9K114 Shturm

{{Short description|Soviet/Russian anti-tank missile system}} {{Infobox weapon | name = 9K114 Shturm | image = File:9M114 Shturm ATGM in Park Patriot 02.jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = 9K114 Shturm ATGM | origin = Soviet Union | type = ATGM  | is_ranged = history --> | service = | used_by = Soviet Union<br>Russia<br>Ukraine | wars = Soviet–Afghan War<br>Russo-Ukrainian war<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shturm abandoned in Ukraine invasion |url=https://twitter.com/UAWeapons/status/1503708256161701895 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Twitter}}</ref>  | designer = | design_date = | manufacturer = | developed_into = 9M120 Ataka | production_date = | number = | variants =  | weight = | length = | part_length = | width = | height = | diameter =  | cartridge = | action = | rate = | velocity = | range = 400 m to 5 km | feed = | sights = }}

'''9K114 ''Shturm'''''<ref name="weaponsystems">[http://weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/HH06%20-%20AT-6%20Spiral%20(9M114).html 9K114 Shturm] – Weaponsystems.net</ref> ({{langx|ru|9К114 «Штурм»|lit=Assault}}) – is a SACLOS radio guided anti-tank missile system of the Soviet Union. Its GRAU designation is '''9K114'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/ekonomika_i_pravo/DEBRE_ZHERAR.html|title=ДЕБРЁ, ЖЕРАР | Энциклопедия Кругосвет|website=www.krugosvet.ru}}</ref> Its NATO reporting name is '''AT-6 ''Spiral'''''. The missile itself is known as the '''9M114 Kokon''' (Cocoon).

==Development== The missile called 9M114 Kokon (Cocoon) was developed by the Kolomna Machine Design Bureau, which was also responsible for the 3M6 Shmel and 9M14 Malyutka. Work on the missile began in 1967, with the hope of using the missile on Mi-24s. However, delays forced the design of an upgraded Falanga system (9M17 Skorpion) using SACLOS guidance as a stopgap. Testing of the missile was completed in 1974, and it was accepted into service in 1976. The missile has no direct western counterpart; in role it is similar to the TOW and HOT missiles which entered service around the same time, though the Shturm has greater weight, speed, and range.

It was originally given the NATO designation '''AS-8''', before being redesignated as AT-6.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designation-systems.net/non-us/soviet.html#_AS_Note4|title=Designations of Soviet and Russian Military Aircraft and Missiles|last=Parsch|first=Andreas|author2=Aleksey V. Martynov |year=2008|publisher=Designation-Systems.net|access-date=2014-09-14}}</ref>

==Description== thumb|right|''Shturm'' launch tubes(right) on the wing of an Mi-24

[[File:9P149 vehicle with 9M144 missiles of anti-tank complex «Shturm-S» in Military-historical Museum of Artillery, Engineer and Signal Corps in Saint-Petersburg, Russia.jpg|thumb|right|9P149 Shturm-S in Saint Petersburg Artillery Museum]]

right|thumb|9P149 vehicle with 9M114 missiles of anti-tank complex «Shturm-S» is firing The missile can be deployed on a variety of platforms, including the Mi-24V and from 1979-onwards the MT-LB based 9P149 tank destroyer. There is also a shipborne version of the missile, with the launcher holding six missiles.

The missile is transported and launched from a glass-reinforced plastic tube. The missile uses a Soyuz NPO solid-rocket sustainer, with a small booster stage to launch the missile from its tube.

The missile is SACLOS with a radio command link. The use of a radio link allows the missile to travel much faster and further than if it were wire guided. The radio link is a VHF system with five frequency bands and two codes to minimize the risk of jamming. The system comprises a '''KPS-53AV''' 8× daylight-only direct vision sight with an integrated laser rangefinder. After the missile is launched, the gunner has to keep the sight's crosshairs on the target until impact. Appropriate steering commands are transmitted to the missile via the radio link.

The missile flies above the gunner's line of sight to the target. With the range of the target determined by the laser rangefinder, the missile descends onto the target just before impact. This is done primarily to clear obstacles, instead of achieving a top-attack, and can be switched off. It is possible to engage low and slow moving helicopters with the system; however, since the missile only has a contact fuze, a direct hit would be needed.

