She Chinese

{{Short description|Sinitic language of China}} {{For|the [[Hmongic languages|Hmongic language]] of Guangdong|She language}} {{Infobox language | name = She Chinese | nativename = ''Shanha'' | altname = Shehua | states = [[Fujian]], [[Zhejiang]] | region = | ethnicity = [[She people|She]] | speakers = 400,000 | date = 2002 | ref = <ref name="You2002">You Wenliang 游文良. 2002. ''Shezu yuyan'' 畲族语言. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press 福建人民出版社. {{ISBN|7-211-03885-3}}</ref><ref>You (2002:29)</ref> | familycolor = Sino-Tibetan | fam2 = [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] | fam3 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | fam4 = [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan language|Proto-Sino-Tibetan]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Chinese]] | ancestor3 = [[Proto-Hakka]] | iso3 = none | glotto = | glottorefname = | lingua = 79-AAA-gbf | map = | mapcaption = | script = [[Chinese characters]] }} '''She Chinese''' or '''Shehua''' ({{linktext|lang=zh|畲话}}, ''Shēhuà'', meaning 'She speech') is an unclassified [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] [[ethnolect]] and spoken by the [[She people]] of Southeastern China. It is also called '''Shanha''', '''San-hak''' ({{lang|zh|山哈}})<ref name="Wu2014"/> or '''Shanhahua''' ({{lang|zh|山哈话}}). She speakers are located mainly in [[Fujian]] and [[Zhejiang]] provinces of Southeastern China, with smaller numbers of speakers in a few locations of [[Jiangxi]] (in [[Guixi]] and [[Yanshan County, Jiangxi|Yanshan County]]), [[Guangdong]] (in [[Chaozhou]] and [[Fengshun County]]) and [[Anhui]] (in [[Ningguo]]) provinces.<ref name="You2002"/>

''Shēhuà'' ({{lang|zh|畲话}}) is not to be confused with [[She language|Shēyǔ]] ({{lang|zh|畲语}}, also known as Ho Ne), which is a [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien language]] spoken in East-Central [[Guangdong]]. She and Sheyu speakers have separate histories and identities, although both are officially classified by the Chinese government as [[She people]]. The [[Gejia language|Dongjia]] of [[Majiang County]], [[Guizhou]] are also officially classified as [[She people]], but speak a [[West Hmongic|Western Hmongic language]] closely related to Chong'anjiang Miao ({{lang|zh|重安江苗语}}).

==History== During the [[Tang dynasty]], She speakers lived in the [[Jiangxi]]-[[Guangdong]]-[[Fujian]] border region. Afterwards, they moved to their present locations further to the northeast.<ref name="You2002"/>

==Classification== Some linguists consider She to be a variety of [[Hakka Chinese]], while others consider it to be an unclassified variety of Chinese that has received some influence from Hakka and is part of Hakka.<ref name="You2002"/> Hiroki Nakanishi (2010) considers She to be a [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] dialect that may have a [[She language|Sheyu]] (Hmongic) [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]].{{Sfn|Nakanishi|2010}} However, Zhao (2004) considers She to be an independent branch of Chinese, and that it should not be classified within Hakka.<ref>赵则玲. 2004. 试论畲话的归属. 《语言科学》2004年第5期87-94,共8页.</ref>

Depending on their locations, She dialects have been variously influenced by [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], [[Wu Chinese|Wu]], and [[Min Chinese|Min]].

