{{Short description|Species of plant}} {{Speciesbox | image = Sibbaldia retusa.jpg | status = G5 | status_system = TNC | status_ref = [https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.129815/Sibbaldiopsis_tridentata] | taxon = Sibbaldia tridentata | authority = (Aiton) Paule & Soják<ref name=POWO_60453304-2/> | synonyms = {{Species list |Potentilla retusa|O.F.Müll., nom. utique rej. |Potentilla tridentata|Aiton |Potentilla tridentata f. aurora|Graustein |Potentilla tridentata f. hirsutifolia|Pease |Sibbaldia retusa|(O.F.Müll.) T.Erikss., nom. rej. |Sibbaldiopsis tridentata|(Aiton) Rydb. |Sibbaldiopsis tridentata f. hirsutifolia|(Pease) D.Löve & J.-P.Bernard |Trichothalamus tridentatus|(Aiton) Spreng. }} | synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_60453304-2>{{Cite POWO|title=''Sibbaldia tridentata'' (Aiton) Paule & Soják|id=60453304-2|access-date=2024-01-20|mode=cs1}}</ref><ref name=IPNI_77145621-1>{{IPNI|taxon=''Sibbaldia retusa'' |authority=(O.F.Müll.) T.Erikss..|id=77145621-1|access-date=2024-01-20|mode=cs1}}</ref> }}
'''''Sibbaldia tridentata''''' is a species in the plant family Rosaceae. Its synonyms include the illegitimate name '''''Sibbaldia retusa''''' and '''''Sibbaldiopsis tridentata'''''.<ref name=POWO_60453304-2/> Under the latter name, it has been treated as the only species in the genus '''''Sibbaldiopsis'''''.<ref name=Erik15/> Its English names include '''three-toothed cinquefoil''',<ref name="illinoiswildflowers.info">{{Illinois Wildflowers|prairie/plantx/tth_cinquefoil|Three-Toothed Cinquefoil (Sibbaldiopsis tridentata)}}</ref> '''shrubby fivefingers''',{{sfn|USDA|2007}} and '''wineleaf'''.<ref name="minnesotawildflowers.info">{{Minnesota Wildflowers|shrub/three-toothed-cinquefoil|''Sibbaldiopsis tridentata'' (Three-toothed Cinquefoil)}}</ref>
== Description == ''Sibbaldia tridentata'' is a short evergreen<ref name="minnesotawildflowers.info"/> perennial plant, growing up to {{cvt|10|in|cm|0}}.<ref name="illinoiswildflowers.info"/><ref name="wildflower.org"/> Its leaves are compound and trifoliate, usually growing at the base in an alternating pattern, each leaflet growing up to {{cvt|1.5|in|cm|1}} long and {{cvt|0.5|in|cm|1}} across. The leaflets are oblanceolate with a truncated tip having three teeth.<ref name="illinoiswildflowers.info"/> The leaves are glossy and evergreen. They turn deep red in fall if the plants are grown in sun.<ref name="wildflower.org" />
Its branches are herbaceous and pubescent,<ref name="minnesotawildflowers.info"/> but its roots are woody.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slwMAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature|date=1 January 1826|publisher=|via=Google Books}}</ref>
Its flowers are small and white, radial, and arranged in a compound bracteate cyme, having five sepals and five petals with several stamens and a few pistils.<ref name="illinoiswildflowers.info"/> The individual flowers resemble flowers from the genus ''Potentilla''.{{sfn|Radford|Ahles|Bell|1964}}
Its blooming period lasts two to three months,<ref name="illinoiswildflowers.info"/> between June and August.<ref name="wildflower.org"/> Eventually, the triangular sepals fold up and tiny, hairy brown seeds develop inside them.<ref name="minnesotawildflowers.info"/>
== Taxonomy == ''Sibbaldia tridentata'' was first described by William Aiton in 1789 as ''Potentilla tridentata''.<ref name=POWO_60453304-2/> The name ''Potentilla retusa'' was published earlier, in 1780, but is a rejected name (''nom. rej.''), so names based on it, such as ''Sibbaldia retusa'', are also rejected.<ref name=IPNI_728847-1>{{IPNI|taxon=''Potentilla retusa'' |authority=O.F.Müll..|id=728847-1|access-date=2024-01-20|mode=cs1}}</ref>
In 1898, the species was placed in its own genus ''Sibbaldiopsis''.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=2478365|title=Notes on Potentilla.-VI|first=P. A.|last=Rydberg|date=1 January 1897|journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club|volume=24|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.2307/2478365}}</ref> The genus name ''Sibbaldiopsis'' comes from ''Sibbaldia'' and the suffix {{wikt-lang|mul|-opsis}}, meaning "resembling". In 2009, it was transferred to ''Sibbaldia''.<ref name=POWO_60453304-2/> The transfer was supported in 2014, based on molecular phylogenetic evidence, although the authors of the study noted distinct morphological differences from other members of the genus.<ref name=Erik15>{{cite journal |first1=Torsten |last1=Eriksson |first2=Magnus |last2=Lundberg |first3=Mats |last3=Töpel |first4=Pia |last4=Östensson |first5=Jenny E. E. |last5=Smedmark |title=''Sibbaldia'': a molecular phylogenetic study of a remarkably polyphyletic genus in Rosaceae |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=January 2015 |volume=301 |issue=1 |pages=171–184 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1063-3 }}</ref>
== Distribution and habitat == ''Sibbaldia tridentata'' prefers dry and acidic soil, usually on rocky or gravelly shores that have access to a lot of sun.<ref name="illinoiswildflowers.info"/> It is often found on shale outcrops.<ref name="wildflower.org">{{NPIN|SITR3|Sibbaldiopsis tridentata}}</ref> The species is located all over the central to eastern American states, with disjunct populations extending down the Appalachian Mountains. The species also lives in the Canadian provinces east of and including Alberta, as well as Greenland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ontariotrees.com/main/species.php?id=39|title=Three-toothed Cinquefoil (Sibbaldia tridentata)|website=Ontario Trees and Shrubs}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |symbol=SITR3 |taxon=Sibbaldiopsis}}</ref> In Nova Scotia, the species is very common in the center of the Annapolis Valley and around cliffs or rocky outcrops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roland |first1=A. E. |last2=Smith |first2=E. C. |date=2007 |title=The Flora of Nova Scotia |publisher=Nova Scotian Institute of Science}}</ref> The southernmost known populations are located in Georgia and North Carolina, and occupy high-elevation rock outcrops and grassy balds.{{sfn|USDA|2007}}
''Sibbaldia tridentata'' is listed as endangered in 5 US states.{{sfn|USDA|2007}}
== References == {{Reflist}}
== Sources == * {{cite journal |first1=Torsten |last1=Eriksson |first2=Malin S. |last2=Hibbs |first3=Anne D. |last3=Yoder |first4=Charles F. |last4=Delwiche |first5=Michael J. |last5=Donoghue |year=2003 |title=The Phylogeny of Rosoideae (Rosaceae) Based on Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA and the ''trnL/F'' Region of Chloroplast DNA |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=197–211 |doi=10.1086/346163|s2cid=22378156 }} * {{cite book |last1=Radford |first1=AE |first2=HE |last2=Ahles |first3=CR |last3=Bell |date=1964 |title=Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas |publisher=Chapel Hill Press }} * {{PLANTS |symbol=SITR3 |taxon=Sibbaldiopsis tridentata |date=2007 |ref={{harvid|USDA|2007}}}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q15527517|from2=Q145750}}
Category:Potentilleae Category:Rosaceae genera Category:Flora of the United States Category:Flora of Canada