{{primary sources|date=September 2024}} {{Short description|Sikh website}} {{Infobox website | name = SikhNet | logo = SikhNet logo.svg | logo_size = | logo_alt = SikhNet logo | owner = 3HO | founder = Gurumustuk Singh Khalsa (website) | url = {{URL|sikhnet.com}} | registration = | users = | launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes/no|1996|02|15}} (website) | current_status = Active | content_license = }} '''SikhNet''' is a Sikh-centric website operated by the 3HO organization.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Prill |first=Susan Elizabeth |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |date=27 March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780191004117 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |pages=473–474 |chapter=Sikhi Through Internet, Films, and Videos |editor-last2=Fenech |editor-first2=Louis E.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=VanderBeek |first=Conner Singh |title=The Sikh World |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |isbn=9781032488110 |editor-last=Mandair |editor-first=Arvind-Pal Singh |pages=507–509 |chapter=The Sikh Internet |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Pashaura}}</ref> SikhNet is a tax exempt 501(c)3 not-for-profit corporation in the U.S.A.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/about |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=SikhNet|date=13 February 2009 }}</ref> It caters to what it has termed as the "cyber ''sangat''" ("cyber congregation").<ref name=":1" />
== History ==
=== Bulletin board system === The origins of SikhNet can be traced back to a bulletin board system (BBS) created by Guruka Singh, launched in 1983.<ref name=":1" /> Harbhajan Kaur and Mahan Singh in Millis, Massachusetts were the coordinators of the early SikhNet BBS.<ref name=":1" /> The server operated through GEnie with a 300 baud connection.<ref name=":1" />
In February 1986, the SikhNet BBS server was upgraded and went online with a 10 Mhz IBM XT clone computer with a 1200 baud (later 9600 baud) modem.<ref name=":1" /> The SikhNet BBS was an early version of the open-source BBS software (RBBS v.15) that was hacked for customization purposes.<ref name=":1" /> There were around 100 users, with 20 of them being regulars.<ref name=":1" /> The SikhNet BBS's log-on screen contained artwork of a Khanda symbol made using ASCII art.<ref name=":1" /> A Clipper program was created by Ravi Har Singh Khalsa for accessing SikhNet, it was known as SikhNet-Zapper.<ref name=":1" /> The BBS contained a prototype-discussion forum and announcements from 3HO & Sikh Dharma International were posted for the users to view.<ref name=":1" /> There were also transcript recordings of Yogi Bhajan's lectures and talks stored on the BBS and daily quotations of the Guru Granth Sahib were displayed.<ref name=":1" /> The host-computer of the server shifted from Columbus, Ohio to Yosemite, California to Espanola, New Mexico, mirroring the moves of Guruka Singh and his family.<ref name=":1" />
The SikhNet BBS became defunct in October 1994 after Guruka Singh could no longer serve as the Sysop (System Operator), thus the SikhNet BBS was taken offline.<ref name=":1" />
=== Website === The SikhNet website was founded by Gurumustuk Singh Khalsa on 15 April 1996, coinciding with the Vaisakhi celebrations for that year.<ref name=":1" /> The website was founded for the purpose of education both Sikhs and non-Sikhs on the tenets of the Sikh religion in a user-friendly, peaceful, accessible, and faith-friendly manner.<ref name=":2" /> The website adopted the same name as the predecessor BBS system.<ref name=":1" /> Gurumustuk created the original HTML SikhNet website pages whilst in his early 20's for the purpose of providing a cyber space where Sikh youth from around the world could interact, hold dialogue, and support one another.<ref name=":1" /> The website sees itself as an avenue outside of the traditional familial and gurdwara spaces where Sikh communities could engage with each-other.<ref name=":1" /> The website currently has 16 employees, whom are based in the United States, Canada, India, the United Kingdom, and Peru.<ref name=":1" /> The website relies on donations, from its userbase, sponsors, and grantors, to operate.<ref name=":1" />
The website serves as a clearing house for news articles and information on Sikh topics.<ref name=":0" /> The website hosts many features where Sikh liturgical texts can be examined by users.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, turban-tying tutorials can be found on the site.<ref name=":0" /> The website contains histories and hagiographies dating to the period of the Sikh gurus, recordings of ''kirtan'' (sacred hymns) and ''katha'' (interpretation), and positive stories of Sikhs from the U.K., Canada, and the U.S.<ref name=":2" />