==Dialects== You (2002:31-35)<ref name="You2002"/> divides She into 9 dialectal areas (''fangyan qu'' 方言区), and with respective locations and speaker demographics from You (2002) listed as well. The Eastern [[Fujian]] and Southern [[Zhejiang]] dialectal areas each have over 100,000 speakers, while the smallest dialectal areas are in [[Guangdong]] and [[Jiangxi]], with each having only a few thousand speakers. Altogether, there are more than 400,000 She speakers in China.<ref name="You2002"/> * '''Mindong''' ({{lang|zh|闽东区}}, Eastern [[Fujian]]), spoken in the counties of [[Fu'an]] 福安, [[Fuding]] 福鼎, Xiapu 霞浦, Ningde 宁德, Shouning 寿宁, Zhouning 周宁, Zherong 柘荣, Pingnan 屏南, [[Luoyuan County|Luoyuan]] 罗源, Lianjiang 连江, Fuzhou 福州郊区, Minhou 闽侯, Minqing 闽清, and Yongqin 永泰. 184,000 speakers. In contact with [[Eastern Min]]. * '''Minbei''' ({{lang|zh|闽北区}}, Northern [[Fujian]]), spoken in the counties of Nanping 南平, Jian'ou 建瓯, Jianyang 建阳, Shaowu 邵武, [[Shunchang County|Shunchang]] 顺昌, and Guangze 光泽. 21,000 speakers. In contact with [[Northern Min]]. * '''Minzhong''' ({{lang|zh|闽中区}}, Central [[Fujian]]), spoken in the counties of [[Sanming]] 三明, Yong'an 永安, Shaxian 沙县, and Ninghua 宁化. Also spoken in Shuangguishan 双贵山, [[Youxi County]], Fujian.<ref name="Wu2014">Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2014. Northern and Southern Vernaculars of She (San-hak): On Shuangguishan, Youxi County, Fujian Province / 畲話的南北分片問題: 以閩中尤溪雙貴山為例的探討. In 客家研究第七卷第二期, 2014 年12 月39-62 頁.</ref> 12,000 speakers. In contact with [[Central Min]]. * '''Minnan''' ({{lang|zh|闽南区}}, [[Southern Fujian]]), spoken in the counties of Licheng District 鲤城区 (in Quanzhou), Anxi 安溪, Dehua 德化, Yongchun 永春, [[Hua'an County|Hua'an]] 华安, Longyan 龙岩, and Zhangping 漳平. 12,000 speakers. In contact with [[Southern Min]]. In [[Zhangping]] City, Shanyangge She 山羊隔畲话<ref>林清书. 2008. 山羊隔畲族村的语言传承和语言使用现状. 《龙岩学院学报》 2008年第2期87-91,共5页.</ref> is spoken by over 800 people in the two villages of Shanyangge 山羊隔, Guilin Township 桂林乡, and Jianci 尖祠, Xi'nan Township 溪南乡.<ref name="Longyan1992">Lin Jinlu, etc. Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer Editorial Committee 龙岩地区地方志编纂委员会编; 总编林金禄. 1992. Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer 福建省龙岩地区志. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press 上海人民出版社.</ref> Shanyangge She is distinct from Shejiake 畲家客, which is a [[Southern Min]] dialect spoken by over 100 people in Zhangping County in the two villages of Changta Village 长塔村, Xianghu Township 象湖乡 and Wei Village 尾村, Shuangyang Township 双洋乡.<ref name="Longyan1992"/> * '''Zhenan''' ({{lang|zh|浙南区}}, Southern [[Zhejiang]]), spoken in the counties of Pingyang 平阳, [[Cangnan County|Cangnan]] 苍南, Rui'an 瑞安, Wencheng 文成, Taishun 泰顺, [[Lishui, Zhejiang|Lishui]] 丽水, [[Jingning She Autonomous County|Jingning]] 景宁, Yunhe 云和, Longquan 龙泉, Songyang 松阳, Qingtian 青田, and Wuyi 武义. 120,000 speakers. In contact with [[Wu Chinese]]. * '''Zhezhong''' ({{lang|zh|浙中区}}, Central [[Zhejiang]]), spoken in the counties of [[Longyou County|Longyou]] 龙游, Quxian 衢县, Lanxi 兰溪, Jinhua 金华, and Suichang 遂昌. 23,000 speakers. In contact with [[Wu Chinese]]. * '''Zhebei''' ({{lang|zh|浙北区}}, Northern [[Zhejiang]]), spoken in the counties of Tonglu 桐庐, Jiande 建德, Lin'an 临安, Fuyang 富阳, and Anji 安吉. 13,000 speakers. In contact with [[Wu Chinese]]. * '''Yuedong''' ({{lang|zh|粤东区}}, Eastern [[Guangdong]]), spoken in the counties of [[Chaozhou]] 潮州 and [[Fengshun County|Fengshun]] 丰顺. 2,200 speakers. In contact with the [[Teochew dialect]] of [[Southern Min]]. In [[Fengshun County]], it is spoken in Fengping Village 凤坪村, Tanjiang Town 潭江镇.<ref>大岛广美. 2011. 丰顺县凤坪村畲话的上声调嘎裂声. 《文化遗产》 中文社会科学引文索引 2011年第3期共6页.</ref> You, Lei & Lan (2005) document the She variety of Fenghuangshan 凤凰山 ("Phoenix Mountain") in eastern Guangdong.<ref>You Wenliang 游文良; Lei Nan 雷楠; Lan Ruitang 蓝瑞汤. 2005. ''Fenghuangshan Sheyu'' 凤凰山畲语. Jilin People's Press 吉林人民出版社.</ref> * '''Gandong''' ({{lang|zh|赣东区}}, Eastern [[Jiangxi]]), spoken in the counties of [[Guixi]] 贵溪 and Yanshan 铅山. 4,000 speakers. In contact with [[Gan Chinese]]. The She variety of Taiyuan 太源畲族乡, [[Yanshan County, Jiangxi]] has been documented in detail by Hu & Hu (2013),<ref>Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. ''Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu'' 铅山太源畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.</ref> while the She variety of Zhangping Township 樟坪畲族乡, [[Guixi]] City, [[Jiangxi]] has been documented in detail by Liu (2008).<ref>Liu Lunxin 刘纶鑫. 2008. ''Guixi Zhangping Shehua yanjiu'' 贵溪樟坪畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.</ref>

