{{Short description|Soviet scientist (1890-1960)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}} {{Family name hatnote|Sergeevich|Brukhonenko|lang=Eastern Slavic}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Sergei Brukhonenko | native_name = {{nobold|Серге́й Брюхоненко}} | image = Sergei Brukhonenko.png | caption = Brukhonenko in 1942 | birth_name = Sergei Sergeevich Brukhonenko | birth_date = {{birth date|1890|04|30|df=yes}} | birth_place = Kozlov, Tambov Governorate, Russian Empire | death_date = {{death date and age|1960|04|20|1890|04|30|df=yes}} | awards = Lenin Prize }} '''Sergei Sergeevich Brukhonenko'''{{efn|Also transliterated as Bryuchonenko, Bruchonenko, Briukhonenko, Brykhonenko, Briukhanenko, Brychonenko, or Brjukhenenko.<ref name="Krementsov2009" />}} ({{langx|ru|Серге́й Серге́евич Брюхоненко}}; 30 April 1890 – 20 April 1960) was a Soviet physician, biomedical scientist and technologist during the Stalinist era. Brukhonenko's research was vital to the development of open-heart procedures in Russia. He was one of the leaders of the Research Institute of Experimental Surgery, where Professor Alexander Vishnevsky performed the first Soviet open-heart operation in 1957.
Brukhonenko is primarily remembered for his development of the autojektor, one of the first heart and lung machines. The device was used to mixed results in a series of experiments with canines during the year 1939, which can be seen in the film ''Experiments in the Revival of Organisms''. While there is some speculation today that the film is a re-staging of the procedures, the experiments themselves were well documented, and resulted in Brukhonenko being posthumously awarded the prestigious Lenin Prize.
== Career == Brukhonenko received his secondary education in Saratov, later joining the medical faculty of Moscow State University. He was drafted to serve in World War I in 1914,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Брюхоненко Сергей Сергеевич (1890 – 1960) |trans-title=Brukhonenko Sergei Sergeevich (1890 - 1960) |url=http://rga-samara.ru/activity/publications/smi/articles/316/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Российский государственный архив в г. Самаре |language=ru-RU}}</ref> witnessing numerous combat injuries while assigned to the active army as a junior physician. He returned in 1917 to work in Moscow.<ref name="TheAnnalsofThoracicSurgery2000">{{Cite journal |last1=Konstantinov |first1=Igor E |last2=Alexi-Meskishvili |first2=Vladimir V |date=2000 |title=Sergei S. Brukhonenko: the development of the first heart-lung machine for total body perfusion |url=https://www.annalsthoracicsurgery.org/article/S0003-4975(00)01091-2/fulltext |journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery |language=en |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=962–966 |doi=10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01091-2 |issn=0003-4975 |access-date=2017-04-28 |doi-access=free|pmid=10750806 }}</ref> During 1919 to 1926, Brukhonenko was the assistant professor at the Department of Clinical Pathology and Therapy in Moscow.
Brukhonenko's work in creating the autojektor, an early heart–lung machine, was displayed in a series of experiments with canines in 1939. These experiments are shown in the 1940 documentary film ''Experiments in the Revival of Organisms'', directed by {{Ill|David Yashin|ru|Яшин, Давид Исаакович}}.<ref name="Bellows2009">{{Cite book |last=Bellows |first=Alan |url=https://archive.org/details/alienhandsyndrom0000bell |title=Alien Hand Syndrome: And Other Too-Weird-Not-to-Be-True Stories |publisher=Workman Publishing Company |year=2009 |isbn=9780761152255 |pages=31–33 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-03-02 |url-access=registration |via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="Krementsov2009">{{Cite journal |last=Krementsov |first=Nikolai |date=June 2009 |title=Off with your heads: isolated organs in early Soviet science and fiction |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=87–100 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2009.03.001 |issn=1879-2499 |pmc=2743238 |pmid=19442924 }}</ref>
thumb|Film of his reviving dead animals While the film is commonly suspected to be a re-staging of the procedures, as none of the more scientifically questionable experiments are shown in full-frame shots, the experiments in question were documented thoroughly. Additionally, the film's claim that dogs had been drained of blood and revived to live for years after was found to be only partially true, as according to the lab records the dogs survived for only days after the experiment, not years as the film claimed, and suffered serious brain damage.<ref name="Bellows2009" /><ref name="NakedScience2014">{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-01-23 |title=Собачье сердце, собачья голова |trans-title=A dog's heart, a dog's head |url=https://naked-science.ru/article/biology/sobache-serdtse-sobachya-golov |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=Naked Science |language=ru-RU}}</ref>
