Sendai Domain

{{Short description|Domain of the Tokugawa shogunate}} {{other uses|Sendai (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox former subdivision |_noautocat = |native_name = 仙台藩 ''Sendai-han'' |conventional_long_name = Sendai Domain |common_name = Sendai Domain |subdivision = Domain |image = File:SendaiJoOtemonSumiYagura2003-11.jpg |image_caption = Reconstructed Aoba Castle in Sendai |nation = Japan |status_text = |government_type = |title_leader = ''Daimyō'' |leader1 = Date Masamune (first) |year_leader1 = 1600-1636 |leader2 = Date Munemoto (last) |year_leader2 = 1868  |capital = Aoba Castle |coordinates = {{coord|38.252478|140.856156|format=dms|display=inline, title|type:landmark_region:JP_scale:10000}} | membership_title1 = Province | membership1 = Mutsu |political_subdiv = |today = Fukushima Prefecture Iwate Prefecture Miyagi Prefecture   |year_start = 1600 |year_end = 1871 |event_start = |date_start =  |event_end = Abolition of the han system |date_end =  |event1 = |date_event1 = |event2 = |date_event2 = |event3 = |date_event3 = |event4 = |date_event4 = |event5 = |date_event5 = |life_span = |era = Edo period |event_pre =  |date_pre = |event_post =  |date_post =  |image_flag = Flag of the Date Lords of Sendai in Mutsu Province (A).svg |flag_type = |image_border =  |image_coat = Image:Take ni Suzume.svg |symbol_type = ''Mon'' of the Date |symbol = |image_map = |image_map_caption =  |stat_year1 =  |stat_area1 =  |stat_pop1 =  |footnotes =  }}

thumb|Kaisei Maru was one of the first Japanese western-style sailing ships, 1858

The {{Nihongo|'''Sendai Domain'''|仙台藩|''Sendai-han''}}, also known as the {{Nihongo|'''Date Domain'''|伊達藩|''Date-han''}}, was a domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1871.

The Sendai Domain was based at Aoba Castle in Mutsu Province, in the modern city of Sendai, located in the Tōhoku region of the island of Honshu. The Sendai Domain was ruled for its existence by the ''tozama'' ''daimyō'' of the Date, and under the ''kokudaka'' system its income rating at 625,000 ''koku'' was the third-largest domain in Japan after the Satsuma Domain and Kaga Domain. The Sendai Domain was geographically the largest domain in northern Japan with its mostly-contiguous holdings covering most of southern Mutsu Province, including all of present-day Miyagi Prefecture, parts of southern Iwate Prefecture and northeastern Fukushima Prefecture. The Sendai Domain was the focal member of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei against the Meiji Restoration during the Boshin War. The Sendai Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 by the Meiji government.

==Foundation== The Sendai domain was founded in the closing years of the 16th century. When Date Masamune presented himself to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was undertaking the Odawara Campaign, he was granted the former fiefs of the '''Kasai''' 葛西 and '''Ōsaki''' 大崎 families, in return for his hereditary lands of '''Yonezawa''' 米沢, '''Aizu''' 会津, and '''Sendō''' 仙道.<ref name="asahi-net.or.jp">{{Cite web |url=http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/mutudewa/sendai.html |title=仙台藩 |access-date=2007-05-07 |archive-date=2011-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607051630/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/mutudewa/sendai.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Upon entry into his new fief, Masamune took up residence in Iwadeyama Castle, and then started construction on Sendai Castle.<ref name="asahi-net.or.jp"/> The name of Sendai at this time was written 千代, however, Masamune changed it to 仙臺 (Later changed to the current 仙台)("hermit's platform," presumably alluding to Chinese mysticism).<ref name="asahi-net.or.jp"/> During the Sekigahara Campaign, the Date clan had been promised an increase in formal domain income to one million koku; however, as they were fighting with the Uesugi clan for their old lands in the Date district, this did not come to pass.<ref name="asahi-net.or.jp"/> It has been estimated that the Sendai Domain's ''jitsudaka'', or true income level, may have been somewhere between one and two million koku.

A relief sculpture on the base of Masamune's equestrian statue in Sendai Castle commemorates his entry into the city, which was then a small village.

