{{Short description|Muslim dynasty of Kashmir (1339–1561)}} {{See also|Kashmir Sultanate}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox family | name = Shah Mir dynasty | coat_of_arms = | coat_of_arms_size = | coat_of_arms_caption = | country = Kashmir Sultanate | founded = {{Start date and age|1339|7|4|df=y}} | founder = Shah Mir | final_ruler = Habib Shah | traditions = Kashmiri, Persian, Islamic | titles = {{Collapsible list|Sultan‐i-Kashmir|Shah|Padishah|Sultan al-Az'am|Budshah|Na'ib Amir al-Mu'minin|Ghazi|Khan|Malik|Amir al-umara|Mirza|Khan-i-Zaman}} | deposition = {{End date|1561}} | dissolution = {{End date|1561}} | etymology = Shah Mir (founder) | image = Blood Flag.svg | image_caption = Royal Standard | styles = Sultan | cadet branches = }}
The '''Shah Mir dynasty''' (or the '''House of Shah Mir''') ruled the Kashmir Sultanate in the northern Indian subcontinent.<ref> {{citation |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=A Comprehensive History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |page=628}} </ref> The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir.
==Origins== Modern scholarship differ on the origin of Shah Mir. However, modern historians generally accept that Shah Mir was from Swat in Dardistan.<ref name=Schimmel/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wani |first1=Muhammad Ashraf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgymEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT255 |title=The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation |last2=Wani |first2=Aman Ashraf |date=2023-02-22 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-83655-4 |pages=225 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Balrafiq/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Jamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAT1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 |title=Islam in South Asia: Revised, Enlarged and Updated Second Edition |date=2020-04-06 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-42271-1 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Holt |first1=Peter Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA25 |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |last2=Lambton |first2=Ann K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=Bernard |date=1970 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits |first=Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA40 |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |date=2004-09-24 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-152-2 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref> Some accounts trace his descent from the rulers of Swāt.{{efn|The chronicles include those of Tahir, Haidar Malik, Rafiu'd Din Ahmad and Muhammad A'azam.<ref>{{citation |last=Gull |first=Surayia |title=Mir Saiyid Ali Hamadani And Kubraviya Sufi Order In Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldvXAAAAMAAJ |date=2003 |publisher=Kanikshka Publishers, Distributors |isbn=978-81-7391-581-9 |page=3}}</ref>}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatt |first=Saligram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&pg=PA108 |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace: Proceedings of National Seminar by Kashmir Education Culture & Science Society (K.E.C.S.S.), New Delhi |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0402-0 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC&pg=PA42 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |pages=42 |language=en}}</ref>
Some scholars state that Shah Mir arrived from the Panjgabbar valley (Panchagahvara),<ref>{{citation |last=Sharma |first=R. S. |author-link=Ram Sharan Sharma |title=A Comprehensive History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ucQKAQAAIAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Orient Longmans |isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |page=628 |quote="Jonaraja records two events of Suhadeva's reign (1301-20), which were of far-reaching importance and virtually changed the course of the history of Kashmir. The first was the arrival of Shah Mir in 1313. He was a Muslim condottiere from the border of Panchagahvara, an area situated to the south of the Divasar pargana in the valley of river Ans, a tributary of the Chenab."}}</ref> which was populated by Khasa people, and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir.<ref>{{citation |last=Wani |first=Nizam-ud-Din |title=Muslim rule in Kashmir, 1554 A.D. to 1586 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikpuAAAAMAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Jay Kay Book House |page=29 |quote="Shamir was a Khasa by birth and descended from the chiefs of Panchagahvara."}}</ref><ref name=Zutshi>{{citation |last=Zutshi |first=N. K. |title=Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: an age of enlightenment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzluAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Nupur Prakashan |page=7 |quote="This area in which Panchagahvara was situated is mentioned as having been the place of habitation of the Khasa tribe. Shah Mir was, therefore, a ''Khasa'' by birth. This conclusion is further strengthened by references to the part of the Khasas increasingly played in the politics of Kashmir with which their connections became intimate after the occupation of Kashmir.