Isotopes of silicon

{{Short description|none}} {{Infobox silicon isotopes}} Silicon (₁₄Si) has 25 known isotopes, with mass number ranging from 22 to 46. ²⁸Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.24%), ²⁹Si (4.67%), and ³⁰Si (3.07%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is ³²Si, which occurs naturally in tiny quantities from cosmic ray spallation of argon. Its half-life has been determined to be approximately 157 years; it beta decays with energy 0.21 MeV to ³²P, which in turn beta-decays, with half-life 14.269 days to ³²S; neither step has gamma emission. After ³²Si, ³¹Si has the second longest half-life at 157.2 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds.

thumb|right|A chart showing the relative abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of silicon.

== List of isotopes == <!--Please delete anchor(s) from the list above or table below if adding a dedicated isotope section(s).-->

{{Isotopes table |symbol=Si |refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II, IsotopeFRIB |notes=m, unc(), mass#, hl#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, n, p, IT, discoveryname }} |-id=Silicon-22 | rowspan=3|²²Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 8 | rowspan=3|22.034168(58)<ref name="xing2025">{{cite journal |last1=Xing |first1=Y. M. |last2=Luo |first2=Y. F. |last3=Zhang |first3=Y. H. |last4=Wang |first4=M. |last5=Zhou |first5=X. H. |last6=Li |first6=J. G. |last7=Li |first7=K. H. |last8=Yuan |first8=Q. |last9=Niu |first9=Y. F. |last10=Guo |first10=J. Y. |last11=Pei |first11=J. C. |last12=Xu |first12=F. R. |last13=de Angelis |first13=G. |last14=Litvinov |first14=Yu. A. |last15=Blaum |first15=K. |last16=Tanihata |first16=I. |last17=Yamaguchi |first17=T. |last18=Yu |first18=Y. |last19=Zhou |first19=X. |last20=Xu |first20=H. S. |last21=Chen |first21=Z. Y. |last22=Chen |first22=R. J. |last23=Deng |first23=H. Y. |last24=Fu |first24=C. Y. |last25=Ge |first25=W. W. |last26=Huang |first26=W. J. |last27=Jiao |first27=H. Y. |last28=Li |first28=H. F. |last29=Liao |first29=T. |last30=Shi |first30=J. Y. |last31=Si |first31=M. |last32=Sun |first32=M. Z. |last33=Shuai |first33=P. |last34=Tu |first34=X. L. |last35=Wang |first35=Q. |last36=Xu |first36=X. |last37=Yan |first37=X. L. |last38=Yuan |first38=Y. J. |last39=Zhang |first39=M. |title=Z = 14 Magicity Revealed by the Mass of the Proton Dripline Nucleus Si 22 |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=2 July 2025 |volume=135 |issue=1 |article-number=012501 |doi=10.1103/ffwt-n7yc |pmid=40743097 }}</ref> | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/13/43.pdf 2007] | rowspan=3|28.7(11)&nbsp;ms | β⁺, p (62%) | ²¹Mg | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺ (37%) | ²²Al |- | β⁺, 2p (0.7%) | ²⁰Na |-id=Silicon-23 | rowspan=3|²³Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 9 | rowspan=3|23.025083(17)<ref name="xing2025"/> | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/23.pdf 1986] | rowspan=3|42.3(4)&nbsp;ms | β⁺, p (88%) | ²²Mg | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺ (8%) | ²³Al |- | β⁺, 2p (3.6%) | ²¹Na |-id=Silicon-24 | rowspan=2|²⁴Si | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 10 | rowspan=2|24.011535(21) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/24.pdf 1979] | rowspan=2|143.2&nbsp;(21)&nbsp;ms | β⁺ (65.5%) | ²⁴Al | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p (34.5%) | ²³Mg |-id=Silicon-25 | rowspan=2|²⁵Si | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 11 | rowspan=2|25.004109(11) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/25.pdf 1963] | rowspan=2|220.6(10)&nbsp;ms | β⁺ (65%) | ²⁵Al | rowspan=2|5/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p (35%) | '''²⁴Mg''' |-id=Silicon-26 | ²⁶Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 12 | 25.99233382(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/26.pdf 1960] | 2.2453(7)&nbsp;s | β⁺ | ²⁶Al | 0+ | | |-id=Silicon-27 | ²⁷Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 13 | 26.98670469(12) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/27.pdf 1939] | 4.117(14)&nbsp;s | β⁺ | '''²⁷Al''' | 5/2+ | | |- | ²⁸Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 14 | 27.97692653442(55) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/28.pdf 1920] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 0+ | 0.92223(19) | 0.92205–0.92241 |- | ²⁹Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 15 | 28.97649466434(60) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/29.pdf 1920] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 1/2+ | 0.04685(8) | 0.04678–0.04692 |-id=Silicon-30 | ³⁰Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 16 | 29.973770137(23) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/30.pdf 1924] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 0+ | 0.03092(11) | 0.03082–0.03102 |-id=Silicon-31 | ³¹Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 17 | 30.975363196(46) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/31.pdf 1934] | 157.16(20)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | '''³¹P''' | 3/2+ | trace | |-id=Silicon-32 | ³²Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 18 | 31.97415154(32) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/32.pdf 1953] | 157(7)&nbsp;y | β⁻ | ³²P | 0+ | trace | cosmogenic |-id=Silicon-33 | ³³Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 19 | 32.97797696(75) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/33.pdf 1971] | 6.18(18)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ³³P | 3/2+ | | |- | ³⁴Si | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 20 | 33.97853805(86) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/34.pdf 1971] | 2.77(20)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ³⁴P | 0+ | | |-id=Silicon-34m | style="text-indent:1em" |^34mSi | colspan=3 style="text-indent:2em" | 4256.1(4) keV | style="text-align:center" | (1989)<ref group="n">Half-life only inferred and not measured.