Shimabara Domain

{{Short description|Japanese domain of the Edo period}} {{Infobox former subdivision |_noautocat = |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Shimabara Domain {{smaller|{{nobold|(1618–1871){{-}}{{lang|ja|島原藩}}}}}} Hinoe Domain {{smaller|{{nobold|(1600–1618){{-}}{{lang|ja|日野江藩}}}}}} |common_name = Shimabara Domain |subdivision = Han |nation = |status_text = Domain of Japan |government_type = Daimyō  |capital = Hinoe Castle (1600–1618) Shimabara Castle (1618–1871) |coordinates = |political_subdiv =  |today = Nagasaki Prefecture   |year_start = 1600 |year_end = 1871 |event_start = |date_start = |event_end =  |date_end =  |event1 = |date_event1 = |event2 = |date_event2 = |event3 = |date_event3 = |event4 = |date_event4 = |event5 = |date_event5 = |life_span = 1600–1614 1614–1871 |era = Edo period |event_pre =  |date_pre = |event_post =  |date_post =  |image_flag =  |image_border =  |flag_type =  |flag =  |image_coat = Image:Kasane-Ogi.gif |symbol_type = ''Mon'' of the Fukōzu-Matsudaira clan |symbol =  |image_map = File:Tenshu and Southeast Turret of Shimabara Castle 2.jpg |image_map_caption = Far distant view of Shimabara Castle  |stat_year1 =  |stat_area1 =  |stat_pop1 =  |footnotes =  {{Location map|Japan Nagasaki Prefecture#Japan |width = |float = |border = |caption = Location of Shimabara Castle |alt = |relief = 1 |AlternativeMap= |overlay_image = |label = |label_size = |position = |background = |mark = |marksize = |coordinates= {{coord|32|47|21.18|N|130|22|2.15|E}} }}}}

{{nihongo|'''Shimabara Domain'''|島原藩| Shimabara-han}} was a Japanese domain of the Edo period.<ref name="Nigi">{{cite book |last1=Nigi |first1=Kenichi |title=藩と城下町の事典―国別 |date=2004 |publisher=Tokyodo Printing |isbn=978-4490106510}}</ref><ref name="Papinot">{{cite book | last = Papinot | first = E| year = 1910| title = Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan | publisher = Tuttle (reprint) 1972 }}</ref> Originally known as Hinoe Domain, its administrative center was initially established at Hinoe Castle in Minamishimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture. However, it was later relocated to Shimabara Castle in Shimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture. The domain was governed by various ''fudai daimyō'' clans, including the Koriki clan and the Fukōzu-Matsudaira clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hur |first=Nam-lin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqTaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Shimabara+Domain&pg=PA64 |title=Death and Social Order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, Anti-Christianity, and the Danka System |date=2020-03-23 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-1-68417-452-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Shigeo, Nakajima (2003). ''大名の日本地図文藝春秋''. Bunshun Shinsho. {{ISBN|978-4166603527}}. (In Japanese)</ref><ref>Mikio, Toyama (1997). ''肥前有馬藩「新人民御来社''. New People's Onraisha. {{ISBN|4404025025}}. (In Japanese)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tsunetomo |first=Yamamoto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otHZAwAAQBAJ&dq=Shimabara+Domain&pg=PT47 |title=Hagakure: The Secret Wisdom of the Samurai |date=2014-05-27 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-1425-8 |language=en}}</ref>