}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wani |first1=Nizam-ud-Din |title=Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1554 A.D. to 1586 A.D. |date=1987 |publisher=Jay Kay Book House |page=29 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Muslim_Rule_in_Kashmir_1554_A_D_to_1586/ikpuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=shah+mir+khasa&dq=shah+mir+khasa&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Manohar Lal |title=A History of Medieval Kashmir, 1320-1586 A.D. |date=1971 |publisher=A.R.B. Publications; sole distributors: Sterling Publishers, New Delhi |page=22 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_History_of_Medieval_Kashmir_1320_1586/S2w8AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=shah+mir+khasa&dq=shah+mir+khasa&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zutshi |first1=N. K. |title=Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir: An Age of Enlightenment |date=1976 |publisher=Nupur Prakashan |page=7 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Sultan_Zain_ul_Abidin_of_Kashmir/AzluAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=shah+mir+khasa&dq=shah+mir+khasa&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref>
''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' (second edition) suggests a possible Turkish origins.<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Lewis |editor2=Pellat |editor3=E.J. van Donzel |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=IV (Iran-Kha) |date=1998-05-28 |url=https://brill.com/edcollbook/title/1483 |access-date=2023-12-14 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-05745-6|p=708|quote=But her authority was challenged by Shah Mir, a soldier of fortune, who was most probably of Turkish origin.}}</ref> Andre Wink puts forward the opinion that Shah Mir was possibly of Afghan, Qarauna Turk, or even Tibetan origin,<ref>{{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-13561-8|page=140|quote=The first Muslim dynasty of Kashmir was founded in 1324 by Shah Mìrzà, who was probably an Afghan warrior from Swat or a Qarauna Turk, possibly even a Tibetan ...}}</ref> while A.Q. Rafiqi believes that Shah Mir was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat.<ref name=Balrafiq>{{cite book |last1=Baloch |first1=N. A. |last2=Rafiq |first2=A. Q. |date=1998 |chapter=The regions of Sind, Baluchistan, Multan and Kashmir: the historical, social and economic setting |pages=293–318 |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |volume=IV |publisher=Unesco |isbn=923103467-7|url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028131445/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/sites/silkroad/files/knowledge-bank-article/vol_IVa%20silk%20road_the%20regions%20of%20sind,%20baluchistan,%20multan%20and%20kashmir.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{rp|311–312}}
Older sources by contemporary Kashmiri historians, such as Jonaraja, state that Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha (Arjuna) of the ancient Sanskrit epic ''Mahabharata''. Abu ’l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta, also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada’uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate.<ref name=Balrafiq/> Based on this tradition, Aziz Ahmad considers it more probable that Shah Mir was a descendant of a convert from Hinduism only a few generation earlier, probably by a Sufi mystic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Aziz |date=1979 |title=Conversions to Islam in the Valley of Kashmir |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927246 |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |volume=23 |issue=1/2 |pages=3–18 |issn=0008-9192 |quote=Shāh Mir was probably a descendant of a convert from Hinduism only a few generations earlier, probably by some Sūfī or dervish of a 'little tradition.' His apocryphal ancestry as a descendant of the Pāndūs is mentioned by the Indian historians of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.}}</ref> thumb|Modern map of Sultanate of Kashmir
==History== ===Shah Mir=== {{main|Shah Mir}} A. Q. Rafiqi states: {{blockquote|Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (1301–1320), whose service he entered. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time.<ref name=Balrafiq/>}} Annemarie Schimmel has suggested that Shah Mir belonged to a family from Swat which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani and were associated to the Kubrawiya, a Sufi group in Kashmir.<ref name=Schimmel>{{cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYImm1TnemwC|access-date=2014-11-10|year=1980|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-06117-7 |page=44}}</ref> He worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. He reigned for three years and five months from 1339 to 1342 CE. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession.<ref name="history.world-citizenship.org">[http://history.world-citizenship.org/baharistan-i-shahi-chapter-3-early-shahmirs Baharistan-i-Shahi – Chapter 3 – EARLY SHAHMIRS]</ref>
