Isotopes of selenium

{{Short description|none}} {{Infobox selenium isotopes}} Selenium has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope ⁷⁹Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Five of these isotopes are stable: ⁷⁴Se, ⁷⁶Se, ⁷⁷Se, ⁷⁸Se, and ⁸⁰Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with ⁷⁹Se, which has a half-life about 330,000 years,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jorg |first1=Gerhard |last2=Buhnemann |first2=Rolf |last3=Hollas |first3=Simon |last4=Kivel |first4=Niko |last5=Kossert |first5=Karsten |last6=Van Winckel |first6=Stefaan |last7=Gostomski |first7=Christoph Lierse v. |title=Preparation of radiochemically pure ⁷⁹Se and highly precise determination of its half-life |journal=Applied Radiation and Isotopes |volume=68 |pages=2339–51|year=2010 |doi=10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006 |pmid=20627600 |issue=12 |bibcode=2010AppRI..68.2339J }}</ref> and ⁸²Se, which has the very long half-life of {{val|8.76|e=19}} years as it decays via double beta decay to krypton-82 and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. There are 23 other unstable isotopes that have been characterized, the longest-lived after ⁷⁹Se being ⁷⁵Se with its half-life 119.78 days, ⁷²Se at 8.40 days, and ⁷³Se at 7.15 hours. The others are all under an hour and most do not exceed 38 seconds.