==History== Shimabara was under the rule of the Arima clan in the tumultuous Sengoku period. Arima Harunobu, a ''daimyō'' who followed the Christian faith, aligned himself with the eastern army during the Battle of Sekigahara, resulting in the preservation of his domains. However, following the Okamoto Daihachi Incident in 1612, he was imprisoned in Kai Province, and ordered to commit ''seppuku''. Despite this, his son Arima Naozumi distanced himself from his father and had a close relationship with the Tokugawa shogunate. Consequently, he inherited his father's estates after the failed incident. In 1614, Naozumi was transferred to Nobeoka Domain in Hyūga Province. Subsequently, the territory came under direct control of the shogunate for a brief period of time. However, in 1616, Matsukura Shigemasa took over the domain from the Yamato-Gojō Domain for 40,000 ''koku''. Matsukura Shigemasa, unlike his father Matsukura Shigenobu, who had been a respected general, was known for his oppressive policies towards his subjects and harsh treatment of the ''Kirishitan''. Shimabara Castle was constructed during his tenure, and he relocated his seat from Hinoe Castle. Matsukura Katsuie, who succeeded Shigemasa, implemented even more severe policies than his father. As a testament to Katsuie's brutality, there was a method of execution called "Mino Odori," where individuals who could not pay the yearly tax were dressed in a cloak and burned alive. Shimabara was described as a true hell, as even the children of those unable to pay the tax were captured and executed. Additionally, the reported collection of 40,000 ''koku'' was inflated to 100,000 ''koku'' in order to gain favor with the shogunate.<ref name="Nakayama">{{cite book |last1=Nakayama |first1=Yoshiaki |title=江戸三百藩大全全藩藩主変遷表付 |date=2015 |publisher=Kosaido Publishing |isbn= 978-4331802946}}{{in lang|ja}}</ref>

The people's anger towards Katsuie's oppressive policies eventually erupted, leading to the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637, with Amakusa Shirō as the leader of the rebels seizing Hara Castle. The unpopularity of Matsukura rule so intense that some members of Matsukura's army defected to the rebel side, rendering his forces insufficient to suppress the rebellion. Recognizing the gravity of the situation, the shogunate dispatched a pacification force led by Itakura Shigemasa. However, this force proved ineffective and Itakura perished in battle. Replacing him as the commander-in-chief was ''Rōjū'' Matsudaira Nobutsuna. Nobutsuna rallied approximately 120,000 troops from various ''daimyō'' to besiege Hara Castle. This army including the seasoned warrior Tachibana Muneshige. The rebel force was no match for the well-supplied shogunate army, which was also supported by a Dutch naval bombardment offshore, resulting in the rebellion's suppression three months later. The rebels, including Amakura Shirō, were mercilessly slaughtered without quarter. Conversely, Matsukura Katsuie also faced severe scrutiny for his role in precipitating the revolt through misgovernment, and he was beheaded after the rebellion was quelled. This denial of the honorable punishment of ''seppuku'' and his execution by beheading as a common criminal exemplified the shogunate's grave view of the severity of his crimes.<ref name="Nakayama"/>

After Matsukura Katsuie, Kōriki Tadafusa, a long-time retainer of the Tokugawa clan, was transferred from Hamamatsu Domain and worked hard to restore the Shimabara region, which had been devastated by the rebellion. He implemented a skillful agricultural policy and a policy of encouraging colonization from other parts of Japan to resettle the area. However, Kōriki Takanaga, who succeeded Tadafusa, was so eager to establish the domain's revenues that he made many mismanagement decisions, leading to a reprimand from the shogunate and the removal of his domain in 1668. In his place, Matsudaira Tadafusa of the Fukōzu Matsudaira clan was transferred from Fukuchiyama Domain in Tanba Province with a ''kokudaka'' of 65,000 ''koku''. The Fukōzu Matsudaira clan ruled Shimabara for the next five generations, but in 1747, the Fukōzu-Matsudaira clan traded places with Toda Tadamitsu of Utsunomiya Domain the ''kokudaka'' of the domain increased 77,000 ''koku''. The Toda clan continued for two generations, and in 1774, traded placed back again with the Fukōzu-Matsudaira clan, who then ruled for the next eight generations.