===Jamshid=== {{Main|Jamshid Shah Miri}} [[File:Jamia Masjid in Winter 2019.jpg|thumb|Jamia Masjid of Srinagar. It was built in 1394 CE by ruler Sikandar Shah Miri.<ref>Local notice</ref>]] thumb|Coin of the Islamic Sultanates of Kashmir. Fixed date AH 842 (1438 CE) on reverse. Kashmir mint. Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE.<ref name="history.world-citizenship.org"/>
===Alau'd-Din=== {{Main|Alauddin Shah}} Sultan Alau'd-Din's two sons became kings in succession, Sultan Shihabu'd-Din and Sultan Qutbu'd-Din.<ref name="history.world-citizenship.org"/>
=== Shihabu'd-Din === {{Main|Shihabu'd-Din Shah}} He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. Sultan Shihabu’d-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Sutlej. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nath |first=R. |title=Oxford Art Online |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t070476 |chapter=Qutb Shahi |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t070476 |isbn=9781884446054 }}</ref> As a broad minded intellectual, Shihab'ud-Din, in the first half of his tenure, took care of the Sultanate and brought stability to the social and integral structure of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=49}}</ref> Full of animation and efficiency, Shihab'ud-Din set out to conquer its neighbour polities to expand and glorify his state. Marching through Baramulla, he first occupied Pakhli and went on to add Swat to his realm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=50}}</ref> Next, he invaded the Khokhar dominated Pothohar, which extended from Attock to Sialkot. His commander-in-chief (Mir Bakhshi), Malik Candra, on the other hand, subdued Jammu, Kishtwar, Chamba, and other hill states.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mohibbul |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032666709 |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |date=2023-09-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-032-66670-9 |location=London |pages=51}}</ref> Occupying all the bordering states in the south, Shihab'ud-Din went on to defeat the Dardic forces of Gilgit and the hill states of the north. Baltistan under the Maqpons and Ladakh under the Maryuls were, at that time, tributary states of Moghulistan and Tibet, respectively.<ref name=":5" /> Shihab'ud-Din, along with Malik Candra, faced the Baltis and Kashgaris, defeating them easily and soundly.<ref name=":5" /> He then moved towards Ladakh, beating the joint forces of Ladakhis and Tibetis.<ref name=":5" /> After all these conquests, Shihab'ud-Din returned to Srinagar around 1370 and rather ought to live the rest of his life peacefully but just after some years, in 1373, he died due to a viral illness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Jogesh Chunder |url=https://www.amazon.com/Rajatarangini-Jonaraja-Jogesh-Chunder-Dutt/dp/8121200377 |title=Rajatarangini of Jonaraja |date=2012-01-01 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0037-0 |location=New Dehli |pages=47–48 |language=English}}</ref>
Shihabu’d-din was also a great administrator who governed his kingdom with firmness and justice. A town named Shihabu’d-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. He was also called the Lalitaditya of Medieval Kashmir as he erected many mosques and monasteries.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
=== Qutubu'd-Din === {{Main|Qutbu'd-Din Shah}} He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. In 1380 C.E. Qutbud’din died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand.{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}
=== Sikandar === {{Main|Sultan Sikandar}} Sultan Sikandar (1389–1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. [[File:Mausoleum of Shah e Hamadan 01.JPG|thumb|right|The Khanqah-e-Moula on the banks of Jhelum river, built during reign of Sikandar Shah]] Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC|title=Kashmīr Under the Sultāns|date=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7|location=|pages=59–95|language=en|author-link=Mohibbul Hasan}}</ref> Internal rebellions were ably suppressed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.academia.edu/42710523|title=Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459) From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn|publisher=|year=2014|isbn=978-3869770888|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 7|location=Germany|pages=}}</ref> A welfare-state was installed — oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned.<ref name=":2" /> ''Waqfs'' were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with ''jagirs'' and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRj52qGJyM0C|title=Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|publisher=Permanent Black|year=2003|isbn=978-81-7824-060-2|location=|pages=|language=en|chapter=Contested Identities in the Kashmir Valley}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> Economic condition was decent.<ref name=":9" />