</ref> | <210&nbsp;ns | IT | ³⁴Si | (3−) | | |-id=Silicon-35 | rowspan=2|³⁵Si | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 21 | rowspan=2|34.984550(38) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/35.pdf 1971] | rowspan=2|780(120)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ | ³⁵P | rowspan=2|7/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n? | ³⁴P |-id=Silicon-36 | rowspan=2|³⁶Si | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 22 | rowspan=2|35.986649(77) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/36.pdf 1971] | rowspan=2|503(2)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ (88%) | ³⁶P | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (12%) | ³⁵P |-id=Silicon-37 | rowspan=3|³⁷Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 23 | rowspan=3|36.99295(12) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/37.pdf 1979] | rowspan=3|141.0(35)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ (83%) | ³⁷P | rowspan=3|(5/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n (17%) | ³⁶P |- | β⁻, 2n? | ³⁵P |-id=Silicon-38 | rowspan=2|³⁸Si | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 24 | rowspan=2|37.99552(11) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/38.pdf 1979] | rowspan=2|63(8)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ (75%) | ³⁸P | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (25%) | ³⁷P |-id=Silicon-39 | rowspan=3|³⁹Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 25 | rowspan=3|39.00249(15) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/39.pdf 1979] | rowspan=3|41.2(41)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ (67%) | ³⁹P | rowspan=3|(5/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n (33%) | ³⁸P |- | β⁻, 2n? | ³⁷P |-id=Silicon-40 | rowspan=3|⁴⁰Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 26 | rowspan=3|40.00608(13) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/40.pdf 1989] | rowspan=3|31.2(26)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ (62%) | ⁴⁰P | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n (38%) | ³⁹P |- | β⁻, 2n? | ³⁸P |-id=Silicon-41 | rowspan=3|⁴¹Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 27 | rowspan=3|41.01417(32)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/41.pdf 1989] | rowspan=3|20.0(25)&nbsp;ms | β⁻, n (>55%) | ⁴⁰P | rowspan=3|7/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻ (<45%) | ⁴¹P |- | β⁻, 2n? | ³⁹P |-id=Silicon-42 | rowspan=3|⁴²Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=3|42.01808(32)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/42.pdf 1990] | rowspan=3|15.5(4&nbsp;(stat), 16&nbsp;(sys))&nbsp;ms<ref name=NR129>{{cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=H. L. |last2=Tripathi |first2=V. |last3=Allmond |first3=J. M. |display-authors=et al. |title=Crossing ''N''&nbsp;{{=}}&nbsp;28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB |date=2022 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=129 |number=212501 |article-number=212501 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501|pmid=36461950 |bibcode=2022PhRvL.129u2501C |s2cid=253600995 |doi-access=free }}</ref> | β⁻ (51%) | ⁴²P | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n (48%) | ⁴¹P |- | β⁻, 2n (1%) | ⁴⁰P |-id=Silicon-43 | rowspan=3|⁴³Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=3|43.02612(43)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/43.pdf 2002] | rowspan=3|13(4&nbsp;(stat), 2&nbsp;(sys))&nbsp;ms<ref name=NR129/> | β⁻, n (52%) | ⁴²P | rowspan=3|3/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻ (27%) | ⁴³P |- | β⁻, 2n (21%) | ⁴¹P |-id=Silicon-44 | rowspan=3|⁴⁴Si | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 14 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 30 | rowspan=3|44.03147(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/44.pdf 2007] | rowspan=3|4#&nbsp;ms [>360&nbsp;ns] | β⁻? | ⁴⁴P | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n? | ⁴³P |- | β⁻, 2n? | ⁴²P |-id=Silicon-45 | ⁴⁵Si<ref name="45Si,46Si">{{cite journal | last1=Yoshimoto | first1=Masahiro | last2=Suzuki | first2=Hiroshi | last3=Fukuda | first3=Naoki | last4=Takeda | first4=Hiroyuki | last5=Shimizu | first5=Yohei | last6=Yanagisawa | first6=Yoshiyuki | last7=Sato | first7=Hiromi | last8=Kusaka | first8=Kensuke | last9=Ohtake | first9=Masao | last10=Yoshida | first10=Koichi | last11=Michimasa | first11=Shin'ichiro | title=Discovery of Neutron-Rich Silicon Isotopes ^45,46Si | journal=Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics | publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP) | volume=2024 | issue=10 | year=2024 | article-number=101D01 | issn=2050-3911 | doi=10.1093/ptep/ptae155 | doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 31 | 45.03982(64)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/45.pdf 2024] | 4#&nbsp;ms | | | 3/2−# | | |-id=Silicon-46 | ⁴⁶Si<ref name="45Si,46Si"/> | style="text-align:right" | 14 | style="text-align:right" | 32 | | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/14/46.pdf 2024] | | | | | | {{Isotopes table/footer}}