The final ''daimyō'' , Matsudaira Tadakazu carried out military reforms due to the need to strengthen coastal defenses in 1863, but to a much lesser extent than neighbouring Saga Domain. As he was a younger half-brother of the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, he supported the shogunate in the First Chōshū expedition in 1864, and Second Chōshū expedition in 1866. However, his pro-Shogunate actions caused discontent among lower-ranking samurai. many of who were supporters of the ''Sonnō jōi'' movement. Some defected from the domain to participate in the Tenchugumi Incident and the Tengutō Rebellion. During the Boshin War, which began in January 1868, he submitted to the Meiji government and sent troops to fight against the pro-Tokugawa remnants in northern Japan. In June 1869, he was appointed imperial governor of Shimabara Domain and with the abolition of the han system on July 14, 1871, he moved to Tokyo. In November of the same year, he received permission from the government to travel to Europe and the United States. In October 1873, he returned to Japan from England, and was later given the ''kazoku'' peerage title of viscount.

Shimabara has a warm climate, but is a volcanic region with poor soil, and it is said that the actual harvest yield for tax was less than the official ''kokudaka''.<ref name="Nakayama"/>

==Holdings at the end of the Edo period== As with most domains in the han system, Shimabara Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned ''kokudaka'', based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.<ref>Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser. (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv99D510nHcC&pg=PA150&dq= ''The Bakufu in Japanese History,'' p. 150].</ref><ref>Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=T2_5_W7UFXwC&pg=PA18&dq= ''Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century,'' p. 18].</ref>

*Hizen Province **33 villages in Takaki District *Buzen Province **39 villages in Usa District *Bungo Province **61 villages in Kunisaki District

== List of daimyōs== :{| class=wikitable ! ||Name || Tenure || Courtesy title || Court Rank || ''kokudaka'' |- |colspan=6|25px '''Arima clan,''' 1600 - 1612 (''fudai daimyo'') |- ||1||Arima Harunobu (有馬晴信)||1600 – 1612||''Shūri-daiyū'' (修理大夫) ||Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||40,000 ''koku'' |- ||2||Arima Naozumi(有馬直純)||1612 – 1614||''Saiemonfu'' (左衛門佐) ||Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||40,000 ''koku'' |- |colspan=6| 25px '''tenryō''' |- |colspan=6| 25px '''Matsukura clan,''' 1616 - 1630 (''fudai daimyo'') |- ||1||Matsukura Shigemasa (松倉重政)||1616 – 1630||''Bungo-no-kami'' (豊後守) ||Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||40,000 ''koku'' |- ||2||Matsukura Katsuie (松倉勝家)||1630 – 1638||''Nagato-no-kami'' (長門守) ||Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||40,000 ''koku'' |- |colspan=6| 25px '''Kōriki clan,''' 1638 - 1668 (''fudai daimyo'') |- ||1||Kōriki Tadafusa (高力忠房)||1638 – 1655||''Sakontaiyu'' (左近大夫) ||Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||40,000 ''koku'' |- ||2||Kōriki Takanaga (高力高長) (隆長)||1655 – 1668|| ''Sakontaiyu'' (左近大夫) ||Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||40,000 ''koku'' |- |colspan=6| 25px '''Matsudaira (Fukōzu) clan,''' 1668 - 1749 (''fudai daimyo'') |- ||1||Matsudaira Tadafusa (松平忠房)||1669 – 1698||''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 4th, Lower Grade (従四位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||2||Matsudaira Tadakatsu (松平忠雄) ||1698 – 1735|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 4th, Lower Grade (従四位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||3||Matsudaira Tadami (松平忠俔)||1735 – 1738|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) ||Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||4||Matsudaira Tadatoki (松平忠刻)||1738 – 1749|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 4th, Lower Grade (従四位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||5||Matsudaira Tadamasa (松平忠祗)||1749|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 4th, Lower Grade (従四位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- |colspan=6| 25px '''Toda clan,''' 1749 - 1774 (''fudai daimyo'') |- ||1||Toda Tadamitsu (戸田忠盈)||1749 – 1774||''Hyuga-no-kami'' (日向守)|| Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||77,000 ''koku'' |- ||2||Toda Tadatō (戸田忠寛)||1754 – 1774||''Iki-no-kami'' (壱岐守)|| Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||77,000 ''koku'' |- |colspan=6| 25px '''Matsudaira (Fukōzu) clan,''' 1774 - 1871 (''fudai daimyo'') |- ||1||Matsudaira Tadahiro (松平忠恕)||1774 – 1792||''Yamato-no-kami'' (大和守)|| Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||2||Matsudaira Tadayori (松平忠馮0||1792 – 1819|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||3||Matsudaira Tadayoshi (松平忠侯)||1819 – 1840|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||4||Matsudaira Tadanari (松平忠誠)||1840 – 1847|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||5||Matsudaira Tadakiyo (松平忠精) ||1847 – 1859|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||6||Matsudaira Tadaatsu (松平忠淳)||1859 – 1860|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||7||Matsudaira Tadachika (松平忠愛)||1860 – 1862|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- ||8||Matsudaira Tadakazu (松平忠和)||1862 – 1871|| ''Tonomori-no-tsukasa'' (主殿頭) || Junior 5th Lower Grade (従五位下) ||65,000 ''koku'' |- |}