Jonaraja and later Muslim chroniclers accuse Sikandar of terminating Kashmir's longstanding syncretic culture by persecuting Pandits and destroying numerous Hindu shrines; Suhabhat — a Brahman neo-convert and Sikandar's Chief Counsel — is particularly blamed for having instigated him.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Slaje |first=Walter |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/543660 |title=Encountering Buddhism and Islam in Premodern Central and South Asia |date=2019-08-19 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-063168-5 |location= |pages=128–160 |language=en |chapter=Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rājataraṅgiṇī Authors |doi=10.1515/9783110631685-006 |chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110631685/10.1515/9783110631685-006.xml |s2cid=204477165}}</ref> Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry.<ref name=":52" /> His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Zutshi |first=Chitralekha |title=This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. It exposes its own biases instead |url=https://scroll.in/article/855050/this-book-claims-to-expose-the-myths-behind-kashmirs-history-it-exposes-its-own-biases-instead |access-date=2021-02-01 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite thesis |last=Obrock |first=Luther James |title=Translation and History: The Development of a Kashmiri Textual Tradition from ca. 1000–1500 |date=2015 |degree= |publisher=UC Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/68q7m3vv |doi=}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last1=Salomon |first1=Richard |last2=Slaje |first2=Walter |date=2016 |title=Review of Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD1148–1459). From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn. Critically Edited by Walter Slaje with an Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26546259 |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=393–401 |doi=10.1163/15728536-05903009 |jstor=26546259 |issn=0019-7246|url-access=subscription }}</ref> further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, at least in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Slaje |first=Walter |url=https://www.academia.edu/42709412 |title=Brahma's Curse : Facets of Political and Social Violence in Premodern Kashmir |publisher= |year=2019 |isbn=978-3-86977-199-1 |series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 13 |location= |pages=30–40 |chapter=What Does it Mean to Smash an Idol? Iconoclasm in Medieval Kashmir as Reflected by Contemporaneous Sanskrit Sources}}</ref> However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Hamadani |first=Hakim Sameer |title=The Syncretic Traditions of Islamic Religious Architecture of Kashmir (Early 14th −18th Century) |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=9781032189611 |pages=99–100 |quote=While medieval Muslim hagiographic and historical accounts may have exaggerated Sikander's destruction of non-Muslim religious sites in a classical representation of religious piety, the tendency of some writers in the twentieth century CE to shield the Sultan from these iconoclastic activities is not historically correct, especially given the evidence from the period coming from writers of different religious backgrounds.}}</ref>
Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah.<ref name=":92">{{Cite book|last=Slaje|first=Walter|url=https://www.academia.edu/42710523|title=Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148‒1459) From the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al-'Ābidīn|publisher=|year=2014|isbn=978-3869770888|series=Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis - 7|location=Germany|pages=}}</ref>
===Ali Shah=== {{Main|Ali Shah Miri}} He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420.<ref name=Hasanp70>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=70 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref> He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.<ref name=Hasanp70/>
===Zain-ul-Abidin=== {{Main|Zayn al-Abidin the Great}} Zain-ul-Abidin was the eighth ''sultan'' of Kashmir. He was known by his subjects as ''Bod Shah or Budshah'' ({{Literal translation|Great King}})<ref>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=78 |isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2011-08-03}}</ref> and ruled from 1418 to 1470.
Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. He called back the Hindus who had left Kashmir during his father's reign and allowed building of temples. Jizya was abolished too in his command. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. Zain-ul-Abidin revived Kashmir’s industries by inviting Persian and Central-Asian craftsmen who introduced shawl-weaving, carpet-making, silk, wood-carving, and papier-mâché arts. He also promoted paper-making and bookbinding, transforming Kashmir into a centre of fine handicrafts and learning.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zayn-ul-ʿĀbidīn {{!}} Indian ruler {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zayn-ul-Abidin |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> He launched major public-works and agricultural projects, digging canals such as the Zaingair, building bridges including Zaina Kadal, and founding new settlements like Naushahr (Zainagir). These measures improved irrigation and communication across the valley.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1867 |title=Back Matter |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207445 |journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=344 |issn=0007-1447}}</ref> Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively.