== List of isotopes == {{Isotopes table |symbol=Se |refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II, IsotopeFRIB, IsomerFRIB |notes=m, unc(), mass#, hl#, hl-nst, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, EC, IT, n, p, discoveryname }} |-id=Selenium-63 | rowspan=3|⁶³Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=3|62.98191(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/63.pdf 2016] | rowspan=3|13.2(39)&nbsp;ms | β⁺, p (89%) | ⁶²Ge | rowspan=3|3/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺ (11%) | ⁶³As |- | 2p? (<0.5%) | ⁶¹Ge |-id=Selenium-64 | rowspan=2|⁶⁴Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 30 | rowspan=2|63.97117(54)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/64.pdf 2005] | rowspan=2|22.6(2)&nbsp;ms | β⁺? | ⁶⁴As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p? | ⁶³Ge |-id=Selenium-65 | rowspan=2|⁶⁵Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 31 | rowspan=2|64.96455(32)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/65.pdf 1993] | rowspan=2|34.2(7)&nbsp;ms | β⁺, p (87%) | ⁶⁴Ge | rowspan=2|3/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (13%) | ⁶⁵As |-id=Selenium-66 | rowspan=2|⁶⁶Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2|65.95528(22)# | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/66.pdf 1993] | rowspan=2|54(4)&nbsp;ms | β⁺ | ⁶⁶As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p? | ⁶⁵Ge |-id=Selenium-67 | rowspan=2|⁶⁷Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33 | rowspan=2|66.949994(72) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/67.pdf 1991] | rowspan=2|133(4)&nbsp;ms | β⁺ (99.5%) | ⁶⁷As | rowspan=2|5/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p (0.5%) | ⁶⁶Ge |-id=Selenium-68 | ⁶⁸Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 67.94182524(53) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/68.pdf 1990] | 35.5(7)&nbsp;s | β⁺ | ⁶⁸As | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-69 | rowspan=2|⁶⁹Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 35 | rowspan=2|68.9394148(16) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/69.pdf 1974] | rowspan=2|27.4(2)&nbsp;s | β⁺ (99.95%) | ⁶⁹As | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺, p (.052%) | ⁶⁸Ge |-id=Selenium-69m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^69m1Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 38.85(22)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/69Se-1.pdf 1988] | 2.0(2)&nbsp;μs | IT | ⁶⁹Se | 5/2− | | |-id=Selenium-69m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^69m2Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 574.0(4)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/69Se-2.pdf 1988] | 955(16)&nbsp;ns | IT | ⁶⁹Se | 9/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-70 | ⁷⁰Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 69.9335155(17) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/70.pdf 1950] | 41.1(3)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ⁷⁰As | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-71 | ⁷¹Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 70.9322094(30) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/71.pdf 1957] | 4.74(5)&nbsp;min | β⁺ | ⁷¹As | (5/2−) | | |-id=Selenium-71m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^71m1Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 48.79(5)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/71Se-2.pdf 1982] | 5.6(7)&nbsp;μs | IT | ⁷¹Se | (1/2−) | | |-id=Selenium-71m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^71m2Se | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 260.48(10)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/71Se-1.pdf 1982] | 19.0(5)&nbsp;μs | IT | ⁷¹Se | (9/2+) | | |-id=Selenium-72 | ⁷²Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 71.9271405(21) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/72.pdf 1948] | 8.40(8)&nbsp;d | EC | ⁷²As | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-73 | ⁷³Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 72.9267549(80) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/73.pdf 1948] | 7.15(9)&nbsp;h | β⁺ | ⁷³As | 9/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-73m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^73mSe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 25.71(4)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/73Se-1.pdf 1953] | rowspan=2|39.8(17)&nbsp;min | IT (72.6%) | ⁷³Se | rowspan=2|3/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (27.4%) | ⁷³As |-id=Selenium-74 | ⁷⁴Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 73.922475933(15) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/74.pdf 1922] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Observationally Stable'''<ref group="n">Theoretically capable of β⁺β⁺ decay to '''⁷⁴Ge'''; half-life is above {{val|2.3e18|u=y}}.</ref> | 0+ | 0.0086(3) | |-id=Selenium-75 | ⁷⁵Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 74.922522870(78) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/75.pdf 1947] | 119.78(3)&nbsp;d | EC | '''⁷⁵As''' | 5/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-76 | ⁷⁶Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 75.919213702(17) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/76.pdf 1922] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 0+ | 0.0923(7) | |-id=Selenium-77 | ⁷⁷Se<ref group="n" name="FP">Fission product</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 76.919914150(67) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/77.pdf 1922] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 1/2− | 0.0760(7) | |-id=Selenium-77m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^77mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 161.9223(10)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/77Se-1.pdf 1947] | 17.36(5)&nbsp;s | IT | '''⁷⁷Se''' | 7/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-78 | ⁷⁸Se<ref group="n" name="FP"/> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | 77.91730924(19) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/78.pdf 1922] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Stable''' | 0+ | 0.2369 (22) | |-id=Selenium-79 | ⁷⁹Se<ref group="n">Long-lived fission product</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 45 | 78.91849925(24) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/79.pdf 1950] | 3.27(28)×10⁵&nbsp;y | β⁻ | '''⁷⁹Br''' | 7/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-79m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^79mSe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 95.77(3)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/79Se-1.pdf 1950] | rowspan=2|3.900(18)&nbsp;min | IT (99.94%) | ⁷⁹Se | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (0.056%) | '''⁷⁹Br''' |-id=Selenium-80 | ⁸⁰Se<ref group="n" name="FP"/> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 46 | 79.9165218(10) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/80.pdf 1922] | colspan=3 align=center|'''Observationally Stable'''<ref group="n">Theoretically capable of β⁻β⁻ decay to '''⁸⁰Kr'''</ref> | 0+ | 0.4980(36) | |-id=Selenium-81 | ⁸¹Se<ref