In [[Anhui]] Province, there is also a She dialect spoken by about 2,400 people in Yunti She Ethnic Township ({{lang|zh|云梯畲族乡}}), [[Ningguo City]] that has been influenced by [[Lower Yangtze Mandarin]].<ref name="Wu2004">Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2004. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/11296/9t6zqe Languages of She Minority] / Shezu yuyan yanjiu'' 畬族語言研究. Ph.D. dissertation. Hsinchu, Taiwan: [[National Tsing Hua University]] 國立清華大學語言研究所.</ref><ref>钱虹. 2015. 语言接触下的畲话语音变迁——以安徽宁国云梯畲话为例. 《广西民族大学学报: 哲学社会科学版》2015年第1期163-167,共5页.</ref>

You (2002)<ref name="You2002"/> provides a comparative vocabulary list for the following 13 datapoints. The Zhebei dialectal area 浙北方言区 has not been included by You (2002). # [[Fu'an]] 福安, [[Ningde]], [[Fujian]] (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区) # [[Fuding]] 福鼎, [[Ningde]], [[Fujian]] (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区; includes Xiamen She Ethnic Township 硖门畲族乡) # [[Luoyuan County|Luoyuan]] 罗源, [[Fuzhou]], [[Fujian]] (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区) # [[Sanming]] 三明, [[Fujian]] (Minzhong dialectal area 闽中方言区) # [[Shunchang County|Shunchang]] 顺昌, [[Nanping]] 南平, [[Fujian]] (Minbei dialectal area 闽北方言区) # [[Hua'an County|Hua'an]] 华安, [[Zhangzhou]] 华安, southern [[Fujian]] (Minnan dialectal area 闽北方言区) # [[Guixi]] 贵溪, [[Yingtan]] 鹰潭, [[Jiangxi]] (Gandong dialectal area 赣东方言区) # [[Cangnan County|Cangnan]] 苍南, [[Wenzhou]] 温州, [[Zhejiang]] (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区) # [[Jingning She Autonomous County|Jingning]] 景宁, [[Liandu District|Lishui]] 丽水, [[Zhejiang]] (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区) # [[Lishui, Zhejiang|Lishui]] 丽水, [[Zhejiang]] (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区) # [[Longyou County|Longyou]] 龙游, [[Quzhou]] 衢州, [[Zhejiang]] (Zhezhong dialectal area 浙中方言区; includes Muchen She Ethnic Township 沐尘畲族乡) # [[Chaozhou]] 潮州, [[Guangdong]] (Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区) # [[Fengshun County|Fengshun]] 丰顺, [[Meizhou]] 梅州, [[Guangdong]] (Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区)

==Distribution== The following maps show ethnic [[She people|She]] townships and other administrative divisions (highlighted in magenta) in [[Zhejiang]], [[Fujian]], and [[Jiangxi]] provinces. The [[She people]] of these three provinces speak She, while the She of central [[Guangdong]] and [[Guizhou]] speak [[Hmongic languages]].

