{{Infobox weapon | name = Shtora-1 | image = T-90S (4716212155).jpg | image_size = 300 | caption = A T-90 main battle tank fitted with the Shtora system; note the two dazzler "boxes" to each side of the main gun | origin = Soviet Union | type = Active protection system <!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged = yes <!-- Service history -->| service = 1988–present | wars = <!-- Production history --> | designer = NII Transmash in St.Petersburg in cooperation with Elers-Elektron in Moscow<ref name="Zaloga">{{cite journal |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven |date=February 1997 |title=T-90: the standard of Russian expediency |journal=Jane's Intelligence Review |pages=58–64}}</ref> | design_date = 1980<ref name="billiondollarspy"/> | manufacturer = | production_date = | number = | variants = <!-- General specifications --> | weight = {{convert|350|kg|abbr=on}}<ref name=Meyer/> | length = | part_length = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> | cartridge = | action = | rate = | velocity = | range = | max_range = | feed = | sights = }}

'''Shtora-1''' ({{langx|ru|Штора}}, "curtain") is an electro-optical active protection system or suite for tanks, designed to disrupt the laser designator and laser rangefinders of incoming anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs). The system is mounted on the Russian T-80 and T-90 series tanks and the Ukrainian T-84. The existence of ''Shtora'' was revealed in 1980 by spy Adolf Tolkachev.<ref name="billiondollarspy">''The Billion Dollar Spy: A True Story of Cold War Espionage and Betrayal'', David E. Hoffman, location 3142, Kindle edition.</ref>

==Description== Shtora-1<ref name="defense-update">{{cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/products/s/shtora-1.htm |title=Shtora-1 Active Protection System |publisher=Defense-update.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-10}}</ref> is an electro-optical jammer that disrupts semiautomatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) ATGMs, laser rangefinders and target designators. Shtora-1 is a soft kill countermeasure system. The system was shown fitted to a Russian main battle tank during the International Defense Exposition, held in Abu Dhabi in 1995. The first known application of the system is the Russian T-90 main battle tank, which entered service in the Russian Army in 1993.{{efn|Though an early version of the system was apparently fitted to the pre-production T-80 model.}} It is also available on the BMP-3M infantry fighting vehicle.

==Components== thumb|Infrared light emitter, with its opening protected by a round cover The Shtora-1 has four key components: two electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) "dazzlers" mounted on both turret cheeks, an infrared jammer, a modulator, and a control panel in the fighting compartment.

* Banks of forward firing grenade launchers on each side of the turret that lay an aerosol smoke screen opaque to IR light. * A laser warning system consisting of four angle sensors with two higher precision sensors covering the frontal 90° arc and two lower precision sensors covering the sides and rear.<ref name="Xiaomao Research Institute">{{cite web |url=https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/28494091 |title=苏联/俄罗斯Shtora-1/-2坦克光电干扰系统简介 |date=20 December 2017 |website=Xiaomao Research Institute |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> * A control system comprising control panel, microprocessor, and manual screen-laying panel. This processes the information from the sensors and activates the aerosol screen-laying system. * Two IR lights, one on each side of the main gun, continuously emit coded pulsed-IR jamming when an incoming ATGM has been detected.

Shtora-1 has twelve smoke grenade launchers and weighs 400&nbsp;kg. It can lay a 15 meter high and 20 meter wide smoke screen in three seconds that lasts about twenty seconds at ranges from 50 to 70 meters.<ref name="Xiaomao Research Institute"/> The Shtora-1 can also automatically slew the main gun towards a detected threat, so that the tank crew can return fire and so that the stronger frontal turret armour is facing it.<ref name="defense-update"/>

Shtora-1 can operate in fully automatic or semi-automatic modes, protecting the vehicle continuously for up to six hours against ATGM attacks.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Antal |first=John |date=January 2020 |title=Surviving the City Fight 21st Century Armour in the Urban Canyon |url=https://euro-sd.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/ESD_01_2020_WEB.pdf |magazine=European Security & Defense |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

==Operational history== A number of Shtora-1 protected T-90s have been lost to anti-tank guided weapons in Syria and Ukraine.<ref name="Murakhovsky">{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.ru/army/2016/02/29/8101481.shtml |title=Т90 в Сирии: «Экипаж танка был слабо подготовлен» |last=Murakhovsky |first=Victor |date=1 March 2016 |website=gazeta.ru |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="Eastwood">{{cite web |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/03/why-russias-feared-t-90-tank-keeps-getting-killed-in-ukraine/ |title=Why Russia's Feared T-90 Tank Keeps Getting Killed In Ukraine |last=Brent M. |first=Eastwood |date=31 March 2022 |website=1945 |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref> The jammers have been removed from many currently serving T-90s and the more modern S and M variants did not include them.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

==Specifications== * Laser illumination sensors:<ref name="Meyer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1998/MAY_JUN/ArmorMayJune1998web.pdf |title=Active Protective Systems: Impregnable Armor or Simply Enhanced Survivability? |author=Tom J. Meyer |work=Armor Active Protection Systems |date=March 1998 |pages=7–11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807144347/http://www.benning.army.mil/armor/eARMOR/content/issues/1998/MAY_JUN/ArmorMayJune1998web.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://btvt.narod.ru/4/shtora1/shtora1.htm|title=Комплекс оптико-электронного подавления «Штора-1» |author=A. Tarasenko}}</ref> ** 2x TShU-1-1 coarse precision sensors and 2x TShU-1-11 fine sensors ** Field of view (each): 138° azimuth (coarse) 45° (fine) and −5 to +25° elevation ** Field of view (total): 360° azimuth ** Angular resolution: 7.5° (coarse) 3.75° (fine) * EO interference emitters: ** 2x OTShU-1-7 ** Operating band: 0.7-2.7 μm ** Protected sector: 4° elevation and 20° azimuth ** Energy consumption: 1&nbsp;kW ** Light intensity: 20 mcd * IR smoke grenades: ** 12x 81&nbsp;mm 3D17 ** Obscured band: 0.4-14 μm ** Bloom time: 3 s ** Cloud persistence: 20 s

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

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Category:Armoured fighting vehicle equipment Category:Missile countermeasures Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s Category:Soviet inventions