygaenidae) ''Ent. Zs''. 77 : 129-134.</ref> **''Zygaena loti'' ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) **''Zygaena armena'' Eversmann, 1851 Georgia, Caucasus <ref>Eversmann, E.F, 1851 Description de quelques nouvelles espéce de Lépidoptéres de la Russie ''Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou'' 24 (2) : 610-644</ref> **''Zygaena ecki'' Christoph, 1882 **''Zygaena ignifera'' Korb, 1897 }}

'''Subgenus ''Zygaena''''' Fabricius, 1775 {{Columns-list|colwidth=25em| *''anthyllidis''-group **''Zygaena anthyllidis'' Boisduval, [1828] *''lavandulae''-group **''Zygaena lavandulae'' (Esper, 1783) **''Zygaena theryi'' de Joannis, 1908 Algeria <ref>Joannis, J. de 1908 Une Zygène nouvelle d'Algérie [Lép.] ''Bull. Soc. ent. Fr''. 1908 : 203-204</ref> *''rhadamanthus''-group **''Zygaena rhadamanthus'' (Esper, [1789]) **''Zygaena oxytropis'' Boisduval, [1828] **''Zygaena problematica'' Naumann, 1966 Turkey <ref>Naumann, C. M 1966 ''Zygaena'' (Subg. ''Zygaena'' F.) ''problematica'' nov. sp. ''Zs. Wiener ent. Ges''. 51 : 10-19</ref> *''persephone''-group **''Zygaena persephone'' Zerny, Hans 1934 High Atlas, Morocco <ref>Zerny, 1934 Eine neue ''Zygaena'' aus dem Großen Atlas ''Zs. Öst.'' Ent.Ver. 19 : 29-30</ref> *''nevadensis''-group **''Zygaena mana'' (Kirby, 1892) **''Zygaena nevadensis'' Rambur, 1858 **''Zygaena romeo'' Duponchel, 1835 **''Zygaena osterodensis'' Reiss, 1921 *''transalpina''-group **''Zygaena dorycnii'' Ochsenheimer, 1808 **''Zygaena ephialtes'' (Linnaeus, 1767) **''Zygaena transalpina'' (Esper, 1780) **''Zygaena angelicae'' Ochsenheimer, 1808 *''filipendulae''-group **''Zygaena filipendulae'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – six-spotted burnet **''Zygaena lonicerae'' (Scheven, 1777) – narrow-bordered five-spot burnet **''Zygaena trifolii'' (Esper, 1783) – five-spot burnet }}

==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=Savela>{{cite web |url=https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/zygaenoidea/zygaenidae/zygaeninae/zygaena/ |title=''Zygaena'' Fabricius, 1775 |author=Savela, Markku |work=Lepidoptera and some other life forms |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> }} *A. Hofmann and W. G. Tremewan 2010 [http://giraz.fr/docs/EntGaz_61_2_119-131_1288-Checklist.pdf A revised check-list of the genus ''Zygaena'' Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Zygaeninae), based on the biospecies concept] ''Entomologist's Gazette'' 61: 119–131 *Seitz A., 1913, in Seitz, [https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Seitz-Schmetterlinge-Erde_2_1913_Text_en_0001-0496.pdf ''Gross-Schmett. Erde''] 6: 22., The Macrolepidoptera of the Palearctic Fauna 2. Volume: The Palearctic Bombyces & Sphinges.

==External links== * [http://www.insecta-web.org/cgi-bin/MWM/db_typen/display.pl?tname=family&fam=Zygaenidae&select=Zygaena&select_indx=3 List of ''Zygaena'' Types]

Category:Zygaena Category:Zygaenidae genera Category:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius

Zygaena

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