Shamlugh

{{Infobox settlement |official_name = Shamlugh |native_name = Շամլուղ |settlement_type = |image_skyline = Shamlugh town Armenia.jpg |image_caption = | image_shield = COA_of_Shamlugh.jpg |pushpin_map = Armenia |mapsize = 150px |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Armenia}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of Armenia|Province]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Lori Province|Lori]] |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1770 |area_total_km2 = 3.6 |area_footnotes = |population_footnotes = <ref name="2022 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623|title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022, trilingual / Armenian Statistical Service of Republic of Armenia|website=www.armstat.am|access-date=2025-04-18}}</ref> |population_as_of = [[Census in Armenia|2022]] |population_total = 690 |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]] |utc_offset = +4 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|41|10|05|N|44|42|27|E|region:AM|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m = 810 |area_code = |website = }}

'''Shamlugh''' ({{langx|hy|Շամլուղ}}) is a village in the [[Lori Province]] in northeastern [[Armenia]]. It is situated on the left bank of [[Debed River]], at a road distance of {{convert|196|km|abbr=on}} north of the capital [[Yerevan]] and {{convert|63|km|abbr=on}} north of the provincial centre [[Vanadzor]]. The village had a majority Greek population; however, it is now predominantly populated by Armenians. According to the 2011 census, Shamlugh had 700 inhabitants, while the 2016 official estimate shows the current population is around 500. According to the 2011 census, Shamlugh had 700 inhabitants.<ref name="2022 Census"/>

== Etymology == As a rural community in the Borchali uyezd of the [[Tiflis Governorate]] within the Russian Empire, the settlement of Shamlugh used to bear the names ''Shamlug'', ''Samblud'', ''Shamblugh'' and later ''Shamlugh''.

== History == Historically, the area of modern-day Shamlugh was part of the ''Dzobopor'' canton of ancient [[Gugark]]; the 13th province of the historic [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Greater Armenia]].

Under the rule of the [[Persia]]n [[Afsharid dynasty]] over Eastern Armenia, [[copper]] mining became popular in the region of Lori, especially during the second half of the 18th century, as many Greek miners from [[Gümüşhane|Gyumushkhane]] migrated to the area and built a copper factory in 1770, thus stimulating the gradual development of the whole region and setting the ground for the foundation of Shamlugh in the 1770s, settled originally by ethnic Greeks.<ref>[http://www.usa.am/news/2007/november/news111607.php US Embassy in Yerevan:Press Release]</ref>

In 1801, together with the Georgian provinces of Kartli and Kakheti, Lori was annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] to become part of the [[Georgia Governorate]].<ref name="Matevossian">{{cite encyclopedia|first1=R.|last1=Matevossian|article=Լոռի [Lori]|editor=[[Viktor Hambardzumyan|Hambardzumyan, Viktor]]|encyclopedia=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]]|volume=4|year=1978|publisher=Armenian Encyclopedia|location=Yerevan|language=hy|pages=663–64}}</ref> The region became officially part of the Russian Empire as per the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] signed on 1 January 1813 between Imperial Russia and the [[Qajar Persia|Qajar dynasty]]. As part of the region of Lori, the village of Shamlugh became part of the [[Borchali]] uyezd in 1880, within the [[Tiflis Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]]. Between 1887 and 1914, the Shamlugh copper mine along with the mine of Akhtala were exploited by the ''Compagnie Française des Mines d'Akhtala''.

In late 1918, [[First Republic of Armenia|Armenia]] and [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|Georgia]] fought a [[Georgian–Armenian War|border war]] over Lori. With the British intervention the Lori "neutral zone" was created including the region of Shamlugh, only to be reoccupied by Georgia after the fall of the Armenian Republic at the end of 1920. Following the sovietization of Armenia in December 1920, Lori was finally incorporated into [[Soviet Armenia]] on 11 February 1921.<ref name="Matevossian"/>

As rural settlement, Shamlugh became part of the Alavaerdi raion, formed in 1930 within the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. In 1938, Shamlugh was turned into an [[urban-type settlement]]. In 1969, the Alavardi raion was renamed Tumanyan.

The population of Shamlugh reached 4,500 in 1979. The majority of the population consisted of [[Greeks in Armenia|Greeks]], followed by Armenians, with a small population of [[Azerbaijanis in Armenia|Azerbaijanis]]. During the conflicts of 1988-1989 most of the Azerbaijanis migrated to the [[Azerbaijan|Republic of Azerbaijan]].<ref>[http://www.caa.am/eng/lg.php?section=COMMUNITIES&id=522 Union of Communities of Armenia:city Shamlugh (Lori)]</ref> Most of the ethnic Greeks left Shamlugh as a result of the poor economic conditions. In 1989, the copper mine of Shamlugh was closed due to ecological reasons.