===Simplified genealogy (Matsudaira-Fukōzu)=== {{Tree list}} *Matsudaira Nobumitsu, 3rd head of the Matsudaira (c. {{circa|1400}} – {{circa|1488–89}}) **Chikatada, 4th head of the Matsudaira (c. 1431–1531) ***{{Tree list/final branch}} Nagachika, 5th head of the Matsudaira (1473–1544) ****{{Tree list/final branch}} Nobutada, 6th head of the Matsudaira (1490–1531) *****{{Tree list/final branch}} Kiyoyasu, 7th head of the Matsudaira (1511–1536) ******Usui-hime, m. Sakai Tadatsugu (1527–1596) *******{{Tree list/final branch}} Ogasawara Nobuyuki, 1st ''daimyō'' of Koga (1570–1614) ********{{Tree list/final branch}} daughter, (m.?) Mizuno Tadasada *********{{Tree list/final branch}} daughter, m. Tsuchiya Kazunao, 1st ''daimyō'' of Tsuchiura (1608–1679) **********{{Tree list/final branch}} Tsuchiya Masanao, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Tsuchiura (1641–1722) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} Tsuchiya Nobunao, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Tsuchiura (1696–1734) ************{{Tree list/final branch}} daughter, m. 15px '''IV. Matsudaira Tadatoki, 4th ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1st creation)''' (1716–1749; r. 1738–1749). *************15px '''V. Tadamasa, 5th ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1st creation)''' ({{circa|1737–38}} – 1801; r. 1749) *************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''I. Tadahiro, 1st ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation, cr. 1774)''' ({{circa|1740–42}} – 1792; r. 1774–1792) **************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''II. Tadayori, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation)''' (1771–1819; r. 1792–1819) ***************15px '''III. Tadayoshi, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation)''' (1799–1840; r. 1819–1840) ****************15px '''IV. Tadanari, 4th ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation)''' (1824–1847; r. 1840–1847) ****************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''V. Tadakiyo, 5th ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation)''' (1832–1859; r. 1847–1859) ***************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tadaatsu ****************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''VII. Tadachika, 7th ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation)''' (1845–1862; r. 1860–1862) ******{{Tree list/final branch}} Hirotada, 8th head of the Matsudaira (1526–1549) *******{{Tree list/final branch}}20px '''Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1st Tokugawa ''shōgun''''' (1543–1616; r. 1603–1605) ********Matsudaira Nobuyasu (1559–1579) *********{{Tree list/final branch}} Kuma-hime (1577–1626), m. Honda Tadamasa, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Kuwana (1575–1631) **********{{Tree list/final branch}} Kuni-hime (1595–1649), m. Arima Naozumi, ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1586–1641) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} daughter, m. Akimoto Tomitomo, 1st ''daimyō'' of Yamura (1610–1657) ************{{Tree list/final branch}} daughter, m. Toda Takamasa, 1st ''daimyō'' of Sakura (1632–1699) *************{{Tree list/final branch}} Toda Tadaaki **************Toda Tadami, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Utsunomiya (1689–1746) ***************Toda Tadamitsu, ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1730–1781) ***************{{Tree list/final branch}} Toda Tadatō, ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1739–1801) **************{{Tree list/final branch}} daughter, m. 15px '''II. Matsudaira Tadakatsu, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1st creation)''' (1673–1736; r. 1698–1735). He adopted a distant relation: ***************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''''III. Matsudaira Tadami, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1st creation)''''' (1712–1738; r. 1735–1738). He adopted a cousin, Tadatoki, son of Matsudaira