===Haider Shah=== {{Main|Haider Shah Miri}} Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haider Khan.<ref>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). ''The Delhi Sultanate'', Mumbai:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.383</ref>
===Interruption by Haidar Dughlat=== [[File:Silver coin of Haidar Dughlat in name of Humayun.jpg|thumb|Silver ''sasnu'' issued during 1546–50 in Kashmir by Haidar Dughlat, in the name of the Mughal emperor Humayun.]] In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir.<ref>Shahzad Bashir, ''Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nurbakhshiya Between Medieval And Modern Islam'' (2003), p. 236.</ref> Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. In 1546, after Humayun recovered Kabul, Haidar removed Nazuk Shah and struck coins in the name of the Mughal emperor.<ref>Stan Goron and J.P. Goenka: ''The Coins of the Indian Sultanates'', New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 2001, pp. 463–464.</ref> He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. He lies buried in the ''Gorstan e Shahi'' in Srinagar.
== Architecture ==
Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include:
* Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir * Khanqah-e-Moulah in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir * Aali Masjid in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir * Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir *Amburiq Mosque in Shigar, Gilgit-Baltistan *Chaqchan Mosque in Khaplu, Gilgit-Baltistan
<gallery> File:Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin.jpg|Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar File:Jami Masjid courtyard (6133553291).jpg|The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. File:Mausoleum of Shah e Hamadan 01.JPG| The Khanqah on the banks of Jhelum File:Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab Shrine.jpg|A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. </gallery>
==Reign and successions== [[File:Islamic Sultanates. Kashmir. Muhammad Shah.jpg|thumb|Coinage of Muhammad Shah (r. 1484 CE). Kashmir Sultanate.]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="width:5%;"|No. ! style="width:14%;"|Titular Name ! style="width:20%;"|Birth Name ! style="width:25%;"|Reign |- |style="text-align:center;"| 1 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh<br>شَمس اُلدِین شَاہ'''||style="text-align:center;"|Shāh Mīr<br>شَاہ مِیر||style="text-align:center;"| 1339 – 1342 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 2 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Jamshīd Shāh<br>جَمشید شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Jamshīd<br>جَمشید|| style="text-align:center;" | 1342 – 1342 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 3 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Alāu'd-Dīn Shāh<br>عَلاؤ اُلدِین شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Alī Shēr<br>عَلی شیر|| style="text-align:center;" | 1343 – 1354 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 4 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Shihābu'd-Dīn Shāh<br>شِہاب اُلدِین شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Shīrashāmak<br>شِیراشَامَک|| style="text-align:center;" | 1354 – 1373 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 5 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Qutbu'd-Dīn Shāh<br>قُتب اُلدِین شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Hindāl<br>حِندَال | style="text-align:center;" | 1373 – 1389 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 6 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Sikandar Shāh<br>سِکَندَر شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Shingara<br>شِنگَرَہ || style="text-align:center;" | 1389 – 1412 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 7 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Alī Shāh<br>عَلی شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Mīr Khān<br>مِیر خَان || style="text-align:center;" | 1412 – 1418 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 8 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Zainu'l-'Ābidīn<br>زین اُلعَابِدِین'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Shāhī Khān<br>شَاہی خَان || style="text-align:center;" | 1418 – 1419 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 9 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Alī Shāh<br>عَلی شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Mīr Khān<br>مِیر خَان || style="text-align:center;" | 1419 – 1420 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 10 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Zainu'l-'Ābidīn<br>زین اُلعَابِدِین'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Shāhī Khān<br>شَاہی خَان || style="text-align:center;" | 1420 – 12 May 1470 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 11 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Haider Shāh<br>حیدِر شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Hāji Khān<br>حَاجِی خَان | style="text-align:center;" | 12 May 1470 – 13 April 1472 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 12 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Hasan Shāh<br>حَسَن شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Hasan Khān<br>حَسَن