The most She speakers are located in [[Ningde]] Prefecture, [[Fujian]], and [[Wenzhou]] and [[Lishui]] Prefectures, [[Zhejiang]]. Smaller communities of She speakers are located in central Zhejiang, southern Fujian, the mountainous interior of western Fujian, southeastern Anhui, eastern Guangdong, and northeastern Jiangxi near its border with Fujian.<ref name="You2002"/> It is not known whether She is spoken by She people living in central and southern Jiangxi. {{gallery |width=200 |File:She ethnic county, townships and towns in Zhejiang.png|She ethnic county, townships and towns in [[Zhejiang]] |File:She ethnic townships in Fujian.png|She ethnic townships in [[Fujian]] |File:She ethnic townships in Jiangxi.png|She ethnic townships in [[Jiangxi]] }}

==Phonology== She is a very dialectally uniform language. Like many southern Chinese languages, it has syllables with stop codas, traditionally considered as part of a separate tone class. Much like its sister branch [[Hakka Chinese]], it has the same three nasal codas as well as three stop codas. However, the /k/ coda has evolved into a [[glottal stop]].

===Consonants===

In addition to the consonants listed below, She also has a null initial, often realized as a glottal stop.

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center |- !colspan=2| ![[labial consonant|Labial]] ![[dental consonant|Dental]] ![[alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveopalatal]] ![[velar consonant|Velar]] ![[glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- !colspan=2 |[[nasal consonant|Nasal]] |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} | |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |- !rowspan=2|[[plosive consonant|Plosive]] !{{small|[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]}} |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|k}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}}{{efn|This consonant only appears phonemically in syllable coda position.}} |- !{{small|[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]}} |{{IPA link|pʰ}} |{{IPA link|tʰ}} | |{{IPA link|kʰ}} | |- !rowspan=2|[[affricate consonant|Affricate]] !{{small|[[tenuis consonant|tenuis]]}} | |{{IPA link|ts}} |({{IPA link|tʃ}}){{efn|name="dialectal"|Consonants in parentheses are present in only some dialects.}} | | |- !{{small|[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]}} | |{{IPA link|tsʰ}} |({{IPA link|tʃʰ}}){{efn|name="dialectal"}} | | |- !rowspan=2 |[[fricative consonant|Fricative]] ! {{small|[[median consonant|median]]}} | |{{IPA link|s}} |({{IPA link|ʃ}}){{efn|name="dialectal"}} | |{{IPA link|h}} |- ! {{small|[[lateral consonant|lateral]]}} | | ({{IPA link|ɬ}}){{efn|name="dialectal"}} | | | |- !colspan=2|[[approximant consonant|Approximant]] | |{{IPA link|l}} | |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |}

{{notelist}}

Some dialects of She in eastern [[Fujian]] (including the [[Fu'an|Fú'ān]] and [[Fuding|Fúdǐng]] varieties) have the initial [[Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|voiceless lateral fricative]] ɬ- where other She dialects have an initial s-.

Only a limited number of consonants can act as a coda, including the nasals and the plain labial, dental, and glottal stops.

===Vowels===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ class="nowrap" | ! rowspan=2 | ! colspan=2 | [[Front vowel|Front]] ! rowspan=2 | [[Central vowel|Central]] ! rowspan=2 | [[Back vowel|Back]] |- ! {{small|[[Roundedness|unrounded]]}} ! {{small|[[Roundedness|rounded]]}} |- ! [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPA link|i}} || {{IPA link|y}}{{efn|This vowel is present in most dialects.}} || || {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] | {{IPA link|e}} || ({{IPA link|ø}}){{efn|name="dialectal"|Vowels in parentheses are present in only some dialects.}} || || {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] | ({{IPA link|ɛ}}){{efn|name="dialectal"}} || || || {{IPA link|ɔ}} |- ! [[Open vowel|Open]] | || || {{IPA link|ä|a}} || |}

{{notelist}}

The syllabic coronal consonant /z̩/, frequently known in Chinese linguistics as the apical vowel, is also found in some dialects of She.