==''Daimyōs'' of Sendai== A list of the ''daimyōs'' of Sendai follows below, in chronological order:<ref name="asahi-net.or.jp"/>

#Date Masamune (1567–1636), r. 1600–1636 #Date Tadamune (1600–1658), r. 1636–1658 #Date Tsunamune (1640–1711), r. 1658–1660 #Date Tsunamura (1659–1719), r. 1660–1703 #Date Yoshimura (1680–1752), r. 1703–1743 #Date Munemura (1718–1756), r. 1743–1756 #Date Shigemura (1742–1796), r. 1756–1790 #Date Narimura (1775–1796), r. 1790–1796 #Date Chikamune (1796–1809), r. 1796–1809(1812) #Date Narimune (1796–1819), r. 1809(1812)–1819 #Date Nariyoshi (1798–1828), r. 1819–1827 #Date Narikuni (1817–1841), r. 1827–1841 #Date Yoshikuni (1825–1874), r. 1841–1868 #Date Munemoto (1866–1917), r. 1868

Munemoto ruled briefly as the 14th and final lord of Sendai in 1868, when the domain was abolished. He thus became the first imperial governor of Sendai, serving until 1870, and was succeeded by a cousin, Date Muneatsu, who served as the second imperial governor until 1871.

===Genealogy (simplified)=== {{Tree list}} *15px '''I. Date Masamune, 1st ''daimyō'' of Sendai (cr. 1600)''' (1567–1636; r. 1600–1636) **Hisamune, 1st ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1591–1658; ''daimyō'' of Uwajima: 1614–1657) ***{{Tree list/final branch}} Munetoshi, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1635–1709; r. 1657–1693) **{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''II. Tadamune, 2nd ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1600–1658; r. 1636–1658) ***15px '''III. Tsunamune, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1640–1711; r. 1658–1660) ****15px '''IV. Tsunamura, 4th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1659–1719; r. 1660–1703) ****{{Tree list/final branch}}Muneyoshi, 3rd ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1665–1711; r. 1693–1711) *****{{Tree list/final branch}}Muratoshi, 4th ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1705–1735; r. 1711–1735) ******{{Tree list/final branch}}Muratoki, 5th ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1725–1794; r. 1735–1794) *******Yamaguchi Naokiyo (1754–1793). Married Yamaguchi Tomoko, daughter of a {{lang|ja-latn|hatamoto}} and adopted into her family ********{{Tree list/final branch}}Yamaguchi Naokatsu (1777–1825) *********{{Tree list/final branch}}Date Munenari, 8th ''daimyō'' of Uwajima, 1st Count (1818–1892; r. 1844–1858, 1st Count: 1884–1892) **********{{Tree list/final branch}}Muneatsu, Governor of Sendai, 1st Baron (1852–1911; Governor of Sendai: 1870–1871, Baron: 1888–1892). He had descendants in the male line. *******{{Tree list/final branch}} Muranaga, 6th ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1763–1836; r. 1794–1824) ********{{Tree list/final branch}}Munetada, 7th ''daimyō'' of Uwajima (1792–1889; r. 1824–1844) *********{{Tree list/final branch}}Munenori, 9th ''daimyō'' of Uwajima, 1st Marquess (1830–1906; r. 1858–1869; Governor of Uwajima: 1869–1871; Marquess: 1891) **********Munetsura, 2nd Marquess (1860–1923; 2nd Marquess: 1906–1923) **********{{Tree list/final branch}}Noritaka (1866–1944) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}}Muneaki, 3rd Marquess (1905–1969; 3rd Marquess: 1923–1947) ************{{Tree list/final branch}}Munerei (1935–2008) *************{{Tree list/final branch}}Munenobu (b. 1971) ***{{Tree list/final branch}}Munefusa (1646–1686). Head of the Tade sept of the Date clan ****{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''V. Yoshimura, 5th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1680–1752; r. 1703–1743) *****15px '''VI. Munemura, 6th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1718–1756; r. 1743–1756) ******{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''VII. Shigemura, 7th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1742–1796; r. 1756–1790) *******{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''VIII. Narimura, 8th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1775–1796; r. 1790–1796) ********15px '''IX. Chikamune, 9th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (9 April 1796 – 1812; r. 1796–1812) ********{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''X. Narimune, 10th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (15 October 1796 – 1819; r. 1812–1819) *****{{Tree list/final branch}}Murayoshi (1743–1787) ******Tamura Murasuke, 5th ''daimyō'' of Ichinoseki (1763–1808). Adopted to head the Tamura branch family *******{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''XI. Nariyoshi, 11th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1798–1828; r. 1819–1827) ********{{Tree list/final branch}}15px '''XIII. Yoshikuni, 13th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1825–1874; r. 1841–1868) *********15px '''XIV. Munemoto, 14th ''daimyō'' of Sendai, 1st Governor, 1st Count''' (1866–1917; r. 1868; Governor of Sendai: 1868–1870, family head 1870–1917, created 1st Count 1884). *********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Kunimune, 15th family head, 2nd Count''' (1870–1923; 15th family head and 2nd Count: 1917–1923) **********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Okimune, 16th family head, 3rd Count''' (1906–1947; 16th family head and 3rd Count: 1923–1947) ***********{{Tree list/final branch}}'''Sadamune, 17th family head''' (1937–1981; 17th family head: 1947–1981). ************{{Tree list/final branch}} '''Yasumune, 18th family head''' (b. 1959; 18th family head since 1981) ******{{Tree list/final branch}}Munemitsu (1787–1843) *******{{Tree list/final branch}} 15px '''XII. Narikuni, 12th ''daimyō'' of Sendai''' (1817–1841; r. 1827–1841) {{Tree list/end}}