Following the independence of Armenia in 1991, the status of Shamlugh as an urban settlement was reaffirmed in the 1995 administrative reforms of independent Armenia within the newly-formed Lori Province. However, following the November 2017 administrative reforms, Shamlugh was reorganized from an urban community to a rural settlement as part of the community of [[Akhtala]].

Currently, Shamlugh suffers from its extremely poor infrastructure. The outdated school building has never been renovated, while the ravaged regional roads, devastated sewage system and drinking water pipes are in urgent need of reconstruction. In 2001, the Shamlugh copper mine was brought back into operation by a local private company.

== Geography == [[File:Shamlugh view.jpg|thumb|Shamlugh countryside]] Covering an area of 3.6 km², Shamlugh is located in the northeast of Armenia, around {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} south of the Armenia-Georgia border, and {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} west of the Vanadzor-Tbilisi highway. It is situated in the eastern part of the Somkheti mountain range, at an elevation of 810 meters above sea level.<ref>[http://lori.mtad.am/about-communities/467/ About the community of Shamlugh]</ref>

Surrounded by thick forests and meadows, Shamlugh has a subtropical climate, with dry cool summers and mild winters. Annual precipitation ranges between {{convert|500|-|600|mm|abbr=on}}. From an agro-climate point of view it is in an intensive irrigation zone.

== Demographics == The first settlers of Shamlugh were Greek miners from [[Gümüşhane|Gyumushkhane]], who migrated to the area to build a copper factory in 1770. The population of Shamlugh reached its peak in 1979, with about 4,500 inhabitants, with a majority of Greeks and Armenians, and a minority of Azerbaijanis.<ref>[http://www.aniarc.am/2017/10/04/shamlugh-greek-1873-1931-korkotian/ Շամլուղ քաղաքի բնակչությունը 1873-1931 թվականներին]</ref> However, following the breakout of the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]], in 1988-1989 most of the Azerbaijanis migrated to Azerbaijan. Following the closure of the Shamlugh copper mine in 1989, the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, and the resulting economic crisis, the population of the settlement has further declined to around 500 as per the 2016 official estimate,<ref>[https://ecolur.org/hy/news/cities/population-in-mining-town-shamlugh-reduced-45-times-photos/7607/ Հանքարդյունաբերական Շամլուղ քաղաքում բնակչությունը կրճատվել է 4-5 անգամ]</ref> with a majority of Armenians and a minority of Greeks.

{{Historical populations |1873|94 |1897|862 |1926|836 |1939|1874 |1959|2864 |1964|3127 |1979|4500 |1989|1523 |2001|882 |2011|700 |2022|690 |align=none|percentages=pagr|graph-pos=bottom}}

The Armenians of Shamlugh belong to the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] regulated by the [[Diocese of Gougark]]. The small community of Greeks is served by the Saint George's Greek Orthodox chapel, opened in 1909.

== Culture == A 10th to 13th century cemetery site as well as a 13th-century [[khachkar]] (cross-stone) complex are preserved near Shamlugh, around {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} to the south of the village. According to historian Yeghishe Sahakyan, the archaeological site located {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} southwest of Shamlugh is most probably associated with the medieval Armenian settlement of ''Manits Gom'', dating back to the 10-13th centuries. The remains of three churches are located on the site. A Greek chapel dedicated to Saint George opened in 1909 and renovated in the 1970s is found in the village.

Shamlugh is currently served by a cultural centre and a public library.

== Transportation == Shamlugh is located near the border with Georgia, and is {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} west of the [[Vanadzor]]-[[Tbilisi]] highway (Armenia’s M-6 motorway). It is connected with the nearby villages by outdated regional roads that have not been reconstructed since the dissolution of the [[Soviet Union]]. As of 2017, the internal streets of the village are also in a very bad condition.

== Economy == The economy of the village is mainly based on the mining plant which is owned by the Metal Prince Armenian mining company. Approximately 10% of the population work in the copper plant.

A considerable number of the inhabitants in Shamlugh are involved in agriculture and cattle-breeding activities. There are reserves of clay as well, which are being utilized for industrial purposes.

== Education == Shamlugh has a public education school and a kindergarten. Both of the buildings are outdated and have not been renovated since they were constructed in the Soviet era.

== References == {{Reflist}}

== External links == {{Commons}}

[[Category:Populated places in Lori Province]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1770]]