خَان | style="text-align:center;" | 13 April 1472 – 19 April 1484 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 13 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shāh<br>مُحَمَد شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Muhammad Khān<br>مُحَمَد خَان || style="text-align:center;" | 19 April 1484 – 14 October 1486 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 14 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Fatēh Shāh<br>فَتح شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Fatēh Khān<br>فَتح خَان|| style="text-align:center;" | 14 October 1486 – July 1493 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 15 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shāh<br>مُحَمَد شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Muhammad Khān<br>مُحَمَد خَان || style="text-align:center;" | July 1493 – 1505 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 16 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Fatēh Shāh<br>فَتح شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Fatēh Khān<br>فَتح خَان || style="text-align:center;" | 1505 – 1514 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 17 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shāh<br>مُحَمَد شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Muhammad Khān<br>مُحَمَد خَان || style="text-align:center;" | 1514 – September 1515 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 18 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Fatēh Shāh<br>فَتح شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Fatēh Khān<br>فَتح خَان|| style="text-align:center;" | September 1515 – August 1517 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 19 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shāh<br>مُحَمَد شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Muhammad Khān<br>مُحَمَد خَان|| style="text-align:center;" | August 1517 – January 1528 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 20 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Ibrahīm Shāh<br>اِبرَاہِیم شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ibrahīm Khān<br>اِبرَاہِیم خَان | style="text-align:center;" | January 1528 – April 1528 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 21 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Nāzuk Shāh<br>نَازُک شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Nādir Shāh<br>نَادِر شَاہ | style="text-align:center;" | April 1528 – June 1530 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 22 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Muhammad Shāh<br>مُحَمَد شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Muhammad Khān<br>مُحَمَد خَان || style="text-align:center;" | June 1530 – July 1537 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 23 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh II<br>شَمس اُلدِین شَاہ دوم'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Shamsu'd-Dīn<br>شَمس اُلدِین | style="text-align:center;" | July 1537 – 1540 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 24 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Ismaīl Shāh<br>اِسمَاعِیل شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ismaīl Khān<br>اِسمَاعِیل خَان | style="text-align:center;" | 1540 – December 1540 |- |style="text-align:center;"|25 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Nāzuk Shāh<br>نَازُک شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Nādir Shāh<br>نَادِر شَاہ | style="text-align:center;" | December 1540 – December 1552 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 26 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Ibrahīm Shāh<br>اِبرَاہِیم شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ibrahīm Khān<br>اِبرَاہِیم خَان | style="text-align:center;" | December 1552 – 1555 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 27 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Ismaīl Shāh<br>اِسمَاعِیل شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Ismaīl Khān<br>اِسمَاعِیل خَان | style="text-align:center;" | 1555 – 1557 |- |style="text-align:center;"| 28 ||style="text-align:center;"|'''Habīb Shāh<br>حَبِیب شَاہ'''|| style="text-align:center;" | Habīb Khān<br>حَبِیب خَان | style="text-align:center;" | 1557 – 1561 |- |}<ref>{{cite book |first=Mohibbul |last=Hasan |title=Kashmir Under the Sultans |location=Delhi |publisher=Aakar Books |edition=Reprinted |year=2005 |orig-year=1959 |page=325|isbn=978-81-87879-49-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUlwmXjE9DQC |access-date=2013-01-17}}</ref> ''Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-kashmirsultans.html |title = The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir}}</ref>
==See also== {{History of Kashmir}} * Sikandar Butshikan * Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani * List of Sunni Muslim dynasties * List of Monarchs of Kashmir * Mir (clan)
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120811170123/http://www.kashmir-information.com/Baharistan/index.html Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir]
Category:Shah Mir dynasty Category:Dynasties of Kashmir Category:1339 establishments in Asia Category:14th-century establishments in India Category:1561 disestablishments in India Category:Sunni dynasties Category:Kashmir Sultanate