<ref>[http://reichsarchiv.jp/%E5%AE%B6%E7%B3%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88/%E4%BC%8A%E9%81%94%E6%B0%8F Genealogy]</ref>

== Political structure == [[File:Sendai-tsuho.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Sendai-tsuho|A ''Sendai Tsūhō'', a provincial mon coin issued by the government of the Sendai domain]]

The Sendai domain, like many other domains across the country, had its political center in its castle town (what became the modern city of Sendai). However, some retainers had their personal landholdings scattered throughout the domain's territory, as it was largely contiguous. Their presence provided a secondary, more local level of supervision. Certain of the higher-ranked retainers of Sendai even separated from the main domain and founded their own territories. Mizusawa Domain was one such short-lived subdomain. The Ichinoseki Domain, ruled by the Tamura family, was another subdomain, and survived to the end of the Edo period.

==Retainer ranks and military structure== There were eleven main ranks into which the retainers of the Sendai domain were divided.<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [http://st.cat-v.ne.jp/sasho/kasin.html 仙台藩家臣団]</ref>

# ''Ichimon'' 一門: blood relations of the Date clan. Held prestige but no actual political or administrative role.<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [http://st.cat-v.ne.jp/sasho/kasin.html 仙台藩家臣団]</ref> # ''Ikka'' 一家: The families who ran much of the high-level day-to-day affairs of the Date clan. # ''Jun ikka'' 準一家: Families who had lost their heads or had been incapacitated due to internal strife in the Date clan. # ''Ichizoku'' 一族: Fudai (long-standing) retainers of the Date clan. # ''Shukurō'' 宿労: Hereditary bugyō (magistrates).<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [http://st.cat-v.ne.jp/sasho/kasin.html 仙台藩家臣団]</ref> # ''Chakuza'' 着座: Retainers who had the right to report to the castle and present the lord with a sword and stirrups for new year's celebrations, and in return receive a cup of ''sake'' from the lord. This rank was founded after Date Masamune's tenure as lord. # ''Tachi-jō'' 太刀上: Retainers who had the right to present the lord with a sword at new year's festivities, and in return received a cup of ''sake'' from the lord. This was a rank founded after Masamune's tenure. # ''Meshidashi'' 召出: Retainers who had the right to appear at the domainal new year's festivities. As with ''chakuza'' and ''tachi-jō'', this rank was founded after Masamune's time.<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [http://st.cat-v.ne.jp/sasho/kasin.html 仙台藩家臣団]</ref> # ''Heishi'' 平士 and ''Ōbanshi'' 大番士: The main body of Sendai's fighting force, the rank was organized in Date Masamune's time and revived during the tenure of the fourth daimyo Tsunamura. One ''kumi'' 組 (unit) consisted of 360 men, and the domain had 10 such units, setting their number at 3600. # ''Kumi-shi'' 組士: The men under the ''heishi'' and ''ōbanshi''. Footmen, tea instructors, hawking assistants, entourage members, among others, all came from this category.<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [http://st.cat-v.ne.jp/sasho/kasin.html 仙台藩家臣団]</ref> # ''Sotsu'' 卒: Foot soldiers, coolies, lesser menials, and so on.