group="n" name="FP"/> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 80.9179930(10) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/81.pdf 1949] | 18.45(12)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | '''⁸¹Br''' | 1/2− | | |-id=Selenium-81m | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | ^81mSe<ref group="n" name="FP"/> | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 103.00(6)&nbsp;keV | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/81Se-1.pdf 1949] | rowspan=2|57.28(2)&nbsp;min | IT (99.95%) | ⁸¹Se | rowspan=2|7/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻ (0.051%) | '''⁸¹Br''' |-id=Selenium-82 | ⁸²Se<ref group="n" name="FP"/><ref group="n">Primordial radionuclide</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 48 | 81.91669953(50) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/82.pdf 1922] | '''8.76(15)×10¹⁹ y''' | β⁻β⁻ | '''⁸²Kr''' | 0+ | 0.0882(15) | |-id=Selenium-83 | ⁸³Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | 82.9191186(33) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/83.pdf 1937] | 22.25(4)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | ⁸³Br | 9/2+ | | |-id=Selenium-83m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^83mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 228.92(7)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/83Se-1.pdf 1947] | 70.1(4)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ⁸³Br | 1/2− | | |-id=Selenium-84 | ⁸⁴Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 50 | 83.9184668(21) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/84.pdf 1960] | 3.26(10)&nbsp;min | β⁻ | ⁸⁴Br | 0+ | | |-id=Selenium-85 | ⁸⁵Se | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 51 | 84.9222608(28) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/85.pdf 1960] | 32.9(3)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ⁸⁵Br | (5/2)+ | | |-id=Selenium-86 | rowspan=2|⁸⁶Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=2|85.9243117(27) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/86.pdf 1973] | rowspan=2|14.3(3)&nbsp;s | β⁻ | ⁸⁶Br | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n? | ⁸⁵Br |-id=Selenium-87 | rowspan=2|⁸⁷Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53 | rowspan=2|86.9286886(24) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/87.pdf 1968] | rowspan=2|5.50(6)&nbsp;s | β⁻ (99.50%) | ⁸⁷Br | rowspan=2|(3/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (0.60%) | ⁸⁶Br |-id=Selenium-88 | rowspan=2|⁸⁸Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54 | rowspan=2|87.9314175(36) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/88.pdf 1970] | rowspan=2|1.53(6)&nbsp;s | β⁻ (99.01%) | ⁸⁸Br | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (0.99%) | ⁸⁷Br |-id=Selenium-89 | rowspan=2|⁸⁹Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 55 | rowspan=2|88.9366691(40) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/89.pdf 1971] | rowspan=2|430(50)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ (92.2%) | ⁸⁹Br | rowspan=2|5/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n (7.8%) | ⁸⁸Br |-id=Selenium-90 | rowspan=2|⁹⁰Se | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 56 | rowspan=2|89.94010(35) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/90.pdf 1994] | rowspan=2|210(80)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ | ⁹⁰Br | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁻, n? | ⁸⁹Br |-id=Selenium-91 | rowspan=3|⁹¹Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 57 | rowspan=3|90.94570(47) | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/91.pdf 1975] | rowspan=3|270(50)&nbsp;ms | β⁻ (79%) | ⁹¹Br | rowspan=3|1/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n (21%) | ⁹⁰Br |- | β⁻, 2n? | ⁸⁹Br |-id=Selenium-92 | rowspan=3|⁹²Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 58 | rowspan=3|91.94984(43)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/92.pdf 1997] | rowspan=3|90#&nbsp;ms [>300&nbsp;ns] | β⁻? | ⁹²Br | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n? | ⁹¹Br |- | β⁻, 2n? | ⁹⁰Br |-id=Selenium-92m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^92mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3072(2)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/92Se-1.pdf 2012] | 15.7(7)&nbsp;μs | IT | ⁹²Se | (9−) | | |-id=Selenium-93 | rowspan=3|⁹³Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 59 | rowspan=3|92.95614(43)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/93.pdf 1997] | rowspan=3|130#&nbsp;ms [>300&nbsp;ns] | β⁻? | ⁹³Br | rowspan=3|1/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n? | ⁹²Br |- | β⁻, 2n? | ⁹¹Br |-id=Selenium-93m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^93mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 678.2(7)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/93Se-1.pdf 2012] | 420(100)&nbsp;ns | IT | ⁹³Se | | | |-id=Selenium-94 | rowspan=3|⁹⁴Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 60 | rowspan=3|93.96049(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/94.pdf 1997] | rowspan=3|50#&nbsp;ms [>300&nbsp;ns] | β⁻? | ⁹⁴Br | rowspan=3|0+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n? | ⁹³Br |- | β⁻, 2n? | ⁹²Br |-id=Selenium-94m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^94mSe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2430.0(6)&nbsp;keV | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/34/94Se-1.pdf 2020] | 680(50)&nbsp;ns | IT | ⁹⁴Se | (7−) | | |-id=Selenium-95 | rowspan=3|⁹⁵Se | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 34 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 61 | rowspan=3|94.96730(54)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/95.pdf 2010] | rowspan=3|70#&nbsp;ms [>400&nbsp;ns] | β⁻? | ⁹⁵Br | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁻, n? | ⁹⁴Br |- | β⁻, 2n? | ⁹³Br |-id=Selenium-96 | ⁹⁶Se<ref name="shimizu2024">{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Y. |last2=Kubo |first2=T. |last3=Sumikama |first3=T. |last4=Fukuda |first4=N. |last5=Takeda |first5=H. |last6=Suzuki |first6=H. |last7=Ahn |first7=D. S. |last8=Inabe |first8=N. |last9=Kusaka |first9=K. |last10=Ohtake |first10=M. |last11=Yanagisawa |first11=Y. |last12=Yoshida |first12=K. |last13=Ichikawa |first13=Y. |last14=Isobe |first14=T. |last15=Otsu |first15=H. |last16=Sato |first16=H. |last17=Sonoda |first17=T. |last18=Murai |first18=D. |last19=Iwasa |first19=N. |last20=Imai |first20=N. |last21=Hirayama |first21=Y. |last22=Jeong |first22=S. C. |last23=Kimura |first23=S. |last24=Miyatake |first24=H. |last25=Mukai |first25=M. |last26=Kim |first26=D. G. |last27=Kim |first27=E. |last28=Yagi |first28=A. |title=Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam |journal=Physical Review C |date=8 April 2024 |volume=109 |issue=4 |article-number=044313 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313}}</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 62 | |style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/96.pdf 2024] | | | | | | |-id=Selenium-97 | ⁹⁷Se<ref name="shimizu2024"/> | style="text-align:right" | 34 | style="text-align:right" | 63 | |style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/34/97.pdf 2024] | | | | | | {{Isotopes table/footer}}