== Silicon-28 == '''Silicon-28,''' the most abundant isotope of silicon, is of particular interest in the construction of quantum computers when highly enriched, as the presence of ²⁹Si in a sample of silicon contributes to quantum decoherence.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014-08-11 |title=Beyond Six Nines: Ultra-enriched Silicon Paves the Road to Quantum Computing |url=https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2014/08/beyond-six-nines-ultra-enriched-silicon-paves-road-quantum-computing |journal=NIST |language=en}}</ref> Extremely pure (>99.9998%) samples of ²⁸Si can be produced through selective ionization and deposition of ²⁸Si from silane gas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dwyer |first1=K J |last2=Pomeroy |first2=J M |last3=Simons |first3=D S |last4=Steffens |first4=K L |last5=Lau |first5=J W |date=2014-08-30 |title=Enriching 28 Si beyond 99.9998 % for semiconductor quantum computing |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/47/34/345105 |journal=Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics |volume=47 |issue=34 |article-number=345105 |doi=10.1088/0022-3727/47/34/345105 |issn=0022-3727|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Due to the extremely high purity that can be obtained in this manner, the Avogadro project sought to develop a new definition of the kilogram by making a {{convert|93.75|mm|in|adj=on|abbr=on}} sphere of the isotope and determining the exact number of atoms in the sample.<ref>Powell, Devin (1 July 2008). [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14229-roundest-objects-in-the-world-created.html#.VOHyzfnRV_E "Roundest Objects in the World Created"]. ''New Scientist''. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</ref><ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine |last1=Keats |first1=Jonathon |title=The Search for a More Perfect Kilogram |url=https://www.wired.com/2011/09/ff-kilogram/ |magazine=Wired |volume=19 |issue=10 |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

Silicon-28 is produced in stars during the alpha process and the oxygen-burning process, and drives the silicon-burning process in massive stars shortly before they go supernova.<ref name="WoosleyJanka">{{cite journal | last1=Woosley | first1=S. | last2=Janka | first2=T. | title=The physics of core collapse supernovae | year=2006 | arxiv=astro-ph/0601261 | doi=10.1038/nphys172 | volume=1 | issue=3 | journal=Nature Physics | pages=147–154|bibcode = 2005NatPh...1..147W | citeseerx=10.1.1.336.2176 | s2cid=118974639 }}</ref><ref name=narlikar>{{cite book |last=Narlikar |first=Jayant V. |title=From Black Clouds to Black Holes |year=1995 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-02-2033-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_gmjz-L70EC&pg=PA94 |page=94}}</ref>