===Tones=== She has 4 phonemic [[contour tone]]s, which can be organized into the following 6 [[four tones (Middle Chinese)|tone categories]] (You 2002:80-83); the Dark Going tone has merged into the Dark Level tone in the development of She. Almost all She dialects have identical tone values in each tone category, which are provided below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" && rowspan="2" | ! colspan="4" | Tone category |- ! Level 平 ! Rising 上 ! Going 去 ! Entering 入 |- ! rowspan="2" | Tone<br>register ! Dark 陰 | 1. 陰平<br>{{IPA|[˦]}} (44){{efn|Two dialects have different tone values: Yóu records the Huá'ān dialect as having {{IPA|[˧]}} (33)<ref>{{cite book |last=Yóu |first=Wénliáng 游文良 |year=2002 |title=Shēzú yǔyán 畬族語言 [The language of the She minority] |publisher=Fujian People's Publishing House |place=Fuzhou}}</ref> and Zhào records a Jǐngníng dialect as having a tone value of {{IPA|[˦˧]}} (43).<ref name="zhao2004">{{cite book |last=Zhào |first=Zélíng 趙則玲 |year=2004 |title=Zhèjiāng Shēzú yánjiù 浙江畬族研究 [A study of the She dialects of Zhejiang] |publisher=Zhejiang People's Publishing House |place=Hangzhou}}</ref>}}<br>Dark Level | 3. 上聲<br>{{IPA|[˧˥]}} (35){{efn|Several dialects also have tone values of {{IPA|[˨˩˧]}} (213), and Zhào records a Jǐngníng dialect as having a tone value of {{IPA|[˧˨˥]}} (325).<ref name="zhao2004" />}}<br>Rising tone | | 7. 陰入<br>{{IPA|[˥]}} (5)<br>Dark Entering |- ! Light 陽 | 2. 陽平<br>{{IPA|[˨]}} (22)<br>Light Level | | 6. 陽去<br>{{IPA|[˨˩]}}/{{IPA|[˦˨]}} (21 or 42)<br>Light Going | 8. 陽入<br>{{IPA|[˨]}} (2)<br>Light Entering |}

{{notelist}}

The Tàiyuán dialect may have more divergent tone values. Hú recorded the dialect as having {{IPA|[˨˩˨]}} (212) for its Light Level tone, {{IPA|[˨˥]}} (25) on its Rising tone, and {{IPA|[˦]}} (4) for its Dark Entering tone.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hú |first=Sōngbó 胡松柏 |year=2009 |title=Gàn dōngběi fāngyán dìaochá yánjiù 贑東北方言調查研究 [A survey study of the dialects of Northeast Jiangxi] |publisher=Jiangxi People's Publishing House |place=Nanchang}}</ref>

==Lexicon== ===Unique vocabulary=== You (2002:183-216)<ref name="You2002"/> notes that She has many unique vocabulary items that have no cognates in [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Gan Chinese|Gan]], [[Wu Chinese|Wu]], or any other [[Varieties of Chinese|Chinese language]]. Instead, many words have parallels in [[Hmong-Mien languages]] (You 2002:490-504), and in [[Tai languages|Tai]] and [[Kam-Sui language|Kam-Sui]] languages (You 2002:458-489). Other words appear to have no parallels in any other language family or branch (You 2002:505-518).