Kankei, a ''hatamoto'' (see above): ********Kame-hime (1560–1625), m. Okudaira Nobumasa, 1st ''daimyō'' of Kanō (1555–1615) *********{{Tree list/final branch}} Matsudaira Tadaaki, 1st ''daimyō'' of Himeji (1583–1644) **********{{Tree list/final branch}} Eshō-in, m. Nabeshima Tadanao (1613–1635) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} Nabeshima Mitsushige, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Saga (1632–1700) ************{{Tree list/final branch}} Nabeshima Muneshige, 5th ''daimyō'' of Saga (1687–1755) *************{{Tree list/final branch}} Nabeshima Harushige, 8th ''daimyō'' of Saga (1745–1805) **************{{Tree list/final branch}} daughter, m. Date Munetada, 7th ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1792–1889) ***************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''VI. Matsudaira Tadaatsu, 6th ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation)''' (1841–1860; r. 1859–1860) ********{{Tree list/final branch}} Tokugawa Yorifusa, 1st ''daimyō'' of Mito (1603–1661) *********{{Tree list/final branch}} Matsudaira Yorishige, 1st ''daimyō'' of Takamatsu (1622–1695) **********{{Tree list/final branch}} Yoritoshi (1661–1687) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}} Yoritoyo, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Takamatsu (1680–1735) ************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tokugawa Munetaka, 4th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1705–1730) *************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tokugawa Munemoto, 5th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1728–1766) **************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tokugawa Harumori, 6th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1751–1805) ***************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tokugawa Harutoshi, 7th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1773–1816) ****************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tokugawa Nariaki, 9th ''daimyō'' of Mito (1800–1860) *****************{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''VIII. Tadakazu, 8th ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (2nd creation), 8th family head, 1st Viscount''' (1851–1917; ''daimyō'': 1862–1869; Governor: 1869–1871; family head: 1862–1917; Viscount: cr. 1884) ******************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tadaii (1870–1909) *******************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''Tadaryō, 9th family head, 2nd Viscount''' (1903–1934; 9th family head and 2nd Viscount: 1917–1934) ********************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''Tadasada, 10th family head, 3rd Viscount''' (born 1928; 10th family head: 1934–present; 3rd Viscount: 1934–1947) *********************Tadatsugu (b. 1965) *********************{{Tree list/final branch}} Tadaoki (b. 1967) **{{Tree list/final branch}} Tadakage (d. 1485) ***{{Tree list/final branch}} Tadasada ****{{Tree list/final branch}} Yoshikage (1517–1561) *****{{Tree list/final branch}} Koretada (1537–1575) ******{{Tree list/final branch}} Ietada, ''daimyō'' of Omigawa (1555–1600) *******{{Tree list/final branch}} Tadatoshi, 1st ''daimyō'' of Yoshida (1582–1632) ********{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''I. Tadafusa, 1st ''daimyō'' of Shimabara (1st creation, cr. 1669)''' (1619–1700; ''daimyō'': 1669–1698) {{Tree list/end}} <ref>[https://reichsarchiv.jp/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88/%E6%B7%B1%E6%BA%9D%E6%9D%BE%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%B6#ietada600 Genealogy (jp)]</ref>

== See also == * List of Han * Abolition of the han system

==References== {{reflist}}

==External links== * [http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/kyushu/simabara.html "Shimabara" at Edo 300] {{in lang|ja}}

Category:Domains of Japan Category:History of Nagasaki Prefecture Category:Hizen Province Category:Kyushu region Category:Toda clan