== Silicon-29 == '''Silicon-29''' is of note as the only stable silicon isotope with a nonzero nuclear spin (''I'' = 1/2).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=Norman N. |title=Chemistry of the Elements |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Alan |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-08-037941-8 |edition=2nd}}</ref> As such, it can be employed in nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperfine transition studies, for example to study the properties of the so-called A-center defect in pure silicon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Watkins |first1=G. D. |last2=Corbett |first2=J. W. |date=1961-02-15 |title=Defects in Irradiated Silicon. I. Electron Spin Resonance of the Si- A Center |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001 |journal=Physical Review |language=en |volume=121 |issue=4 |pages=1001–1014 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001 |bibcode=1961PhRv..121.1001W |issn=0031-899X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Silicon-34 == '''Silicon-34''' is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 2.8&nbsp;seconds.<ref name="NUBASE2020"/> In addition to the usual ''N''&nbsp;=&nbsp;20 closed shell, the nucleus also shows a strong ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;14 shell closure, making it behave like a doubly magic spherical nucleus, except that it is also located two protons above an island of inversion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lică |first1=R. |last2=Rotaru |first2=F. |last3=Borge |first3=M. J. G. |last4=Grévy |first4=S. |last5=Negoiţă |first5=F. |last6=Poves |first6=A. |last7=Sorlin |first7=O. |last8=Andreyev |first8=A. N. |last9=Borcea |first9=R. |last10=Costache |first10=C. |last11=De Witte |first11=H. |last12=Fraile |first12=L. M. |last13=Greenlees |first13=P. T. |last14=Huyse |first14=M. |last15=Ionescu |first15=A. |last16=Kisyov |first16=S. |last17=Konki |first17=J. |last18=Lazarus |first18=I. |last19=Madurga |first19=M. |last20=Mărginean |first20=N. |last21=Mărginean |first21=R. |last22=Mihai |first22=C. |last23=Mihai |first23=R. E. |last24=Negret |first24=A. |last25=Nowacki |first25=F. |last26=Page |first26=R. D. |last27=Pakarinen |first27=J. |last28=Pucknell |first28=V. |last29=Rahkila |first29=P. |last30=Rapisarda |first30=E. |last31=Şerban |first31=A. |last32=Sotty |first32=C. O. |last33=Stan |first33=L. |last34=Stănoiu |first34=M. |last35=Tengblad |first35=O. |last36=Turturică |first36=A. |last37=Van Duppen |first37=P. |last38=Warr |first38=N. |last39=Dessagne |first39=Ph. |last40=Stora |first40=T. |last41=Borcea |first41=C. |last42=Călinescu |first42=S. |last43=Daugas |first43=J. M. |last44=Filipescu |first44=D. |last45=Kuti |first45=I. |last46=Franchoo |first46=S. |last47=Gheorghe |first47=I. |last48=Morfouace |first48=P. |last49=Morel |first49=P. |last50=Mrazek |first50=J. |last51=Pietreanu |first51=D. |last52=Sohler |first52=D. |last53=Stefan |first53=I. |last54=Şuvăilă |first54=R. |last55=Toma |first55=S. |last56=Ur |first56=C. A. |title=Normal and intruder configurations in Si 34 populated in the β − decay of Mg 34 and Al 34 |journal=Physical Review C |date=11 September 2019 |volume=100 |issue=3 |article-number=034306 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034306|doi-access=free |arxiv=1908.11626 }}</ref> Silicon-34 has an unusual "bubble" structure where the proton distribution is less dense at the center than near the surface, as the 2''s''_1/2 proton orbital is almost unoccupied in the ground state, unlike in ³⁶S where it is almost full.<ref>{{cite news |title=Physicists find atomic nucleus with a 'bubble' in the middle |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/physicists-find-atomic-nucleus-bubble-middle |access-date=26 December 2023 |date=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mutschler |first1=A. |last2=Lemasson |first2=A. |last3=Sorlin |first3=O. |last4=Bazin |first4=D. |last5=Borcea |first5=C. |last6=Borcea |first6=R. |last7=Dombrádi |first7=Z. |last8=Ebran |first8=J.-P. |last9=Gade |first9=A. |last10=Iwasaki |first10=H. |last11=Khan |first11=E. |last12=Lepailleur |first12=A. |last13=Recchia |first13=F. |last14=Roger |first14=T. |last15=Rotaru |first15=F. |last16=Sohler |first16=D. |last17=Stanoiu |first17=M. |last18=Stroberg |first18=S. R. |last19=Tostevin |first19=J. A. |last20=Vandebrouck |first20=M. |last21=Weisshaar |first21=D. |last22=Wimmer |first22=K. |title=A proton density bubble in the doubly magic 34Si nucleus |journal=Nature Physics |date=February 2017 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=152–156 |doi=10.1038/nphys3916 |arxiv=1707.03583}}</ref> Silicon-34 is one of the known cluster decay emission particles; it is produced in the decay of ²⁴²Cm with a branching ratio of approximately {{val|1e-16}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonetti |first1=R. |last2=Guglielmetti |first2=A. |year=2007 |title=Cluster radioactivity: an overview after twenty years |url=http://www.rrp.infim.ro/2007_59_2/10_bonetti.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919014152/http://www.rrp.infim.ro/2007_59_2/10_bonetti.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2016 |journal=Romanian Reports in Physics |volume=59 |pages=301–310}}</ref>

== See also == '''Daughter products other than silicon''' * Isotopes of phosphorus * Isotopes of aluminum * Isotopes of magnesium * Isotopes of sodium

== References == {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070711094750/http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Si_iso.htm Silicon isotopes data from ''The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's'']

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Category:Isotopes of silicon Category:Silicon Silicon