Seriola

{{Short description|Genus of fishes}} {{Automatic_taxobox | fossil_range = {{fossil range|56|0|Early Eocene to present}} | image = Seriola rivoliana by NPS.jpg | image_caption = Greater amberjack (''S. dumerili'') | taxon = Seriola | display_parents = 3 | authority = G. Cuvier, 1816 | type_species = ''Caranx dumerili'' | type_species_authority = A. Risso, 1810<ref name = CofF>{{Cof record|genid=928|title=''Seriola''|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> | synonyms = *''Buphthalmus'' J.L.B Smith, 1959 *''Halatractus'' Gill, 1863 *''Micropteryx'' Agassiz, 1831 *''Naucratopsis'' Gill, 1863 *''Regificola'' Whitley, 1931 *''Zonichthys'' Swainson, 1839 | synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofFF>{{Cof family|family=Carangidae|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> }}

'''''Seriola''''' is a genus of ray-finned fish, with many species commonly known as '''amberjacks'''. Nine extant species are currently recognized, although these were formerly split into many more. Also, several species are currently placed in several other genera of the Carangidae that were originally described under ''Seriola''.<ref name = FBSL>{{cite web |url=https://www.fishbase.de/Nomenclature/ScientificNameSearchList.php? | title = Scientific Names where Genus Equals ''Seriola'' | accessdate=23 November 2019 | publisher = FishBase}}</ref> They are a large, carnivorous finfish popularly known for the firm texture and rich flavour of their flesh, which make them an ideal fish for aquaculture. Because specimens caught can weigh up to {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos of giant Seriola |website=bigfishesoftheworld.blogspot.com |url=https://bigfishesoftheworld.blogspot.com/2012/02/amberjack-greater-seriola-dumerili.html?m=1}}</ref> and are powerful swimmers and hunters, they are also highly prized by sport fisherman.<ref name="seriolacobia">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/aquaculture/seriolaandcobiadialogue.html |title=World Wildlife Fund - Seriola and Cobi |website=www.worldwildlife.org}}</ref>

Most ''Seriola'' species are either benthic, demersal, or pelagic, and can be found down to 200 m. All 9 species cover most of the globe in terms of distribution, usually in coastal waters. Most are shown to be pelagic spawners, releasing eggs into the open ocean habitat until hatching, and they do this through dioecious, external reproduction. Most ''Seriola'' species are found in schools, and have diets consisting of fish, squid, and other invertebrates.

The genus name Seriola is from the Italian for the Mediterranean populations of the type species of the genus, the greater amberjack.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/carangiformes/ | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 10 August 2019 | title= Order CARANGIFORMES (Jacks) | accessdate = 21 November 2019 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>

Though most of the Seriola species are considered "amberjacks", the species ''Seriola hippos'' (samson fish) is not.

==Aquaculture== More than 150,000 tonnes of ''Seriola'' are produced through aquaculture per year. The majority is produced in Japan and Korea (''Seriola quinqueradiata, Seriola dumerili'', and ''Seriola lalandi''), with smaller contributions from New Zealand/Australia (''Seriola lalandi'') and America (''Seriola rivoliana''). Japanese yellowtail (''Seriola quinqueradiata'') accounts for more than 80% of global annual production. These cultured species are increasingly used in raw ''sushi'', where they are known as ''hamachi, buri, kampachi'', and ''hiramasa''.<ref name="issues">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/aquaculture/WWFBinaryitem11663.pdf |title=Introduction to Seriola Aquaculture Issues |website=www.worldwildlife.org }}</ref>

Several trials are underway for land-based ''Seriola'' culture,<ref name="seriolacobia"/> but currently, most ''Seriola'' fish are produced in cages, either in nearshore pens or in high-technology, submersible cages out in the open ocean. They are fed a range of diets, from trash fish to basic compound feeds to complex, formulated, compound feeds.<ref name="issues"/>

As is the case with the majority of aquaculture species, the farming of ''Seriola'' has associated environmental or other impacts.<ref name="seriolacobia"/><ref name="issues"/> *Capture of wild stocks for culture (juveniles/broodstock for hatcheries) can have direct impacts on associated populations and ecosystems. *Environmental concerns exist over certain feeds used (fishmeal, oils, trash fish, etc.) for cultured carnivorous or piscivorous species. *Disease is always of great concern within cultured species in terms of introduction and/or amplification of pathogens and parasites and subsequent infection of wild fish, as well as between farms. *Escape of cultured fish is also a concern, which can have effects on wild stocks in terms of competition, predation, and genetic alterations, depending on vulnerability and robustness. *A risk of pollution and habitat effects via nutrient losses and chemical additives always remains, which can cause problems depending on habitat vulnerability and where the farms are in relation to the coast.

With effective management of regulations and good farming practices, these problems can be avoided.<ref name="issues"/> To address these impacts, the [http://www.worldwildlife.org WWF] is creating the Seriola and Cobia Aquaculture Dialogue, the purpose of which is to create standards that will minimize the key impacts of ''Seriola''/''Cobia'' aquaculture and move producers towards better performance. This will be done by identifying the key environmental and social impacts associated with the farming of three types of ''Seriola'' (''S. rivoliana'', ''S. quinqueradiata'' and ''S. lalandi'') and cobia, and principles established for addressing each impact.<ref name="seriolacobia"/> Then, criteria will be developed to provide direction on how to reduce each impact. It is open to all stakeholders, including producers and other members of the supply chain, researchers, nongovernmental and governmental organizations, and investors. The standards (finalised late 2011) will be adopted by the Aquaculture Stewardship Council, which will then work with independent, third-party entities to certify farms that are in compliance with the standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/globalmarkets/aquaculture/WWFBinaryitem17363.pdf |title=Seriola and Cobia Aquaculture Dialogue (SCAD) |website=www.worldwildlife.org}}</ref>