In 2011, the website launched an online game called ''Karma: the Ogre's Curse'', whereby the player must maintain their Sikh religion when tempted by vices through meditation, good actions, and maintaining a Khalsa appearance.<ref name=":0" />
=== Change in organizational structure === In April 2022, the founder Gurumustuk stepped down as CEO of SikhNet. This came as a result of serious allegations against 3HO leader Yogi Bhajan and Gurmustuk's drastic change from being a baptised Sikh to a clean-shaven man.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalsa |first=Gurumustuk |date=27 April 2022 |title=After 26 Years, I'm Stepping Away from SikhNet |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/after-26-years-im-stepping-away-sikhnet |website=SikhNet}}</ref> Former bodyguard of Yogi Bhajan and 3HO critic, Gursant Singh, claimed Gurumustuk was paid a six-figure annual salary from SikhNet donations.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZCj9VZsOKo |title=The Truth Behind SikhNet Founder, Gurumustuk Singh, "Stepping Away" as CEO & rejecting Sikh Rehat |date=2023-08-25 |last=Singh |first=Gursant |access-date=2024-07-10 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
== Statistics == The website claims to have 900,000 visits per month, making it one of the largest Sikh websites globally.<ref name=":1" />
== Services operated by SikhNet == * SikhiWiki<ref name=":1" /> * SikhNet Play – the most popular service<ref name=":1" /> * Daily Hukamnama<ref name=":1" /> * SikhNet News<ref name=":1" /> * SikhNet Animated Stories<ref name=":1" /> * Siri Guru Granth Sahib online<ref name=":1" /> * Matrimonial service<ref name=":0" /> * Downloadable content, such as ''bani'' files, ''kirtan'' audios, Gurmukhi fonts, etc.<ref name=":1" />
== Commentary == SikhNet is operated by 3HO (Sikh Dharma of the Western Hemisphere), an organization mostly composed of American-Sikhs of European-descent whom were influenced by Yogi Bhajan.<ref name=":0" /> These White Sikhs emphasize strongly upon the Khalsa's outward form by promoting the 5 Ks, wearing traditional Punjabi clothing that is white in-colour, and the wearing of a turban, for both men and women.<ref name=":0" /> Whilst the website was founded by White Sikhs, many users of SikhNet are of a traditional, mainstream Punjabi Sikh-background, in-addition to the 3HO Sikhs.<ref name=":0" /> SikhNet promotes an image of Punjabi Sikhs who may or may not cut their hair or tie a turban or White Sikhs who keep their hair uncut and wear a turban.<ref name=":2" />
The website has been described as Khalsa-centric, a phenomenon described as "Khalsa-ism" by Sikhologist Doris Jakobsh.<ref name=":0" /> Doris Jakobsh states that the Sikh Internet is disproportionately influenced by White Sikhs of 3HO.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Jakobsh |first=Doris |title=Sikhism |date=2 March 2012 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |others=Henry Rosemont |isbn=9780824860349 |edition=Illustrated, reprint |pages=115 |chapter=Sikhs and the Internet}}</ref> For example, many of the freely available images of Sikhs online is of White Sikh women who converted to the 3HO sect of Sikhism.<ref name=":3" /> These portrayals may be misleading as 3HO White Sikh women usually wear turbans but the vast majority of Punjabi Sikh women, whom constitute the vast majority of Sikh women, rarely wear turbans.<ref name=":3" /> Furthermore, 3HO websites often depict Sikhs as those who wear turbans, even though many Sikh youth in the Punjab cut their hair and do not don a turban.<ref name=":3" /> Jakobsh states that even though 3HO White Sikh make-up a tiny percentage of the overall Sikh population, they dominate the Sikh Internet realm, stating that this minority acting as representatives for the wider faith has large ramifications.<ref name=":3" />
After the September 11 attacks, the SikhNet homepage featured a collage with the wording “SIKHS” showcasing Sikh men, women, and children with American flags, and “Proud to be AMERICANS” written beneath.<ref name=":2" />
Conner Singh VanderBeek contrasts websites like SikhNet with Khalistani-affiliated websites that once existed in the early decades of the World Wide Web.<ref name=":2" /> SikhNet promotes a peaceful, non-threatening, authority-abiding, and respect for politics, in its relationship with the concept of a nation-state, with websites like SikhNet serving as a "positive optic" for Sikhs in the West.<ref name=":2" />
== References == {{Reflist}}
Category:Internet properties established in 1996 Category:Sikh organizations based in the United States Category:Sikh mass media Category:Religious websites