The first use of the missile was during the Soviet–Afghan War, where it was employed in the later stages of the war. By this time the Mujahideen had got access to more advanced anti aircraft weapons that forced Mi-24 pilots to adopt standoff tactics using the missile to increase survivability. Sources report kill ratios of 75–85% during the war. Also a Mil demonstration in Sweden in late 1995 using an Mi-28A firing Shturm and Ataka missiles also showed good results: from a hovering helicopter, a Shturm was fired at a target 900 m away; and from level flight at 200 km/h an Ataka was fired at a target 4,700 m away. Both missiles passed within 1 m of their aiming point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enemyforces.com/missiles/shturm.htm|title=AT Shturm|access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> Other countries such as Iraq and Syria attempted to procure the missile in the 1980s but the Soviet Union did not export the system outside of the Warsaw Pact, fearing it might fall into western hands via Iran or Israel.

In 2014, a modernized variant, the 9K132 Shturm-SM, was adopted by the Russian army, featuring a sight with television and thermal channels as well as a new missile with a high-explosive fragmentation warhead and a proximity fuse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbm.ru/ru/press-centre/417.html|title=Принят на вооружение модернизированный самоходный ПТРК "Штурм-СМ"|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133903/https://www.kbm.ru/ru/press-centre/417.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== General characteristics (9M114 Kokon) == * '''Length''': {{convert|1625|mm|ft|abbr=on|1}} * '''Wingspan''': {{convert|360|mm|in|abbr=on}} * '''Diameter''': {{convert|130|mm|in|abbr=on}} * '''Launch weight''': {{convert|31.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} * '''Speed''': {{convert|345|m/s|km/h mph Mach|abbr=on}} * '''Range''': {{convert|400-5000|m|mi|abbr=on}} * '''Guidance''': Radio command link Semi-automatic command to line of sight * '''Warhead''': {{convert|5.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}} HEAT, penetration 560–600 mm vs RHA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html |title=Army Technology – Shturm – Self Propelled Anti-tank Guided Missile System |access-date=2006-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017034507/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html |archive-date=2006-10-17 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}<ref name="weaponsystems" />

==Variants== [[File:Barrier-S, Kyiv 2021, 02.jpg|thumb|right|Barrier-S in 'Zbroya ta Bezpeka' military fair, Kyiv, Ukraine, 2021]]

* '''9M114 Kokon''' / '''AT-6 Spiral''' Entered service in 1976. ** '''9M114V Shturm-V''' – Air to surface version for helicopters. ** '''9M114 Shturm''' / '''AT-6A Spiral''' SACLOS *** '''9M114M''' HEAT warhead. *** '''9M114F''' Thermobaric warhead. ** '''9M114M1 Shturm''' / '''AT-6B Spiral''' SACLOS, heavier {{convert|7.4|kg|lb|abbr=on}} warhead penetrating 600–650 mm, longer {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="weaponsystems" /> ** '''9M114M2 Shturm''' / '''AT-6C Spiral''' SACLOS, further increased {{convert|7|km|mi|abbr=on}} range.<ref name="weaponsystems" /> *'''9K113M Shturm-VM''' / '''AT-9 Spiral-2''' – see 9M120 Ataka-V *'''543 Barrier-S''' – Ukrainian upgrade replaces the 9M114 Kokon/Cocoon SACLOS radio guided missile with more capable 7 km range missiles '''RK-2P''' and '''RK-2POF''' anti-tank guided missiles developed by Luch and a modern guidance system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.defence-ua.com/news/kb_luch_demonstrates_its_vilkha_m_mlrs_barrier_s_atgm_at_an_expo_in_iraq-1879.html|title=KB Luch Demonstrates its Vilkha-M MLRS, Barrier-S ATGM at an Expo in Iraq | Defense Express|website=en.defence-ua.com|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2021/06/16/ukraine-upgraded-anti-tank-missile-system/|title=Ukraine Unveils Upgraded Soviet-Era Anti-Tank Missile System|author=Staff Writer|date=16 June 2021|accessdate=11 March 2023}}</ref>

==Operators== thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0b60d4|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}