==Species== Nine recognized species are placed in this genus:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Seriola| month = August | year = 2019}}</ref> * ''Seriola carpenteri'' F. J. Mather, 1971 (Guinean amberjack) * ''Seriola dumerili'' (A. Risso, 1810) (greater amberjack) * ''Seriola fasciata'' (Bloch, 1793) (lesser amberjack) * ''Seriola hippos'' Günther, 1876 (samson fish) * ''Seriola lalandi'' Valenciennes, 1833 (yellowtail amberjack) * ''Seriola peruana'' Steindachner, 1881 (fortune jack) * ''Seriola quinqueradiata'' Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 (Japanese amberjack) * ''Seriola rivoliana'' Valenciennes, 1833 (long-fin yellowtail, almaco jack, high-fin jack) * ''Seriola zonata'' (Mitchill, 1815) (banded rudderfish)

Fishbase includes populations of fish similar to ''S. lalandi'' in the Northern Hemisphere within that species,<ref name = Fishbase1>{{Fishbase|Seriola|lalandi|month=August|year=2019}}</ref> but other authorities regard ''Seriola aureovittata'' from the North Pacific Ocean around Japan and ''Seriola dorsalis'' of the northeastern Pacific as separate, valid species,<ref name = COFG>{{Cof genus|genus=''Seriola''|access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref> with ''S. lalandi'' being restricted to the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name = Takeshita>{{cite journal | author1 = Natalie Martinez-Takeshita | author2 = Catherine M. Purcell | author3 = Chris L. Chabot | author4 = Mattew T. Craig | author5 = Corinne N. Paterson| author6 = John R. Hyde | author7 = Larry G. Allen | year = 2015 | title = A tale of three tails: cryptic speciation in a globally distributed marine fish of the genus Seriola | journal = Copeia | volume = 103 | issue = 2 | pages = 357–368 | doi = 10.1643/CI-124-224 | s2cid = 86358991 }} Abstract</ref>

=== Fossil taxa === [[File:Photo Natural History Museum of Verona. Fossil of a specimen of "Seriola prisca," a deep-sea fish found at Monte Purga near Bolca 1964 - Touring Club Italiano 07 0524.jpg|thumb|''Seriola prisca'', an Early Eocene species of ''Seriola'' from Monte Bolca, Italy]] ''Seriola'' is a rather old and well-represented genus in the fossil record, with fossil remains known dating back to the earliest Eocene. The following fossil species are known:<ref>{{Cite web |title=PBDB Taxon |url=https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36193 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=paleobiodb.org}}</ref>

* †''Seriola dallonii'' Arambourg, 1927 (Late Miocene of Algeria) * †''Seriola fragosa'' Bannikov, 2002 (Middle Eocene of North Caucasus, Russia)<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|last=Банников |first=Александр Федорович |date=2009 |title=Ископаемые колючеперые рыбы (Acanthopterygii): систематика, филогения и роль в кайнозойских ихтиокомплексах Тетиса и Паратетиса |url=https://earthpapers.net/iskopaemye-kolyucheperye-ryby-acanthopterygii-sistematika-filogeniya-i-rol-v-kaynozoyskih-ihtiokompleksah-tetisa-i-parate |language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bannikov |first=A. F. |date=2002 |title=New Carangid Fishes of the Genus Seriola (Carangidae, Seriolinae) from the Middle Eocene of the Northern Caucasus |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266781727 |journal=Journal of Ichthyology |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=1–6}}</ref> * †''Seriola gracilis'' Böhm, 1942 (Oligocene of Hungary)<ref name=":1" /> * †''Seriola lata'' Bassani, 1889 (Oligocene of Italy)<ref name=":1" /> * †''Seriola multiradialis'' (Weiler, 1920) (Oligocene of Germany)<ref name=":1" /> * †''Seriola natgeosoc'' Bannikov, 2002 (Middle Eocene of North Caucasus, Russia)<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> * †''Seriola paleocenica'' (Sytchevskaya & Prokofiev, 2005) (earliest Eocene of Turkmenistan) (=''Karelinia paleocenica'' Sytchevskaya & Prokofiev, 2005)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bannikov |first1=A. F. |last2=Erebakan |first2=I. G. |date=2023-04-01 |title=A New Species of Horse Mackerel Fish of the Genus Archaeus (Carangidae, Percomorpha) from the Lower Oligocene of the North Caucasus |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030123020041 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1134/S0031030123020041 |bibcode=2023PalJ...57..199B |issn=1555-6174|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bannikov |first=A. F. |date=2018-11-01 |title=A New Genus and Species of Stromateoid Fishes (Perciformes, Stromateoidei) from the Lower Oligocene of the Northern Caucasus |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0031030118060035 |journal=Paleontological Journal |language=en |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=631–638 |doi=10.1134/S0031030118060035 |bibcode=2018PalJ...52..631B |issn=1555-6174|url-access=subscription }}</ref> * †''Seriola prisca'' (Agassiz, 1834) (=''Lichia prisca'' Agassiz, 1834) (Early Eocene of Italy) * †''Seriola sanctaebarbarae'' Jordan, 1921 (Late Miocene of California, USA) * †''Seriola smithvanizi'' Bannikov, 1996 (Early Miocene of North Caucasus, Russia)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bannikov |first=Alexander |date=1996 |title=New carangid fish (Perciformes) from the Upper Maikop deposits of Krasnodar Region |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266792678 |journal=Paleontological Journal |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=67–74}}</ref> * †''Seriola stoppanii'' Bassani, 1889 (Oligocene of Italy)<ref name=":1" />

==References== {{Reflist}}

Category:Seriola Category:Naucratinae Category:Marine fish genera Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier Category:Extant Ypresian first appearances