===Swadesh list=== Below is a vocabulary table comparing [[Swadesh list]]s of She ([[Fengshun County|Fengshun]]), Hakka ([[Boluo County|Boluo]]), and She ([[Boluo County|Boluo]]), from Gan (2011:188-191).<ref>Gan Chunyan 甘春妍. 2011. ''Boluo Sheyu yanjiu'' 博罗畲语研究. Tianjin: Nankai University Press 南开大学出版社. {{ISBN|978-7-310-03777-3}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" ! Chinese<br />gloss !! English<br />gloss !! She<br />(Fengshun) !! [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]<br />(Boluo) !! [[She language|She]]<br />(Boluo) |- | 我 || I || ŋai¹ || ŋai² || vaŋ⁴ |- | 你 || you || ŋi¹ || ŋi² || muŋ² |- | 我们 || we || ŋai¹nai⁶ŋin² || ŋai²ne⁶ || pa¹ |- | 这 || this || kai⁶ || lia⁶ || lja³ |- | 那 || that || hɔŋ⁶ || kai⁶ || u³ |- | 谁 || who || mɔi⁶ŋin² || nai⁵ŋin² || pe⁴le² |- | 什么 || what || mat⁷kai¹ || mat⁷kai⁵ || ha⁵la⁵ |- | 不 || not || — || m¹ || a⁶ |- | 全部 || all || — || tsʰiɛn²pu⁵ || tsʰjen⁵pʰu⁴ |- | 多 || many || tɔ¹ || tɔ¹ || u⁵ |- | 一 || one || ʒit⁷ || it² || i⁶ |- | 二 || two || ŋi⁶ || ŋi⁵ || u¹ |- | 大 || big || tʰai⁶ || tʰai⁶ || vɔŋ² |- | 长 || long || tʃʰɔŋ² || tsʰɔŋ² || ka¹ta³ |- | 小 || small || sai¹ || sɛ⁵ || sɔŋ¹ |- | 女人 || female || pu¹ŋioŋ²ŋin² || ŋi³ŋin² || le²va³ |- | 男人 || male || nam²ŋin² || lam²ŋin² || le²pu³ |- | 人 || person || ŋin² || ŋin² || le² |- | 鱼 || fish || ŋiu² || ŋ̩² || pja⁴ |- | 鸟 || bird || tau³ || tiau¹ || lɔ⁴taŋ¹ |- | 狗 || dog || kou³ || kiu³ || kja³ |- | 虱子 || louse || sɛt⁷ŋioŋ² || set⁷ || taŋ⁵ |- | 树 || tree || ʃu⁶ || su⁶ || tɔŋ⁵ |- | 种子 || seed || — || tsuŋ³tsi³ || ka³lɔ¹ |- | 叶子 || leaf || ʒep³ || jap⁸ || pjɔŋ² |- | 根 || root || || kin¹ || kʰjuŋ² |- | 树皮 || bark || — || su⁵pi² || tɔŋ⁵kʰu⁵ |- | 皮肤 || skin || pʰi² || pʰi² || kʰu⁵ |- | 肉 || meat || pi³ || ŋiuk⁷ || kwe² |- | 血 || blood || — || hiet⁷ || si³ |- | 骨头 || bone || || kut⁷ || suŋ³kɔ³ |- | 脂肪 || fat || — || — || — |- | 鸡蛋 || egg || lan³ || kai¹tsʰun² || kwe¹kja⁵ |- | 角 || horn || — || kɔk⁷ || kaŋ¹ |- | 尾 || tail || mui¹ || mui¹ || ka¹tɔ³ |- | 羽毛 || feather || — || iuŋ²mau¹ || pi¹ |- | 头发 || hair || tʰeu²mou¹ || tʰiu²mau¹ || kaŋ⁶kʰu⁵pi¹ |- | 头 || head || tʰeu² || tʰiu² || kaŋ⁶kʰu⁵ |- | 耳朵 || ear || ŋi³kʰuŋ⁶ || ŋi³kuŋ¹ || ka²kʰuŋ³ |- | 眼睛 || eye || ȵian³kʰiʔ⁸ || ŋan² || ka¹kʰɔ³ |- | 鼻子 || nose || pʰi⁶kuŋ⁶ || pʰi⁶ || ŋ̩³pju⁴ |- | 嘴 || mouth || tsɔi¹ || tsɔi⁵ || tjɔ² |- | 牙齿 || tooth || ŋa²tʃʰi³ || ŋa² || mun³ |- | 舌头 || tongue || ʃet⁸ma² || set⁸ma² || pi⁶ |- | 爪子 || claw || tsau³ || tsau³ || tsau⁵ |- | 脚 || foot || kioʔ⁷ || kiɔk⁷ || tɔ⁵ |- | 膝 || knee || kioʔ⁷puʔ⁷tʰeu³ || tsʰit⁷tʰiu² || tɔ⁵tʰju⁴kui³{{efn|kneecap 膝盖}} |- | 手 || hand || ʃeu³ || siu³ || kʰwa⁴ |- | 肚子 || belly || tu³ʃi³ || tu³pʰat⁸ || ŋiɔ³ka³ |- | 脖子 || neck || kiaŋ³ || kjaŋ³ || ka³kjen¹ |- | 乳房 || breast || — || ŋiɛn⁵pʰɔŋ² || ŋjuŋ³ |- | 心脏 || heart || ɕim¹ || sim¹ || fun¹ |- | 肝 || liver || kan¹ || kɔn¹ || fun¹ |- | 喝 || drink || — || hɔt⁷ || hɔ⁶ |- | 吃 || eat || ʃiʔ⁸ || sit⁸ || luŋ² |- | 咬 || bite || ŋieʔ⁸ || ŋau¹ || tʰu⁶ |- | 看见 || see || tʰai³ || tʰe³tʰau² || mɔ⁶pʰu⁶ |- | 听见 || hear || tʰaŋ⁵ || tʰaŋ⁵tʰau² || kuŋ⁵ |- | 知道 || know || tɛ¹ || ti¹ || pe¹ |- | 睡 || sleep || fun² || sɔi⁵ || pɔ⁵ |- | 死 || die || — || si² || tʰa⁴ |- | 杀 || kill || laʔ⁷ || sat⁷ || ta⁵ |- | 游泳 || swim || — || ju²sui³ || ka¹tu⁶kwe² |- | 飞 || fly || pui¹ || fui¹ || ŋi⁵ |- | 走 || go || ham² || tsiu² || ka¹pi¹ |- | 来 || come || lɔi² || lɔi⁴ || lu⁴ |- | 躺 || lie || — || sɔi⁵ || ɔŋ² |- | 坐 || sit || tsʰɔŋ³ || tsʰɔ¹ || ŋjuŋ¹ |- | 站 || stand || kʰi¹ || kʰi¹ || su³ |- | 给 || give || pun¹ || pi¹ || puŋ¹ |- | 说 || say || va⁶kɔŋ³ || kuŋ³ || kuŋ¹ |- | 太阳 || sun || ŋiet⁸tʰeu² || tʰai⁵jɔŋ¹ || lɔ¹kɔ³ |- | 月亮 || moon || ŋiɔt⁸hau⁶ || ŋiet⁷kɔŋ¹ || le⁵ |- | 星星 || star || saŋ⁶ || sin¹ || le⁵taŋ¹ |- | 水 || water || ʃui³ || sui³ || ɔŋ² |- | 雨 || rain || ʃui³ || sui¹ || luŋ¹ |- | 石头 || stone || ʃaʔ⁸ || sak⁸tʰiu² || za¹kɔ³ |- | 沙子 || sand || ʃa⁶ || sa¹ || hja¹ |- | 土地 || earth || tʰi⁶ || tu² || ta¹ |- | 云 || cloud || vun² || vun² || tsɔŋ¹ɔŋ² |- | 烟 || smoke || ien¹ || iɛn¹ || in¹ |- | 火 || fire || — || fɔ³ || tʰɔ⁴ |- | 灰 || ash || fɔi¹ || fɔi¹ || si³{{efn|ash of grass/wood 草木灰}} |- | 烧 || burn || — || sau¹ || fa³ |- | 路 || road || lu⁶ || lu⁶ || kja³ |- | 山 || mountain || san¹ || san¹ || kje⁶ |- | 红 || red || fuŋ² || fuŋ² || si⁵ |- | 绿 || green || luʔ⁸ || luk⁸ || ka⁶pʰu² |- | 黄 || yellow || vɔŋ³ || vɔŋ² || kʰun² |- | 白 || white || pʰaʔ⁸ || pʰak⁸ || kjɔ¹ |- | 黑 || black || vu¹ || u¹ || kjaŋ¹ |- | 晚上 || night || am¹pu⁶ʃi² || man¹sɔŋ⁵ || lɔ³kaŋ⁴tsʰi² |- | 热 || hot || ŋiet⁸ || ŋiet⁸ || kʰaŋ¹ |- | 冷 || cold || laŋ¹ || laŋ¹ || kjɔŋ⁵ |- | 满 || full || — || man¹ || paŋ³ |- | 新 || new || ɕin¹ || sin¹ || tu⁶fun¹ |- | 好 || good || hou³ || hau² || ŋɔŋ⁵ |- | 圆 || round || ʒen² || jin² || zin² |- | 干 || dry || — || kɔn¹ || kʰui¹ |- | 名字 || name || — || miaŋ² || mui² |}