Brukhonenko led the Institute of Experimental Surgical Devices and Instruments from 1951 to 1958.<ref name="TheAnnalsofThoracicSurgery2000" /><ref name="ПамятигероевВеликойвойны1914-1918">{{Cite web |title=Брюхоненко Сергей Сергеевич :: Известные личности :: Первая мировая война |trans-title=Sergei Sergeevich Bryukhonenko :: Famous Personalities :: World War I |url=https://gwar.mil.ru/heroes/person2399870/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Памяти героев Великой войны 1914–1918 |publisher=Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation |language=ru-RU}}</ref> Following his experiments with canines, Brukhonenko was granted permission to continue his autojektor experiments with human cadavers. However, these experiments failed to produce encouraging results, resulting in Brukhonenko losing favor with Soviet leadership.<ref name="ASAIO2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Glyantsev |first1=Sergey P. |last2=Bogopolsky |first2=Pavel M. |last3=Tchantchaleishvili |first3=Vakhtang |date=2018 |title=Bryukhonenko's Autojector: The First Apparatus for Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Extracorporeal Life Support |journal=ASAIO Journal |language=en |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=129–133 |doi=10.1097/MAT.0000000000000605 |issn=1538-943X |pmid=28617693 |s2cid=24010887 }}</ref>
Brukhonenko died 20 April 1960 from rectal cancer.<ref name="ПамятигероевВеликойвойны1914-1918" /><ref name="ASAIO2018" />
== Legacy == in 1965, 5 years after his death, Brukhonenko was posthumously awarded the Lenin Prize for advancing knowledge of artificial blood circulation and laying the ground for future advancements.<ref name="ASAIO2018" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Портрет: С.С.Брюхоненко {{!}} Летопись Московского университета |trans-title=Portrait: S.S. Bryukhonenko {{!}} Chronicle of Moscow University |url=http://letopis.msu.ru/peoples/7612 |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Летопись Московского университета |language=ru}}</ref>
His experiments laid the groundwork for further advancements in cardiac surgery in the Soviet Union.<ref name="TheAnnalsofThoracicSurgery2000" /><ref name="ASAIO2018" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ivanyushkin |first1=A. Y. |last2=Reznik |first2=O. N. |last3=Popova |first3=O. V. |date=2020-02-02 |title=Sergei Brukhonenko – the founder of cardiopulmonary bypass (philosophical, methodological and sociocultural context) |url=https://journal.transpl.ru/vtio/article/view/1118 |journal=Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.15825/1995-1191-2019-4-147-154 |issn=2412-6160|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Decorations ==
* 60x60px 3rd class of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (1914) * 60x60px 3rd class of the Order of Saint Anna (1915) * 60x60px Lenin Prize (1965, posthumously)
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Adamenko |first=N. P. |date=1969 |title=[Technic of experimental resuscitation of dogs with a variant of the method of extracorporeal circulation using S. S. Briukhonenko's autojector pump and a live parabiotic donor] |journal=Patologicheskaia Fiziologiia I Eksperimental'naia Terapiia |language=ru-RU |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=69–71 |issn=0031-2991 |pmid=5264992}}
==External links== {{Portal|USSR|Science}} *[https://archive.org/movies/details-db.php?collection=prelinger&collectionid=19635 ''Experiments in the Revival of Organisms'', English version] at the Internet Archive *[https://www.culture.ru/live/movies/19059/opyty-po-ozhivleniyu-organizma ''Опыты по оживлению организма'', Russian version] at culture.ru *{{in lang|de}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20041019092316/http://www.dgfkt.de/artikel/203/Pionier.htm Information and patents related to the autojektor]
{{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brukhonenko, Sergei}}
Category:1890 births Category:1960 deaths Category:People from Michurinsk Category:People from Kozlovsky Uyezd Category:Russian medical researchers Category:20th-century Russian inventors Category:Soviet inventors Category:Soviet biologists Category:Soviet surgeons Category:Russian military personnel of World War I Category:Recipients of the Lenin Prize