===Current operators=== * {{ARM}} – 13 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|171}} * {{AZE}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Azerbaijan's Emerging Arsenal Of Deterrent |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/10/azerbaijans-emerging-arsenal-of.html |website=Oryx |date=17 October 2021}}</ref> * {{BLR}}– 85 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|174}} * {{HUN}}<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|102}} – installed on Mi-24 helicopters. * {{IRN}} – installed in Mi-17sh helicopters.<ref name="SIPRI" /> * {{IRQ}}<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|329}} - installed in Mi-35M helicopters. * {{flag|Indonesia}} – installed in Mi-35P attack helicopters<ref name="SIPRI" /> * {{IND}} – Deal for 800 missiles signed in June 2019 at the cost of {{INRConvert|200|c|lk=on|year=2019}}. Installed on Mi-35 helicopters.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2019 |title=India signs Rs 200-crore deal with Russia to acquire 'Strum Ataka' anti-tank missile for its fleet of Mi-35 attack choppers |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-signs-rs-200-crore-deal-with-russia-to-acquire-strum-ataka-anti-tank-missile-for-its-fleet-of-mi-35-attack-choppers-6907151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124618/https://www.firstpost.com/india/india-signs-rs-200-crore-deal-with-russia-to-acquire-strum-ataka-anti-tank-missile-for-its-fleet-of-mi-35-attack-choppers-6907151.html |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=31 August 2024 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> * {{KAZ}}<ref name='SAS 2012 4'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2012/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2012-Chapter-04-EN.pdf|chapter=Blue Skies and Dark Clouds: Kazakhstan and Small Arms|title=Small Arms Survey 2012: Moving Targets|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|author=Small Arms Survey|author-link=Small Arms Survey|page=131|isbn=978-0-521-19714-4|access-date=2018-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831002411/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2012.html|archive-date=2018-08-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> – 6 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|179}} * {{RUS}} – used by Army units and Marines.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|185,190}} * {{SRB}} * {{TKM}} – 36 9P149 as of 2023.<ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|200}} * {{UKR}}<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqjLBQAAQBAJ&q=9K114+ukraine&pg=PA51|title=Raising Red Flags: An Examination of Arms & Munitions in the Ongoing Conflict in Ukraine|first1=N. R.|last1=Jenzen-Jones|first2=Jonathan|last2=Ferguson|date=18 November 2014|publisher=Armament Research Services Pty. Ltd.|isbn=9780992462437|access-date=10 April 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="IISS2023" />{{rp|202}} (The separatist forces battling the Ukrainian army in the War in Donbas have also been documented to have used the weapon.<ref name="auto" />)

===Former operators=== * {{BRA}} – installed on Mi-35M helicopters.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |title=Trade Registers |url=https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php |website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> Withdrawn from service after the Brazilian Air Force retired its Mi-35 attack helicopters.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Meier |first1=Ricardo |title=Força Aérea Brasileira vai retirar de operação seus helicópteros russos Mil Mi-35 |url=https://www.airway.com.br/forca-aerea-brasileira-vai-retirar-de-operacao-seus-helicopteros-russos-mil-mi-35/ |website=Airway |access-date=3 June 2023 |language=pt-BR |date=11 February 2022}}</ref> * {{CRO}} – obtained with Mi-24 attack helicopters from an unknown supplier and displayed at the Poseidon '94 military exercise.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoSZ9AbpBhU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QoSZ9AbpBhU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Vježba HRZ-a i HRM-a Posejdon 94 |via=YouTube|access-date=14 November 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jeziorski |first1=Andrzej |title=Croatia's cocked hammer |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/croatias-cocked-hammer/17395.article |website=Flight Global |access-date=3 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Withdrawn from service. * {{MDA}}<ref name="IISS2016">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2014 |date=9 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1857438352 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|188}} – withdrawn from service. * {{POL}} – used on Mi-24 and PZL W-3 Sokół helicopters.<ref name="SIPRI" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samolotypolskie.pl/samoloty/2491/126/9K114-9M114-Szturm|title=samolotypolskie.pl – 9K114 (9M114) "Szturm"|website=www.samolotypolskie.pl|access-date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Retired. * {{USSR}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance. 1991–1992. |date=1991 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080413259 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>{{rp|37}} – passed on to successor states.

==References== {{Reflist}} * Hull, A.W., Markov, D.R., Zaloga, S.J. (1999). ''Soviet/Russian Armor and Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present''. Darlington Productions. {{ISBN|978-1-892848-01-7}}. * Article "Fire in the Hills", AirEnthusiast magazine, Volume 104, March 2003 * [http://www.enemyforces.com/missiles/shturm.htm Shturm] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017034507/http://www.army-technology.com/projects/shturm/index.html Army Technology]{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}} * [http://www.airwar.ru/weapon/aat/shturm.html 9K113 ШТУРМ-В]

==External links== {{commons category}} * [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/at6spiral.htm AT – 6 SPIRAL Anti-Tank Guided Missile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:9k114 Shturm}} Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Cold War Category:Anti-tank guided missiles of the Soviet Union Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s