==Further reading== * Liu, Lunxin 刘纶鑫. 2008. ''Guixi Zhangping Shehua yanjiu'' 贵溪樟坪畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. * Zhao, Zeling 赵则玲. 2004. ''Zhejiang Shehua yanjiu'' 浙江畲话硏究. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People's Press 浙江人民出版社. * Wu, Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2004. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/11296/9t6zqe Languages of She Minority] / Shezu yuyan yanjiu'' 畬族語言研究. Ph.D. dissertation. Hsinchu, Taiwan: [[National Tsing Hua University]] 國立清華大學語言研究所. * Chang, Kuang-yu 張光宇. 2008. ''Guangdong Chao'an Shehua diaocha yanjiu'' 廣東潮安畬話調查研究. Hsinchu, Taiwan: [[National Tsing Hua University]] 國立清華大學語言研究所. * Fujian Provincial Gazetteer 福建省志 方言志. Appendix: The Fujian She language 附: 福建畲语. * 曹志耘. 2002. 南部吴语语音研究. 北京: 商务印书馆. 2002年9月. {{ISBN|7-100-03533-3}} * 傅国通. 2010. 方言丛稿. 北京: 中华书局. 2010年9月. {{ISBN|978-7-101-06896-2}} (繁体中文) * Luo, Meizhen 罗美珍. 1980. ''Shezu suo shuo de Kejiahua'' 畲族所说的客家话. In 中央民族学院学报 1980年01期. * 傅根清. 2003. 从景宁畲话的语音特点论其与客家话的关系. 山东大学学报, 2003, (5). * Deng, Xiaohua 邓晓华. 1999. [http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=1002191501 Kejiahua gen Miao-yao Zhuangdongyu de Guanxi wenti 客家话跟苗瑶壮侗语的关系问题]. ''Minzu Yuwen'' 民族语文 3:42-49. * Hsiu, Andrew. 2018. [https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/shehua The origins of Shehua]. Archive.org : https://web.archive.org/web/20190420131003/https://sites.google.com/site/msealangs/home/blog/shehua * Léi, Yànpíng [雷艳萍] (2024). ''Zhèjiāng Jǐngníng Shēhuà'' [浙江景宁畲话]. Beijing: [[Commercial Press]] [商务印书馆]. * Yú, Sònghuī [余颂辉] (2024). ''Jiāngxī Wǔníng Shēhuà'' [江西武宁畲话]. Beijing: [[Commercial Press]] [商务印书馆].

==Notes== {{Notelist}}

== References == === Citations === {{Reflist}}

=== Sources === {{refbegin}} * {{Cite journal |title=On the genetic affiliation of Shehua 《论畬话的归属》 |journal=[[Journal of Chinese Linguistics]] |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23825447 |last=Nakanishi |first=Hiroki |volume=24 |pages=247–267 |publisher=[[The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press]] |year=2010 |language=zh |jstor=23825447}} * Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. ''Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu'' 《铅山太源畲话研究》. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社. * You Wenliang 游文良. 2002. ''Shezu yuyan'' 《畲族语言》. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press 福建人民出版社. {{ISBN|7-211-03885-3}} * {{cite book|last = Coblin |first = W. South |title = Common Neo-Hakka: A Comparative Reconstruction |year = 2019 |publisher = Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica |series = Language and linguistics Monograph Series 63 | isbn = 978-986-54-3228-7}} {{refend}}

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{{Sino-Tibetan languages}} {{Languages of China}} {{Chinese language}} {{Hmong-Mien languages}}

[[Category:Varieties of Chinese]] [[Category:Fujian]] [[Category:Zhejiang]] [[Category:She people]]