==Education== The domain's school was known as the ''Yōkendō'' 養賢堂.<ref>[http://deko0625.at.webry.info/200703/article_12.html A picture of the still extant main gate of ''Yōkendō'' can be seen here]</ref> A medical school was established in Sendai in 1822.<ref>Goodman, Grant Kohn. (2000). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CeXqB5LcgGsC&pg=PA160&dq= ''Japan and the Dutch, 1600-1853,'' p. 160].</ref>

==Boshin War== In 1868, the Sendai Domain did not have forces active in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi; however, it did have a liaison office in Kyoto which kept track of the developing situation. It was approached several times by the nascent imperial government with requests to assist in subduing Aizu. Sendai did provide some cooperation to the new government, and accepted its envoys, under Kujō Michitaka, that spring. However, Date Yoshikuni, the ''daimyō'' of Sendai, opposed the harshness shown against Aizu, saying that it was like "a sentence being passed on one who never had a trial".<ref>Samuel Pellman Boyer, M.D. ''Naval Surgeon: Revolt in Japan, 1868–1869''. Edited by James A. Barnes and Elinor Barnes. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963, p. 48ff.</ref> Despite its efforts at negotiating on behalf of Aizu, Sendai was largely cooperative with the Kyoto government for much of the spring of 1868. This came to an end in May 1868, when Sendai men discovered that the Chōshū officer Sera Shūzō (who had accompanied the imperial delegation) had written a slanderous letter indicating a desire to describe "all in the north to be enemies," and to ask for reinforcements to subdue the entire region by armed force.<ref>See this page (in Japanese) for a transcription of Sera's letter: http://www.page.sannet.ne.jp/ytsubu/theme13g.htm</ref> {{Quotation|We have no soldiers under the command of the (Imperial) Commander-in-Chief ... Sendai and Yonezawa have submitted appeals, and they are probably working with Aizu ... therefore we should go to Kyoto, and describe the situation in the north, viewing all in Ōu (Mutsu and Dewa) as enemies ...|Sera Shūzō<ref>{{in lang|ja}} [http://www.page.sannet.ne.jp/ytsubu/theme13g.htm 世良修蔵暗殺事件の周辺−世良修蔵の密書について−]</ref>}} Naturally, the Sendai men were outraged that they too were to be punished despite their cooperation. A group of these men killed Sera, and pushed ahead with Sendai sponsorship of a northern coalition of domains. This became the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei.

==After Boshin== The Sendai domain was punished for its actions against the imperial army in the Boshin War, though not as severely as Aizu. Sendai's holdings were reduced; it was also made the center of the new government's operations in the north. Shiroishi Castle was also taken from Sendai, and given to the Nanbu clan which had been newly moved from Morioka Castle.

As with all others, the Sendai domain was abolished in 1871, by the ''haihan chiken'' order.

==See also== * List of Han * Moniwa Motonori

==Notes== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ME4K-SKRI/han/mutudewa/sendai.html Data on the Sendai domain and its lords' succession order] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607051630/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~me4k-skri/han/mutudewa/sendai.html |date=2011-06-07 }} (in Japanese) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070703204433/http://www.town.shiraoi.hokkaido.jp/ka/jinya/ Homepage of the Sendai domain's Shiraoi-jinya in Hokkaido] (in Japanese) *[http://st.cat-v.ne.jp/sasho/kasin.html Ranking system of the Sendai domain's retainers] (in Japanese)

Category:Domains of Japan Category:History of Miyagi Prefecture Category:History of Iwate Prefecture Category:Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei