Sharhorod

{{short description|City in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Sharhorod | native_name = Шаргород | native_name_lang = uk | other_name = {{Lang|pl|Szarogród}} | settlement_type = [[City status in Ukraine|City]] | image_skyline = File:Миколаївський собор Шаргород.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Saint Nicholas Cathedral | image_flag = | image_shield = Sargorod.gif | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|Oblast]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Vinnytsia Oblast]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Zhmerynka Raion]] | established_title = Founded | established_date = 1585 | established_title1 = [[Magdeburg rights]] | established_date1 = 1588 | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 6.87 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2022 | population_note = | population_total = 6982 | population_footnotes = <ref name="ua2022estimate"/> | population_metro = | population_density_km2 = auto | pushpin_map = Ukraine Vinnytsia Oblast#Ukraine | pushpin_label_position =  | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sharhorod | pushpin_mapsize = | elevation_m = 245| | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 23500 - 23504 | area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes in Ukraine|Area code]] | area_code = +380 4344 | blank_info = | blank1_info = | website = {{URL|shargorod-miskrada.gov.ua}} | footnotes = | subdivision_type3 = [[Hromada]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Sharhorod urban hromada]] }} '''Sharhorod''' ({{Langx|uk|Шаргород}}, {{IPA|uk|ˈʃɑrɦorod|ipa|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Шаргород.wav}}) is a small [[List of cities in Ukraine|city]] located upon the Murashka river in the historical region of [[Podolia|Eastern Podolia]] in [[Vinnytsia Oblast]], Ukraine.<ref name=ency/> It served as the administrative center of the former [[Sharhorod Raion]] until its dissolution in 2020. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2022|6,982|.}}

Sharhorod also has a number of foreign names, such as {{Langx|ru|Шаргород}}, {{Transliteration|ru|Shargorod}}, and {{Langx|pl|Szarogród}}.

==History==

===Early history=== Sharhorod was founded in 1585 by [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] chancellor and hetman, [[Jan Zamoyski]] as a fortress. It emerged on the site of the village of Korchmarove, which existed on the location in the 15th century.<ref name=ency>{{Cite book|title=Енциклопедія українознавства. Словникова частина (ЕУ-II)|date=2000|volume=10|pages=3789-3792}}</ref> It was located very close to the border with the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Jan Zamoyski was known for establishing the [[Zamoyski family entail]].

Sharhorod received city rights under [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg law]] in 1588.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imsu-vinnycja.com/mista-i-sela-vinnyckoi-oblasti/shargorodskyj-rajon/shargorod.html|title=Шаргород|website=Вінницька область у складі УРСР | Інформаційно-пізнавальний портал|access-date=Apr 3, 2020}}</ref> Zamoyski later was heavily involved in neighboring "[[Moldavian Magnate Wars|Moldavian Ventures]]" and Sharhorod is located relatively close to [[Moldavia]].

Because of its location along wine and cattle trading routes, during the 16th and 17th centuries Sharhorod was fought over by [[Zaporozhian Cossacks|Cossacks]], Poles and [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]].<ref name=ency/> It emerged as one of the largest towns in Podolia. The Turks occupied Sharhorod between 1672 and 1699, when the town was called "Little Istanbul".<ref name=ency/> During that time, the [[Synagogue (Sharhorod)|synagogue]] was converted into a [[mosque]]. In the nineteenth century, the town became a center of Jewish [[Hasidism]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hUjJAAAAQBAJ&q=Sharhorod Veidlinger, Jeffrey, "In the Shadow of the Shtetl: Small Town Jewish Life in Soviet Ukraine]", Indiana University Press, 2013 p.28</ref>

A [[Basilian monks|Basilian]] monastery was established in Sharhorod in 1717; in 1795 it was transferred to the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] and functioned until its dissolution during the 1920s.<ref name=ency/>

Rabbi [[Jacob Joseph of Polonne]] fled to [[Raşcov]] as a result of being exiled from Sharhorod. Having been the rabbi of Sharhorod for several years, Rabbi Jacob Joseph was expelled from his position on a Friday afternoon in 1748. In several of his [[History of responsa in Judaism|''responsa'']], which he wrote in Raşcov, he reveals the suffering which he had undergone.<ref>Dresner ''Zaddik''; p. 57</ref> He would later leave Raşcov after being appointed rabbi in [[Nemirov]], a center of [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidism]], where he practiced daily fasting for five years, until the [[Besht]] came upon him.

From 1776 to 1792, the 7th Polish National Cavalry Brigade was garrisoned in Szarogród.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|page=9}}</ref>

Sharhorod was briefly described in a book titled: "Geographic Dictionary of Polish Kingdom and other Slavic places," published in Warsaw in Poland.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_XI/800|title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XI - wynik wyszukiwania - DIR|language=pl|trans-title=Geographical dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and other Slavic countries, Volume XI - search result - DIR |website=dir.icm.edu.pl|access-date=Apr 3, 2020}}</ref>

===World War II=== In 1939, 1,660 Jews lived in Sharhorod, making up three quarters of the population. On July 22, 1941, German troops occupied Sharhorod. The soldiers harassed Jews and looted their property. Jews were forced to pay taxes and wear an armband with a Jewish star. In the fall of 1941, Sharhorod became part of the newly established Romanian "[[Transnistria Governorate]]" Five thousand Jews were deported from [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina]] to Sharhorod. Compared to many other ghettos in [[Transnistria]], especially smaller ones, living conditions were tolerable despite [[Forced labour|forced labor]]: there was a bakery, a soup kitchen for the poor, and a functioning administration; even the large synagogue was reopened. Many of the Jews in the Shargorod ghetto died of disease, 1,449 from a typhus epidemic in early 1942, or were deported to [[labor camp]]s, leaving only about 2,971 deported Jews (2,731 from Bukovina and 240 from Bessarabia) alive on September 1, 1943, though about 500 Jews originally from Dorohoi were relocated to the village of Capushterna in 1943, as a part of the relocation of 1,000 Jews to ten nearby villages.<ref name="shargorod.sharrayrada.org.ua">{{cite web|title=Історія міста Шаргород|language=uk|url=http://www.shargorod.sharrayrada.org.ua/istoriya-mista-shargorod/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821132055/http://shargorod.sharrayrada.gov.ua/istoriya-mista-shargorod/|trans-title=History of the city of Shargorod |archive-date = 2016-08-21|access-date=2020-12-10}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge">{{cite journal |last1=Ploscariu |first1=Iemma |title=The Shargorod Ghetto During the Holocaust in Romanian Transnistria |journal=Nationalities Papers |date=January 2019 |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=121–135 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/nps.2018.16 |s2cid=158395220 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish traces in Sharhorod |url=https://www.memorialmuseums.org/memorialmuseum/Jewish-traces-in-Sharhorod |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Memorial Museums |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shargorod">{{cite web |title=Shargorod |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/shargorod |website=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=February 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>Yitzak Arad, ''The Holocaust in the Soviet Union'' (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009), p. 302-303.</ref> Four Jews in Shargorod died because of typhus between October 1942 and February 1943.<ref name="Radu Ioanid 2000 p. 206">Radu Ioanid, ''The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of the Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime'' (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), p. 206.</ref><ref>Jean Ancel, ''Transnistria'' (Bucuresti: Atlas, 1998), vol. 3 (in Romanian), p. 36.</ref> Six Jews were executed on March 20, 1942, for leaving the ghetto without permission.<ref>Julius S. Fisher, ''Transnistria, The Forgotten Cemetery'' (South Brunswick: Thomas Yoseloff, 1969), p. 35.</ref> The number of local Transnistrian Jews in Shargorod was originally 1,800 in round numbers in late 1941.<ref name="Radu Ioanid 2000 p. 206"/><ref name="Jean Ancel 1998 p. 35">Jean Ancel, ''Transnistria'' (Bucuresti: Atlas, 1998), vol. 3 (in Romanian), p. 35.</ref> The number was almost equally large on January 31, 1943, 1,800 in round numbers.<ref>Radu Ioanid, ''The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of the Jews and Gypsies Under the Antonescu Regime'' (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000), p. 221.</ref><ref name="Jean Ancel 1998 p. 35"/> According to a survivor of the deportations from Suceava in Bukovina, Zeef Scharf, "There were very few victims among the local Jews because the typhus was a customary thing in these areas and almost all the locals had gotten natural immunity".<ref>See Jean Ancel, ''Transnistria'' (Bucuresti: Atlas, 1998), vol. 3 (in Romanian), p. 35.</ref> About 400 Jews fled to Shargorod from elsewhere, including the German-occupied area east of the Bug River, and were provided by the local Jewish committee with the necessary documents.<ref>Yitzak Arad, ''The Holocaust in the Soviet Union'' (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009), p. 303.</ref> The leader of the Jewish community in Shargorod in 1941-1944 was [[Meier Teich]], the former leader of the Jewish community in Suceava.

