Seto dialect

{{Short description|Dialect of South Estonian}} {{distinguish|text=the Seto dialect of the Fon language}} {{Expand language|topic=|langcode=ru|otherarticle=Сету (диалект)|date=June 2024}} {{More footnotes needed|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox language | name = Seto | nativename = {{lang|vro|seto kiil´}} | states = Estonia | region = Setomaa | ethnicity = Setos | speakers = 25,080 | date = 2021 census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=RL21446: POPULATION WITH ESTONIAN AS THEIR MOTHER TONGUE BY ABILITY TO SPEAK A DIALECT, AGE GROUP, SEX, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT), 31 DECEMBER 2021 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/pxweb/en/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__voorkeeleoskus-murded/RL21446.px/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=PxWeb |language=en}}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = Finnic | fam3 = South Estonian | fam4 = Võro-Seto | fam5 = | fam6 = | isoexception = dialect | script = Latin | glotto = seto1244 | glottorefname = Seto | map = File:South Estonian today.PNG | mapcaption = South Estonian today. Seto is marked with light red colour. | map2 = File:Seto language distribution.png | mapcaption2 = Distribution of Seto speakers according to the 2021 census. }} '''Seto''' ({{lang|vro|seto kiil}};<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seto+language%22&hl=en&lr=&btnG=Search |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> {{langx|et|setu keel}}) is a dialect of South Estonian spoken by 25,080 people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RL21446: POPULATION WITH ESTONIAN AS THEIR MOTHER TONGUE BY ABILITY TO SPEAK A DIALECT, AGE GROUP, SEX, AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT), 31 DECEMBER 2021 |url=https://andmed.stat.ee/pxweb/en/stat/stat__rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__voorkeeleoskus-murded/RL21446.px/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=PxWeb |language=en}}</ref> It is sometimes identified as a variety under Võro, or the two are described as Võro-Seto. Setos ({{lang|vro|setokõsõq}}) mostly inhabit the area near Estonia's southeastern border with Russia in Setomaa, and are primarily Eastern Orthodox, while Võros ({{lang|vro|võrokõsõq}}) are traditionally Lutherans and live in historical Võru County.

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Front ! colspan="2" |Back |- !unrounded !rounded !unrounded !rounded |- align="center" !Close |{{IPA link|i}} |{{IPA link|y}} |{{IPA link|ɯ}} |{{IPA link|u}} |- !Mid |{{IPA link|e}} |{{IPA link|ø}} |{{IPA link|ɤ}} |{{IPA link|o}} |- align="center" !Open |{{IPA link|æ}} | |{{IPA link|ɑ}} | |}

* Vowel length is also distinctive.

=== Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Labial ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! colspan="2" |Velar ! colspan="2" |Glottal |- !plain !pal. !plain !pal. !plain !pal. !plain !pal. |- !Plosive |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|pʲ}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|tʲ}} | |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|kʲ}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} | |- !Affricate | | |{{IPA link|t͡s}} |{{IPA link|t͡sʲ}} | | | | | |- !Fricative |{{IPA link|v}} |{{IPA link|vʲ}} |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|sʲ}} | | | |{{IPA link|h}} |{{IPA link|hʲ}} |- !Nasal |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|mʲ}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|nʲ}} | | | | | |- !Approximant | | |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|lʲ}} |{{IPA link|j}} | | | | |- !Rhotic | | |{{IPA link|r}} |{{IPA link|rʲ}} | | | | | |}

* Stop, affricate and fricative sounds can also be heard as voiced {{IPA|[b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, ɡʲ, d͡z, d͡zʲ]}} and {{IPA|[z, zʲ]}}, when between vowels or within voiced consonants. They also may be written as such {{angbr|b, b’, d, d’, g, g’, ds, ds’, z, z’}}. * Other sounds {{IPA|/f, x/}} appear only in loanwords.

== Language sample == Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

* Seto: {{lang|vro|Kõik inemiseq sünnüseq vapost ja ütesugumaidsist uma avvo ja õiguisi poolõst. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetun'stus ja nä piät ütstõõsõga vele muudu läbi kjauma.}} * Võro: {{lang|vro|Kõik inemiseq sünnüseq vapos ja ütesugumaidsis uma avvo ja õiguisi poolõst. Näile om annõt mudsu ja süämetunnistus ja nä piät ütstõõsõga vele muudu läbi käümä.}} * Estonian: {{lang|et|Kõik inimesed sünnivad vabadena ja võrdsetena oma väärikuselt ja õigustelt. Neile on antud mõistus ja südametunnistus ja nende suhtumist üksteisesse peab kandma vendluse vaim.}} * Finnish: {{lang|fi|Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä.}} * English: ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''

== References == {{Reflist}} * {{cite journal |last=Alekseev |first=F. |year=2016 |title=Opyt polevogo issledovanija jazyka seto |script-title=ru:Опыт полевого исследования языка сето |trans-title=Field research experience in the Seto language |journal=Finno-ugorskij Mir |volume=3 |pages=14–17 |url=https://www.academia.edu/29055826 |language=ru}} * {{cite journal |last1=Eichenbaum |first1=Külli |last2=Pajusalu |first2=Karl |year=2001 |title=Setode ja võrokeste keelehoiakutest ja identiteedist |journal=Keel ja Kirjandus |volume=7 |pages=483–489 |url=https://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/et/download/143169}} * {{cite book |isbn=9985914953 |title=Võro-Seto Language |last1=Eller |first1=Kalle |date=1999 |publisher=Võro Institute }} * {{Cite book |last=Pajusalu |first=Karl |title=Seto South Estonian |publisher=Oxford: Oxford University Press |year=2022 |location=In Marianne Bakró-Nagy and Johanna Laakso and Elena Skribnik (eds.), The Oxford guide to the Uralic languages |pages=367–379}}

Category:Seto Category:South Estonian language Category:Vowel-harmony languages Category:Languages of Estonia Category:Indigenous languages of Europe Category:Indigenous languages of European Russia