==Use of radioisotopes== The isotope selenium-75 has radiopharmaceutical uses. For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectal brachytherapy, as an alternative to iridium-192.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Dosimetric Considerations for Ytterbium-169, Selenium-75, and Iridium-192 Radioisotopes in High-Dose-Rate Endorectal Brachytherapy | author1 = Shoemaker T | author2 = Vuong T | author3 = Glickman H | author4 = Kaifi S | author5 = Famulari G | author6 =Enger SA | journal = Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys | year = 2019 | volume = 105 | issue = 4 | pages = 875–883 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.07.003 | pmid = 31330175 | s2cid = 198170324 }}</ref>

In paleobiogeochemistry, the ratio in amount of selenium-82 to selenium-76 (i.e, the value of δ^82/76Se) can be used to track down the redox conditions on Earth during the Neoproterozoic era in order to gain a deeper understanding of the rapid oxygenation that trigger the emergence of complex organisms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pogge von Strandmann |first1=Philip A. E. |last2=Stüeken |first2=Eva E. |last3=Elliott |first3=Tim |last4=Poulton |first4=Simon W. |last5=Dehler |first5=Carol M. |last6=Canfield |first6=Don E. |last7=Catling |first7=David C. |date=2015-12-18 |title=Selenium isotope evidence for progressive oxidation of the Neoproterozoic biosphere |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=10157 |doi=10.1038/ncomms10157 |pmid=26679529 |pmc=4703861 |bibcode=2015NatCo...610157P |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stüeken |first=Eva E. |title=Selenium isotopes as a biogeochemical proxy in deep time |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161931618.pdf |website=core.ac.uk}}</ref>

== See also == '''Daughter products other than selenium''' * Isotopes of krypton * Isotopes of bromine * Isotopes of arsenic * Isotopes of germanium

== References == {{reflist}}

* Isotope masses from: **{{NUBASE 2003}} * Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: **{{CIAAW2003}} **{{CIAAW 2005}} * Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. **{{NUBASE 2003}} **{{NNDC}} **{{CRC85|chapter=11}}

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Category:Isotopes of selenium Category:Selenium Selenium