According to the [[Yad Vashem]] database, the number of Jews who lived in Shargorod whose names are available, including the deportees, who died in the Holocaust was 2,652.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Out of these, 124 Jews whose names are listed in the Yad Vashem database had lived in Ukraine before the war.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Ukraine&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Out of these, 93 had lived in Shargorod before the war, and some had been killed by the Germans before the arrival of the Romanians.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Before the war, 2,145 of those who died during the Holocaust in Shargorod had lived in Romania before the war according to the Yad Vashem database.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Romania&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Out of them, 1,672 had lived in Bukovina before the war.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bukovina&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Out of these, 673 had lived in Suceava before the war,<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Suceava&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> while 566 had lived in [[Câmpulung Moldovenesc|Campulung Moldovenesc]].<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Campulung&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Moreover, 76 had lived in Bessarabia before the war,<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bessarabia&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> while 301 had lived in Dorohoi and the adjacent localities.<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Dorohoi&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Among the latter, many who died came from smaller towns in Dorohoi County and their adjacent villages, namely Darabani (58 dead),<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Darabani&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Mihaileni (14 people),<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Mihaileni&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> and Saveni (9 people).<ref>Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=1&s_place_permanent_search_en=Saveni&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> Shargorod was one of the minority of the localities localities in Transnistria where most Bessarabian Jewish deportees survived the Holocaust. Most of the Bessarabian Jews who died in Shargorod whose names are known came from the city of [[Khotyn|Hotin]] and [[Hotin County]].<ref>Yad Vashem Collections - Names - Search Results/Yad Vashem, the World Holocaust Remembrance Center (in Israel), at https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/names/search-results?page=4&s_place_permanent_search_en=Bessarabia&t_place_permanent_search_en=yvSynonym&s_place_death_search_en=Shargorod&t_place_death_search_en=yvSynonym</ref> For more information on the Holocaust in [[Transnistria]], including on the fate of the Jewish deportees from Romania, including Bukovina and Bessarabia, see [[History of the Jews in Transnistria]].

===Postwar era=== In 1984 the city's population reached 4,800 inhabitants. During that time Sharhorod was a centre of [[food industry]].<ref name=ency/>

==Religious buildings==

===Orthodox=== St. Nicolas Orthodox Monastery - founded in 1719, initially constructed in 1782 and rebuilt in 1806–1818.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shargorod-mon.church.ua/|title=Свято-Николаевский Шаргородский мужской монастырь | Официальный сайт монастыря|website=shargorod-mon.church.ua|access-date=Apr 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="castles.com.ua">{{cite web|url=https://castles.com.ua/shargorod.html|title=Шаргород|website=castles.com.ua|access-date=Apr 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ukrainaincognita.com">{{cite web|url=http://ukrainaincognita.com/ru/kostely/shargorod|title=Шаргород | Украина Инкогнита|website=ukrainaincognita.com|access-date=Apr 3, 2020}}</ref>

===Catholic=== St. Florian Catholic Cathedral - opened on November 3, 1525.<ref name="castles.com.ua"/><ref name="ukrainaincognita.com"/>

===Jewish=== [[Synagogue (Sharhorod)|Synagogue]] - built in 1589.<ref name="castles.com.ua"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/14748/|title=Шаргород|website=Электронная еврейская энциклопедия ОРТ|access-date=Apr 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="ukrainaincognita.com"/>

==Culture== The international modern arts festival "Art-City: Sharhorod" is conducted in Sharhorod.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazeta.zn.ua/CULTURE/art-shargorod_shok_i_trepet.html |title=Арт-Шаргород: шок и трепет - Культура - останні новини театру, кіно, музики і мистецтва - gazeta.zn.ua |access-date=2016-05-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407161436/http://gazeta.zn.ua/CULTURE/art-shargorod_shok_i_trepet.html |archive-date=2016-04-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://graffitizone.kiev.ua/|title=GRAFFITIZONE|website=graffitizone.kiev.ua|access-date=Apr 3, 2020}}</ref>

Professional painters, amateur painters, art collectors and tourists from various countries like to attend the international modern arts festival "Art-City: Sharhorod".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karasgallery.com/ru/gallery/40/painter |title=Karas Gallery - Karas Gallery |website=www.karasgallery.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602234234/http://www.karasgallery.com/ru/gallery/40/painter |archive-date=2 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Transportation==

===Railway transportation=== The nearest railway connection is the Yaroshenka railway station, located 28 km from the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uz.gov.ua/|title=Офіційний веб-сайт Укрзалізниці|website=www.uz.gov.ua|access-date=Apr 3, 2020|archive-date=September 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922230026/https://www.uz.gov.ua/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Automobile transportation=== There is a bus station in downtown Sharhorod. The road distance to [[Zmerynka]] is 37 km. The distance to [[Bar, Ukraine]] is around 60 km. The distance to [[Vinnytsia]] is 80.8 km. The distance to [[Kyiv]] is 330 km.

==Notable people== [[Jacob Joseph of Polonne]], a [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Ukrainian]] rabbi and one of the first and most dedicated of the disciples of the founder of Chassidut, the Holy [[Baal Shem Tov]].

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Костьол Святого Флоріана Шарого P1530501.jpg|St. Florian Catholic church File:Синагога в Шаргороді.jpg|Synagogue File:Sharhorod - Jewish shtetl (04).jpg|View of the Jewish [[shtetl]] of Sharhorod during the 1930s File:Шаргород.png|Emblem of Sharhorod on a 19th century map File:Schar1.jpg|Historic image of Sharhorod </gallery> {{Panorama |image=File:Banner DSCN2034 Шаргород.jpg |fullwidth=20000 |fullheight=2200 |caption=Modern skyline |alt= |height=210 }}

==See also== *[[History of the Jews in Bessarabia]] *[[History of the Jews in Transnistria]] *[[History of the Jews in Bukovina]] *[[Mohyliv-Podilskyi]] *[[Dorohoi]] *[[Dorohoi County]] *[[Suceava]] *[[Meier Teich]]

==References== {{Commons category|Sharhorod}} {{reflist}}

==Further reading== *[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-nov-09-mn-51918-story.html Tombstones Define Dying Shtetl in Ukraine, Los Angeles Times, 1997]

== External links == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWD1TOR8vVs Sharhorod Fortress screened from a drone].

[[Category:Cities in Vinnytsia Oblast]] [[Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine]] [[Category:Mogilev uezd (Podolia Governorate)]] [[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine]] [[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]] [[Category:Sharhorod| ]]